2013 AIME I 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
AIME 铁人三项包括半英里游泳、 英里自行车骑行和八英里跑步。Tom 游泳、骑车和跑步的速度都恒定。他跑步速度是游泳速度的五倍,骑车速度是跑步速度的两倍。Tom 用四又四分之一小时完成 AIME 铁人三项。求他骑车用了多少分钟。
The AIME Triathlon consists of a half-mile swim, a -mile bicycle ride, and an eight-mile run. Tom swims, bicycles, and runs at constant rates. He runs five times as fast as he swims, and he bicycles twice as fast as he runs. Tom completes the AIME Triathlon in four and a quarter hours. How many minutes does he spend bicycling?
小提示:
Tom 跑步速度是游泳速度的 倍,骑车速度是游泳速度的 倍,所以把每一段所用时间都用他的游泳速度表示。
Tom runs times as fast as he swims and bicycles times as fast, so write each leg’s time using only his swimming speed
大提示:
总时间为 小时;先求出游泳速度 。
The total time is hours; solve for the swimming speed
解答:
设 Tom 的游泳速度为每小时 英里。则他跑步速度为 ,骑车速度为 。总时间(单位为小时)为 所以 英里每小时。
他骑车速度为每小时 英里,因此骑车用时 小时,也就是 分钟。
Let Tom’s swimming speed be miles per hour. Then he runs at and bicycles at The total time in hours is so miles per hour.
He bicycles at miles per hour, so the ride takes hours, which is minutes.
2.
求满足以下条件的五位正整数 的个数:
• 能被 整除,
• 的首位数字和末位数字相等,并且
• 的各位数字之和能被 整除。
Find the number of five-digit positive integers, that satisfy the following conditions:
• the number is divisible by
• the first and last digits of are equal, and
• the sum of the digits of is divisible by
小提示:
能被 整除说明末位数字为 或 ,而首位数字不能是 。
Divisibility by makes the last digit or and the first digit cannot be
大提示:
当两端数字都是 时,任意选第二、第三位;第四位恰有 个取值能让数字和成为 的倍数。
With both outer digits pick the second and third digits freely; exactly values of the fourth digit make the digit sum a multiple of
解答:
因为 能被 整除,所以末位数字为 或 ;又因为首位数字等于末位数字且不能为 ,所以首末两位都必须是 。这两位对数字和的贡献为 ,所以中间三位的和也必须是 的倍数。
第二位和第三位可任意选择,共 种。无论它们的和是多少,第四位都必须落在模 的某个指定余数类中,而 到 中每个余数类恰有 个数字。因此总数为 。
Since is divisible by its last digit is or since the first digit equals the last digit and cannot be both are The outer digits contribute to the digit sum, so the three middle digits must also sum to a multiple of
Choose the second and third digits freely, in ways. Whatever their sum is, the fourth digit must land in a prescribed residue class modulo and exactly of the digits through lie in each class. The count is
3.
设 是正方形, 和 分别是 和 上的点。过 作平行于 的直线,过 作平行于 的直线,将 分成两个正方形和两个非正方形的长方形。两个正方形面积之和是正方形 面积的 。求 。
Let be a square, and let and be points on and respectively. The line through parallel to and the line through parallel to divide into two squares and two nonsquare rectangles. The sum of the areas of the two squares is of the area of square Find
小提示:
设 ,;两个小正方形的边长分别为 和 ,而 的边长为 。
Let and the two squares then have sides and and has side
大提示:
展开 ,并注意所求量等于 。
Expand and notice that the requested quantity equals
解答:
设 ,,则大正方形边长为 ,两个小正方形边长为 和 。条件给出 两边乘以 并展开,得到 ,所以 。
两边除以 ,得到
Let and so the square has side and the two smaller squares have sides and The condition says Multiplying by and expanding, so
Dividing by gives
4.
如下图所示的 个方格组成的图形中, 个方格涂红色,其余 个方格涂蓝色。在所有可能的这种涂色中随机选一种。若所选涂色绕中心方格旋转 后看起来不变的概率为 ,其中 是正整数,求 。
In the array of squares shown below, squares are colored red, and the remaining squares are colored blue. If one of all possible such colorings is chosen at random, the probability that the chosen colored array appears the same when rotated around the central square is where is a positive integer. Find
小提示:
旋转后不变的涂色由一个 L 形臂决定:四条臂必须涂成完全相同。
A coloring unchanged by the rotation is determined by one L-shaped arm: the four arms must be colored identically
大提示:
为得到 个红格和 个蓝格,中心格必须是蓝色,每条臂需要 个红格和 个蓝格;再与总涂色数 比较。
To get red and blue, the center must be blue and each arm needs red and blue; compare with total colorings
解答:
这个旋转会循环置换四条 L 形臂,因此对称涂色必须让四条臂完全相同,外侧 个方格就是某一条臂样式的 份副本。于是外侧红格数必须是 的倍数。总共有 个红格,所以中心格必须是蓝色,并且每条臂必须恰有 个红格和 个蓝格。
一条臂中蓝格的位置有 种选择,所以在 种等可能涂色中,恰有 种满足对称。概率为 ,因此 。
The rotation cycles the four L-shaped arms, so a symmetric coloring colors all four arms identically, and the outer squares contain copies of whatever the arm shows. The number of red squares among the outer twelve is therefore a multiple of Since there are red squares in all, the center must be blue and each arm must contain exactly red squares and blue square.
