2014 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

A={1,2,3,4}A = \{1, 2, 3, 4\},并随机选择两个函数 ffgg(二者不一定不同),它们都从 AA 映射到 AAff 的值域与 gg 的值域不相交的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 mm

Let A={1,2,3,4},A = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}, and let ff and gg be randomly chosen (not necessarily distinct) functions from AA to A.A. The probability that the range of ff and the range of gg are disjoint is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m.m.

答案:453
知识点:函数基本概率分类讨论
难度评级:2990
小提示:

ff 的值域有 kk 个元素,则恰有 (4k)4(4-k)^4 个函数 gg 的值域与它不相交

If the range of ff has kk elements, exactly (4k)4(4-k)^4 functions gg have range disjoint from it

大提示:

按值域大小计数函数:数量依次为 44 个(值域大小 11)、8484 个(值域大小 22)、144144 个(值域大小 33)、2424 个(值域大小 44

Count functions by range size: 44 with size 1,1, 8484 with size 2,2, 144144 with size 3,3, 2424 with size 44

解答:

ff 的值域分类。若它有 kk 个元素,则 gg 的值域与其不相交,当且仅当 ggAA 映到剩下的 4k4 - k 个元素中;满足条件的映射方式有 (4k)4(4-k)^4 种,全部共有 44=2564^4 = 256 个函数 gg

按值域大小计数 ff:常值函数有 44 个;另有 (42)(242)=84\binom{4}{2}(2^4 - 2) = 84 个函数的值域大小为 22;另有 (43)36=144\binom{4}{3} \cdot 36 = 144 个函数的值域大小为 33(从四个元素满射到三个元素有 3636 个);双射有 4!=244! = 24 个。有利的有序函数对数量为 434+8424+14414+2404=324+1344+144=1812 \begin{aligned} &4 \cdot 3^4 + 84 \cdot 2^4 \\ &\quad {}+ 144 \cdot 1^4 + 24 \cdot 0^4 \\ &= 324 + 1344 + 144 = 1812 \end{aligned}\text{。}

概率为 181248=181265536=45316384\frac{1812}{4^8} = \frac{1812}{65536} = \frac{453}{16384},由于 163841638422 的幂,而 453=3151453 = 3 \cdot 151 为奇数,此分数已是最简。因此 m=453m = 453

Condition on the range of f.f. If it has kk elements, then the range of gg is disjoint from it exactly when gg maps AA into the remaining 4k4 - k elements, which happens for (4k)4(4-k)^4 of the 44=2564^4 = 256 functions g.g.

Count functions ff by range size: 44 constant functions; (42)(242)=84\binom{4}{2}(2^4 - 2) = 84 with range size 2;2; (43)36=144\binom{4}{3} \cdot 36 = 144 with range size 33 (there are 3636 surjections from four elements onto three); and 4!=244! = 24 bijections. The number of favorable pairs is 434+8424+14414+2404=324+1344+144=1812. \begin{aligned} &4 \cdot 3^4 + 84 \cdot 2^4 \\ &\quad {}+ 144 \cdot 1^4 + 24 \cdot 0^4 \\ &= 324 + 1344 + 144 = 1812. \end{aligned}

The probability is 181248=181265536=45316384,\frac{1812}{4^8} = \frac{1812}{65536} = \frac{453}{16384}, and since 1638416384 is a power of 22 while 453=3151453 = 3 \cdot 151 is odd, this is in lowest terms. Thus m=453.m = 453.

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