2013 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

设 △PQR\triangle PQR 是一个三角形,其中 ∠P=75∘\angle P = 75^\circ、∠Q=60∘\angle Q = 60^\circ。在 △PQR\triangle PQR 内画一个边长为 11 的正六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF,使边 AB‾\overline{AB} 在 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 上,边 CD‾\overline{CD} 在 QR‾\overline{QR} 上,并且其余顶点中有一个在 RP‾\overline{RP} 上。存在正整数 aa、bb、cc、dd,使 △PQR\triangle PQR 的面积可表示为 a+bcd\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aa 与 dd 互质,且 cc 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d。

Let △PQR\triangle PQR be a triangle with ∠P=75∘\angle P = 75^\circ and ∠Q=60∘.\angle Q = 60^\circ. A regular hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF with side length 11 is drawn inside △PQR\triangle PQR so that side AB‾\overline{AB} lies on PQ‾,\overline{PQ}, side CD‾\overline{CD} lies on QR‾,\overline{QR}, and one of the remaining vertices lies on RP‾.\overline{RP}. There are positive integers a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd such that the area of △PQR\triangle PQR can be expressed in the form a+bcd,\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where aa and dd are relatively prime, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

答案:21
知识点:正多边形坐标几何三角形面积
难度评级:2990
小提示:

正六边形的 120∘120^\circ 内角使 QQ 处的小三角形为等边三角形,所以 QB=QC=1QB = QC = 1;令 QQ 为原点,QRQR 沿 xx 轴建立坐标。

The hexagon’s 120∘120^\circ angles make the corner triangle at QQ equilateral, so QB=QC=1;QB = QC = 1; set up coordinates with QQ at the origin and QRQR along the xx-axis

大提示:

顶点 FF 位于 DD 正上方,高度为 3\sqrt{3},过 FF 的 45∘45^\circ 直线 RPRP 给出 QR=2+3QR = 2 + \sqrt{3}。

Vertex FF sits directly above DD at height 3,\sqrt{3}, and the 45∘45^\circ line RPRP through FF gives QR=2+3QR = 2 + \sqrt{3}

解答:

注意 ∠R=45∘\angle R = 45^\circ。由于正六边形的内角为 120∘120^\circ,线段 BC‾\overline{BC} 在 QQ 处截出的小三角形有两个 60∘60^\circ 的底角,所以三角形 BQCBQC 为等边三角形,且 QB=QC=1QB = QC = 1。令 QQ 为原点,QRQR 沿正 xx 轴。则 C=(1,0)C = (1, 0)、D=(2,0)D = (2, 0),六边形的顶点为 B=(12,32)B = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)、A=(1,3)A = (1, \sqrt{3})、F=(2,3)F = (2, \sqrt{3})、E=(52,32)E = \left(\tfrac{5}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)。

因为 ∠R=45∘\angle R = 45^\circ,直线 RPRP 的斜率为 −1-1。若它经过 EE,则直线为 x+y=5+32x + y = \tfrac{5 + \sqrt{3}}{2},这会使 FF(其 x+y=2+3x + y = 2 + \sqrt{3})落在三角形外;所以在 RP‾\overline{RP} 上的顶点是 FF,且 RPRP 是直线 x+y=2+3x + y = 2 + \sqrt{3}。它与 xx 轴交于 R=(2+3, 0)R = (2 + \sqrt{3},\ 0),并与直线 y=3 xy = \sqrt{3}\,x(即 QPQP)相交,此时 x(1+3)=2+3x(1 + \sqrt{3}) = 2 + \sqrt{3},得到 PP 的高度 y=3(2+3)1+3=3+32。y = \frac{\sqrt{3}(2 + \sqrt{3})}{1 + \sqrt{3}} = \frac{3 + \sqrt{3}}{2}\text{。}

面积为 12⋅QR⋅y\frac{1}{2} \cdot QR \cdot y =12(2+3)⋅3+32= \frac{1}{2}(2 + \sqrt{3}) \cdot \frac{3 + \sqrt{3}}{2} =9+534= \frac{9 + 5\sqrt{3}}{4},所以 a+b+c+d=9+5+3+4a + b + c + d = 9 + 5 + 3 + 4 =21= 21。

Note ∠R=45∘.\angle R = 45^\circ. Because the hexagon’s interior angles are 120∘,120^\circ, segment BC‾\overline{BC} cuts off a corner triangle at QQ with two 60∘60^\circ base angles, so triangle BQCBQC is equilateral and QB=QC=1.QB = QC = 1. Put QQ at the origin with QRQR along the positive xx-axis. Then C=(1,0),C = (1, 0), D=(2,0),D = (2, 0), and the hexagon’s vertices are B=(12,32),B = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), A=(1,3),A = (1, \sqrt{3}), F=(2,3),F = (2, \sqrt{3}), E=(52,32).E = \left(\tfrac{5}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right).

Since ∠R=45∘,\angle R = 45^\circ, line RPRP has slope −1.-1. If it passed through E,E, it would be x+y=5+32,x + y = \tfrac{5 + \sqrt{3}}{2}, which puts FF (with x+y=2+3x + y = 2 + \sqrt{3}) outside the triangle; so the vertex on RP‾\overline{RP} is F,F, and RPRP is the line x+y=2+3.x + y = 2 + \sqrt{3}. It meets the xx-axis at R=(2+3, 0)R = (2 + \sqrt{3},\ 0) and the line y=3 xy = \sqrt{3}\,x (line QPQP) where x(1+3)=2+3,x(1 + \sqrt{3}) = 2 + \sqrt{3}, giving PP height y=3(2+3)1+3=3+32.y = \frac{\sqrt{3}(2 + \sqrt{3})}{1 + \sqrt{3}} = \frac{3 + \sqrt{3}}{2}.

The area is 12⋅QR⋅y\frac{1}{2} \cdot QR \cdot y =12(2+3)⋅3+32= \frac{1}{2}(2 + \sqrt{3}) \cdot \frac{3 + \sqrt{3}}{2} =9+534,= \frac{9 + 5\sqrt{3}}{4}, so a+b+c+d=9+5+3+4a + b + c + d = 9 + 5 + 3 + 4 =21.= 21.

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