The blue square within the arm can be chosen in ways, so exactly of the equally likely colorings are symmetric. The probability is so
5.
方程 的实根可写成 ,其中 、、 为正整数。求 。
The real root of the equation can be written in the form where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
把 移到一边:方程变为 。
Move to one side: the equation becomes
大提示:
开立方得到 ,再利用 有理化。
Take cube roots to get then rationalize using
解答:
将方程改写为 。取实立方根,得到 ,所以
分子分母同乘 ;分母变为 ,所以 因此 。
Rewrite the equation as Taking real cube roots, so
Multiply numerator and denominator by the denominator becomes so Thus
6.
Melinda 有三个空盒子和 本课本,其中三本是数学课本。一个盒子能装任意三本课本,一个能装任意四本课本,一个能装任意五本课本。若 Melinda 按随机顺序把课本装进这些盒子,所有三本数学课本都在同一个盒子里的概率可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Melinda has three empty boxes and textbooks, three of which are mathematics textbooks. One box will hold any three of her textbooks, one will hold any four of her textbooks, and one will hold any five of her textbooks. If Melinda packs her textbooks into these boxes in random order, the probability that all three mathematics textbooks end up in the same box can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
分别计算三本数学书都进入容量为 本、 本、 本的盒子的概率。
Compute separately the probability that all three math books land in the -box, the -box, and the -box
大提示:
对于能装 本书的盒子,该概率为 ;把三个分数相加。
For the box holding books, that probability is add the three fractions
解答:
一次只看一个盒子。装 本书的盒子得到 本书中的一个等可能的 元子集,因此它含有全部三本数学书的概率为 。当 、、 时,分别为 、、。
这些事件互不相交,所以总概率为 因此 。
Focus on one box at a time. The box of books receives a uniformly random -subset of the books, so the probability that it contains all three math books is For and this gives and
The events are disjoint, so the total probability is and
7.
一个长方体的宽为 英寸,长为 英寸,高为 英寸,其中 和 是互质正整数。长方体的三个面相交于同一个顶点。这三个面的中心点作为顶点形成一个面积为 平方英寸的三角形。求 。
A rectangular box has width inches, length inches, and height inches, where and are relatively prime positive integers. Three faces of the box meet at a corner of the box. The center points of those three faces are the vertices of a triangle with an area of square inches. Find
小提示:
把这个顶点放在原点,使长方体为 ,并写出三个面心的坐标。
Place the corner at the origin so the box is and write down the three face centers
大提示:
三个中心为 、、;用叉积可得三角形面积为 。
The centers are a cross product gives the triangle’s area as
解答:
设高为 ,把公共顶点放在原点,所以长方体为 。在原点相交的三个面的中心为 、、。
于是 ,,它们的叉积为 。面积为 所以 ,且 。
因此 。
Let the height be and place the corner at the origin, so the box is The three faces meeting at the origin have centers and
Then and whose cross product is The area is so and
Therefore
8.
函数 的定义域是一个长度为 的闭区间,其中 和 为正整数且 。求最小可能的 除以 的余数。
The domain of the function is a closed interval of length where and are positive integers and Find the remainder when the smallest possible sum is divided by
小提示:
定义域要求 ,所以 落在 ,区间长度为 。
The domain requires so runs over which has length
大提示:
因此 。由于 , 必须整除 ;最小的 会使和最小。
Then Since must divide and the smallest minimizes the sum.
解答:
函数有定义当且仅当 ,也就是 ,因此定义域为 ,长度为 所以 。由于 与 互质, 必须整除 。
因为 ,所以 随 增大而增大,故取最小因子 :此时 ,且 。
除以 的余数为 。
The function is defined when that is so the domain is with length Hence Since is relatively prime to must divide
Because the sum grows with so take the smallest factor then and
The remainder upon division by is
9.
