2013 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

一张纸做的等边三角形 ABCABC 边长为 1212。把这个纸三角形折叠,使顶点 AA 落到边 BC‾\overline{BC} 上距离点 BB 为 99 的一点。折痕线段的长度可写成 mpn\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n},其中 mm、nn、pp 为正整数,mm 与 nn 互质,且 pp 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p。

A paper equilateral triangle ABCABC has side length 12.12. The paper triangle is folded so that vertex AA touches a point on side BC‾\overline{BC} a distance 99 from point B.B. The length of the line segment along which the triangle is folded can be written as mpn,\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and nn are relatively prime, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:113
知识点:折纸余弦定理等边三角形
难度评级:2920
小提示:

折叠保持距离:若折痕与 AB‾\overline{AB} 交于 PP,则 PP 到 AA 和到 BC‾\overline{BC} 上的落点距离相等。

Folding preserves distances: if the crease meets AB‾\overline{AB} at P,P, then PP is equidistant from AA and from the landing point on BC‾\overline{BC}

大提示:

在 BB 和 CC 处的 60∘60^\circ 角三角形中使用余弦定理,求出折痕两个端点的位置;然后在 AA 处再用一次余弦定理。

The law of cosines in the 60∘60^\circ corner triangles at BB and CC locates both crease endpoints; then apply the law of cosines once more at AA

解答:

设 A′A' 为落点,其中 BA′=9BA' = 9、CA′=3CA' = 3,并设折痕与 AB‾\overline{AB} 交于 PP,与 AC‾\overline{AC} 交于 QQ。折叠保持距离,所以 PA′=PA=xPA' = PA = x,QA′=QA=yQA' = QA = y。在三角形 PBA′PBA' 中,PB=12−xPB = 12 - x,且 ∠B=60∘\angle B = 60^\circ,由余弦定理得 x2=(12−x)2+81−9(12−x), \begin{aligned} x^2 &= (12 - x)^2 + 81 \\ &\quad {}- 9(12 - x) \end{aligned}\text{,}化简得 15x=11715x = 117,所以 x=395x = \frac{39}{5}。类似地,在三角形 QCA′QCA' 中,y2=(12−y)2+9−3(12−y)y^2 = (12 - y)^2 + 9 - 3(12 - y),得 21y=11721y = 117,所以 y=397y = \frac{39}{7}。

最后,在三角形 APQAPQ 中有 ∠A=60∘\angle A = 60^\circ,因此 PQ2=x2+y2−xy=392(125+149−135)=392⋅49+25−351225=3931225, \begin{aligned} PQ^2 &= x^2 + y^2 - xy \\ &= 39^2\left(\frac{1}{25} + \frac{1}{49} - \frac{1}{35}\right) \\ &= 39^2 \cdot \frac{49 + 25 - 35}{1225} \\ &= \frac{39^3}{1225} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 PQ=393935PQ = \frac{39\sqrt{39}}{35}。因此 m+n+p=39+35+39m + n + p = 39 + 35 + 39 =113= 113。

Let A′A' be the landing point, with BA′=9BA' = 9 and CA′=3,CA' = 3, and let the crease meet AB‾\overline{AB} at PP and AC‾\overline{AC} at Q.Q. Folding preserves distances, so PA′=PA=xPA' = PA = x and QA′=QA=y.QA' = QA = y. In triangle PBA′,PBA', with PB=12−xPB = 12 - x and ∠B=60∘,\angle B = 60^\circ, the law of cosines gives x2=(12−x)2+81−9(12−x), \begin{aligned} x^2 &= (12 - x)^2 + 81 \\ &\quad {}- 9(12 - x), \end{aligned} which simplifies to 15x=117,15x = 117, so x=395.x = \frac{39}{5}. Similarly, in triangle QCA′,QCA', y2=(12−y)2+9−3(12−y)y^2 = (12 - y)^2 + 9 - 3(12 - y) gives 21y=117,21y = 117, so y=397.y = \frac{39}{7}.

Finally, in triangle APQAPQ with ∠A=60∘,\angle A = 60^\circ, PQ2=x2+y2−xy=392(125+149−135)=392⋅49+25−351225=3931225, \begin{aligned} PQ^2 &= x^2 + y^2 - xy \\ &= 39^2\left(\frac{1}{25} + \frac{1}{49} - \frac{1}{35}\right) \\ &= 39^2 \cdot \frac{49 + 25 - 35}{1225} \\ &= \frac{39^3}{1225}, \end{aligned} so PQ=393935.PQ = \frac{39\sqrt{39}}{35}. Thus m+n+p=39+35+39m + n + p = 39 + 35 + 39 =113.= 113.

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