2026 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 位于平面 P\mathcal{P} 内,且 AB=6AB = 6AC=4AC = 4BAC=90\angle BAC = 90^\circ。令 DDABC\triangle ABC 的重心关于 BC\overline{BC} 反射后所得的点。四个球都位于 P\mathcal{P} 的同一侧,半径分别为 112233rr,并与 P\mathcal{P} 相切,切点分别为 AABBCCDD。这四个球还都与第二个平面 T\mathcal{T} 相切,并全部位于 T\mathcal{T} 的同一侧。rr 的值可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Triangle ABC\triangle ABC lies in plane P\mathcal{P} with AB=6,AB = 6, AC=4,AC = 4, and BAC=90.\angle BAC = 90^\circ. Let DD be the reflection across BC\overline{BC} of the centroid of ABC.\triangle ABC. Four spheres, all on the same side of P,\mathcal{P}, have radii 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and rr and are tangent to P\mathcal{P} at points A,A, B,B, C,C, and D,D, respectively. The four spheres are also each tangent to a second plane T\mathcal{T} and are all on the same side of T.\mathcal{T}. The value of rr can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:161
知识点:立体几何坐标几何变换
难度评级:3060
小提示:

每个球心位于其切点上方,高度等于半径;把第二个平面写成 nx=cn \cdot x = c,其中 nn 是单位向量,并表达两个相切条件

Each center lies at height equal to its radius above its tangency point; write the second plane as nx=cn \cdot x = c with nn a unit vector and express both tangencies

大提示:

条件说明半径是切点在 P\mathcal{P} 中位置的仿射函数;取值依次为 1,2,31, 2, 3 的点是 A,B,CA, B, C,所以在 DD 处代入这个函数

The conditions say the radius is an affine function of the tangency point in P;\mathcal{P}; it takes values 1,2,31, 2, 3 at A,B,C,A, B, C, so evaluate that function at DD

解答:

一个半径为 ρ\rho、与 P\mathcal{P} 相切于 PP 的球,其球心为 P+ρkP + \rho k,其中 kkP\mathcal{P} 向上的单位法向量。把 T\mathcal{T} 写成 {x:nx=c}\{x : n \cdot x = c\},其中单位法向量 n=(n1,n2,h)n = (n_1, n_2, h),所用坐标使 P\mathcal{P}xyxy-平面。所有球在同一侧相切意味着对每个球都有 n(P+ρk)c=ρn \cdot (P + \rho k) - c = \rho,也就是 n1xP+n2yPc=(1h)ρn_1 x_P + n_2 y_P - c = (1 - h)\rho。这里 h1h \ne 1,否则左边会是常数而半径不同。因此 ρ=g(P)\rho = g(P),其中仿射函数 g(x,y)=n1x+n2yc1hg(x,y) = \frac{n_1 x + n_2 y - c}{1 - h}

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(6,0)B = (6,0)C=(0,4)C = (0,4)。满足 g(A)=1g(A) = 1g(B)=2g(B) = 2g(C)=3g(C) = 3 的仿射函数为 g(x,y)=1+x6+y2g(x,y) = 1 + \frac{x}{6} + \frac{y}{2}。重心为 G=(2,43)G = \left(2, \frac{4}{3}\right),直线 BCBC2x+3y=122x + 3y = 12。因为 22+34312=42 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot \frac{4}{3} - 12 = -4,反射得到 D=G+813(2,3)=(4213, 12439) \begin{aligned} D &= G + \frac{8}{13}\,(2, 3) \\ &= \left(\frac{42}{13},\ \frac{124}{39}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 r=g(D)r = g(D) =1+164213= 1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{42}{13} +1212439+ \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{124}{39} =1+2139+6239= 1 + \frac{21}{39} + \frac{62}{39} =12239= \frac{122}{39}。(这样的平面确实存在:法向量条件 (1h)2g2=1h2(1-h)^2\left|\nabla g\right|^2 = 1 - h^2,且 g2=518\left|\nabla g\right|^2 = \frac{5}{18},给出 h=1323h = -\frac{13}{23}。)因为 gcd(122,39)=1\gcd(122, 39) = 1,答案为 122+39=161122 + 39 = 161

A sphere of radius ρ\rho tangent to P\mathcal{P} at PP has center P+ρk,P + \rho k, where kk is the upward unit normal of P.\mathcal{P}. Write T\mathcal{T} as {x:nx=c}\{x : n \cdot x = c\} with unit normal n=(n1,n2,h)n = (n_1, n_2, h) in coordinates where P\mathcal{P} is the xyxy-plane. Tangency with all spheres on the same side means n(P+ρk)c=ρn \cdot (P + \rho k) - c = \rho for each sphere, that is n1xP+n2yPc=(1h)ρ.n_1 x_P + n_2 y_P - c = (1 - h)\rho. Here h1,h \ne 1, since otherwise the left side would be constant while the radii differ. So ρ=g(P)\rho = g(P) for the affine function g(x,y)=n1x+n2yc1h.g(x,y) = \frac{n_1 x + n_2 y - c}{1 - h}.

Take A=(0,0),A = (0,0), B=(6,0),B = (6,0), C=(0,4).C = (0,4). The affine function with g(A)=1,g(A) = 1, g(B)=2,g(B) = 2, g(C)=3g(C) = 3 is g(x,y)=1+x6+y2.g(x,y) = 1 + \frac{x}{6} + \frac{y}{2}. The centroid is G=(2,43),G = \left(2, \frac{4}{3}\right), and line BCBC is 2x+3y=12.2x + 3y = 12. Since 22+34312=4,2 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot \frac{4}{3} - 12 = -4, reflecting gives D=G+813(2,3)=(4213, 12439). \begin{aligned} D &= G + \frac{8}{13}\,(2, 3) \\ &= \left(\frac{42}{13},\ \frac{124}{39}\right). \end{aligned}

Therefore r=g(D)r = g(D) =1+164213= 1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{42}{13} +1212439+ \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{124}{39} =1+2139+6239= 1 + \frac{21}{39} + \frac{62}{39} =12239.= \frac{122}{39}. (Such a plane exists: the normal condition (1h)2g2=1h2(1-h)^2\left|\nabla g\right|^2 = 1 - h^2 with g2=518\left|\nabla g\right|^2 = \frac{5}{18} gives h=1323.h = -\frac{13}{23}.) Since gcd(122,39)=1,\gcd(122, 39) = 1, the answer is 122+39=161.122 + 39 = 161.

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