一张纸做的等边三角形 边长为 。把这个纸三角形折叠,使顶点 落到边 上距离点 为 的一点。折痕线段的长度可写成 ,其中 、、 为正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
A paper equilateral triangle has side length The paper triangle is folded so that vertex touches a point on side a distance from point The length of the line segment along which the triangle is folded can be written as where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
折叠保持距离:若折痕与 交于 ,则 到 和到 上的落点距离相等。
Folding preserves distances: if the crease meets at then is equidistant from and from the landing point on
大提示:
在 和 处的 角三角形中使用余弦定理,求出折痕两个端点的位置;然后在 处再用一次余弦定理。
The law of cosines in the corner triangles at and locates both crease endpoints; then apply the law of cosines once more at
解答:
设 为落点,其中 、,并设折痕与 交于 ,与 交于 。折叠保持距离,所以 ,。在三角形 中,,且 ,由余弦定理得 化简得 ,所以 。类似地,在三角形 中,,得 ,所以 。
最后,在三角形 中有 ,因此 所以 。因此 。
Let be the landing point, with and and let the crease meet at and at Folding preserves distances, so and In triangle with and the law of cosines gives which simplifies to so Similarly, in triangle gives so
Finally, in triangle with so Thus
10.
存在非零整数 、、、,使复数 是多项式 的一个零点。对每一种可能的 与 的组合,令 为 的所有零点之和。求所有可能的 、 组合对应的 之和。
There are nonzero integers and such that the complex number is a zero of the polynomial For each possible combination of and let be the sum of the zeros of Find the sum of the ’s for all possible combinations of and
小提示:
实系数迫使零点为 和一个实数 ,且 。
Real coefficients force the zeros to be and a real with
大提示:
列出 的因数中可写成两个非零平方数之和的情况;对每种情况, 的选择在求和时抵消,只留下对应的 。
List the ways a factor of is a sum of two nonzero squares; for each, the choices cancel in the sum, leaving only the ’s
解答:
因为 的系数为实数, 也是一个零点,第三个零点 为实数。零点之和为 ,所以 是非零整数。零点之积为 ,所以 是 的因数。由于 、 均非零,可能情况为 (此时 )、(此时 ),以及 (此时 )。
对于每一种表示 ,零点 可以有 或 ,给出 个不同多项式( 的符号不影响多项式)。零点之和为 ,四种选择中的 项相互抵消,每种表示留下 。
总和为 。
Since has real coefficients, is also a zero, and the third zero is real. The sum of the zeros is so is a nonzero integer. Their product is so is a factor of With and nonzero, the possibilities are (with ), (with ), and (with ).
For each representation the zero can have or giving distinct polynomials (the sign of changes nothing). The sum of the zeros is and over the four choices the terms cancel, leaving from each representation.
The total is
11.
Math 女士的幼儿园班有 名注册学生。教室里有非常多的积木,数量为 ,并满足以下条件:
• 若班上有 、 或 名学生到场,则每一种情况下都能把所有积木平均分给每名学生,并且
• 存在三个整数 ,使得当 、 或 名学生到场并把积木平均分给每名学生时,都恰好剩下三块积木。
求满足以上条件的最小可能 的不同素因数之和。
Ms. Math’s kindergarten class has registered students. The classroom has a very large number, of play blocks which satisfies the conditions:
• If or students are present in the class, then in each case all the blocks can be distributed in equal numbers to each student, and
• There are three integers such that when or students are present and the blocks are distributed in equal numbers to each student, there are exactly three blocks left over.
Find the sum of the distinct prime divisors of the least possible value of satisfying the above conditions.
小提示:
是 的倍数,而小于 的正整数中,除了 、、 外都整除 。
is a multiple of and every positive integer below except and divides
大提示:
因此 、、 必须分别是 、、:用中国剩余定理解 分别模 、、。
So and must be and solve modulo and by the Chinese remainder theorem
解答:
能被 、、 整除说明 ,其中 。小于 的正整数中,除了 、、 外都整除 ,而整除 的人数会使余数为 ,不可能为 。所以必有 ,并且需要 分别模 、、。
因为 ,第一个同余为 ,即 。因为 ,需要 ,即 。因为 ,需要 。由中国剩余定理合并得 ,所以最小的 是 。
因此 ,且 是素数,所以不同素因数之和为 。
Divisibility by and means where Every positive integer less than divides except and and a divisor of leaves remainder not So necessarily and we need modulo each of
Since the first congruence is i.e. Since we need i.e. Since we need By the Chinese remainder theorem these combine to so the least is
Then and since is prime, the sum of the distinct prime divisors is
12.
设 是一个三角形,其中 、。在 内画一个边长为 的正六边形 ,使边 在 上,边 在 上,并且其余顶点中有一个在 上。存在正整数 、、、,使 的面积可表示为 ,其中 与 互质,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
Let be a triangle with and A regular hexagon with side length is drawn inside so that side lies on side lies on and one of the remaining vertices lies on There are positive integers and such that the area of can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
正六边形的 内角使 处的小三角形为等边三角形,所以 ;令 为原点, 沿 轴建立坐标。
The hexagon’s angles make the corner triangle at equilateral, so set up coordinates with at the origin and along the -axis
大提示:
顶点 位于 正上方,高度为 ,过 的 直线 给出 。
Vertex sits directly above at height and the line through gives
解答:
注意 。由于正六边形的内角为 ,线段 在 处截出的小三角形有两个 的底角,所以三角形 为等边三角形,且 。令 为原点, 沿正 轴。则 、,六边形的顶点为 、、、。
因为 ,直线 的斜率为 。若它经过 ,则直线为 ,这会使 (其 )落在三角形外;所以在 上的顶点是 ,且 是直线 。它与 轴交于 ,并与直线 (即 )相交,此时 ,得到 的高度
面积为 ,所以 。
Note Because the hexagon’s interior angles are segment cuts off a corner triangle at with two base angles, so triangle is equilateral and Put at the origin with along the positive -axis. Then and the hexagon’s vertices are
Since line has slope If it passed through it would be which puts (with ) outside the triangle; so the vertex on is and is the line It meets the -axis at and the line (line ) where giving height
The area is so
13.
三角形 的边长为 、、。对每个正整数 ,点 和 分别位于 和 上,并形成三个相似三角形: 。所有三角形 (其中 )的并集面积可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Triangle has side lengths and For each positive integer points and are located on and respectively, creating three similar triangles The area of the union of all triangles for can be expressed as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
对应边要配对: 的相似比为 。
Match up corresponding sides: has ratio
大提示:
令 ,则三角形 的相似比为 ,这些互不重叠的小三角形面积形成首项为 、公比为 的等比数列。
With triangle has ratio so the disjoint triangles’ areas form a geometric series with first term and ratio
解答:
由海伦公式,半周长 ,所以 的面积为 。在相似关系 中,边 对应 ,所以相似比为 ,且 (对应 )等于 。于是 这就是 相对于 的相似比。
线段 和 将 分成三个部分,所以 之后每一步都在 中重复同样构造,所有面积都按 缩放,且这些三角形 的内部互不重叠。
并集面积为等比级数 因为 与 没有公因数,所以答案是 。
By Heron’s formula with the area of is In the similarity side corresponds to so the ratio is and (corresponding to ) equals Hence which is the similarity ratio of to
Segments and split into the three pieces, so Each successive stage repeats the construction inside scaling all areas by and the triangles have disjoint interiors.
The union’s area is the geometric series Since shares no factor with the answer is
14.
对 ,令 且令 并满足 。若 ,其中 和 是互质正整数,求 。
For let and so that Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
把两个级数组合成 :各项会成为一个公比为 的等比级数。
Combine the two series as the terms become a geometric series with ratio
大提示:
求和可得 。令它等于 ,平方后保留满足 的根。
Summing gives Set it equal to square, and keep the root with
解答:
符号以及正弦、余弦的交替提示我们使用 的幂。实际上 因为 ,乘以共轭数得到 所以 。
令 并平方,得 ,化简为
因为 迫使 ,所以 (此时 与正的比值一致)。因此 。
The signs and the alternation between sines and cosines suggest powers of indeed Since multiplying by the conjugate gives so
Setting and squaring, which rearranges to
Since forces we get (and then consistent with the positive ratio). Thus
15.
设 为满足以下条件的整数有序三元组 的个数:
• ,
• 存在整数 、、 和素数 ,其中 ,
• 整除 、、,并且
• 每个有序三元组 和 都构成等差数列。
求 。
Let be the number of ordered triples of integers satisfying the conditions
•
• there exist integers and and prime where
• divides and and
• each ordered triple and each ordered triple form arithmetic sequences.
Find
小提示:
若 和 分别是 与 的公差,则模 下同时有 和 ,所以 能被 整除。
If and are the common differences of and then mod both and so is divisible by
大提示:
因为 ,这迫使 且 ;于是数出满足 、、 的三元组。
Since that forces and count triples with
解答:
设 为 的公差,则 ,且 ,因此 。设 为 的公差。对 取模,得到 ,以及 ,所以 能被 整除。由于 ,素数 不可能整除 ,所以 ;此时 ,故 ,且 。
因此有效三元组恰好是在 中递增的等差数列,并满足 、、。写 ,其中 ;公差满足 ,所以 ,其中 。限制为 ,即 ,每个这样的 都可行。
对每个 , 有 种选择,所以
Let be the common difference of so and whence Let be the common difference of Reducing mod we get and so is divisible by Since the prime cannot divide so then gives and
So the valid triples are exactly the increasing arithmetic progressions in with Write with the difference satisfies so with The constraint is i.e. and every such pair works.
For each there are choices of so