2019 AIME I 第 9 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

9.

记 τ(n)\tau(n) 为 nn 的正整数因数个数。求最小六个正整数 nn 的和,其中这些整数满足 τ(n)+τ(n+1)=7\tau(n) + \tau(n + 1) = 7。

Let τ(n)\tau(n) denote the number of positive integer divisors of n.n. Find the sum of the six least positive integers nn that are solutions to τ(n)+τ(n+1)=7.\tau(n) + \tau(n + 1) = 7.

答案:540
知识点:因数个数完全平方数分类讨论
难度评级:2740
小提示:

先排除 n=1n = 1;因数个数的分拆只能是 {2,5}\{2, 5\} 或 {3,4}\{3, 4\},而取值 33 和 55 分别迫使某数为质数平方 p2p^2 或质数四次方 p4p^4

First rule out n=1;n = 1; then the split must be {2,5}\{2, 5\} or {3,4},\{3, 4\}, and values 33 and 55 force a prime square p2p^2 or fourth power p4p^4

大提示:

因此 n,n+1n, n+1 中有一个属于 44、99、2525、4949、121121、169169、289289、361361、…\ldots 或 1616、8181、625625、…\ldots;检查它的邻数是否满足 τ=4\tau = 4 或为质数

So one of n,n+1n, n+1 is among 4,4, 9,9, 25,25, 49,49, 121,121, 169,169, 289,289, 361,361, …\ldots or 16,16, 81,81, 625,625, …;\ldots; test each neighbor for τ=4\tau = 4 or primality

解答:

当 n=1n = 1 时,τ(1)+τ(2)=3\tau(1) + \tau(2) = 3,所以任何解都满足 n≥2n \ge 2,且相邻两数的因数个数都至少为 22。因此 7=2+5=3+47 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4,所以 τ(n),τ(n+1)\tau(n), \tau(n+1) 中有一个等于 33 或 55。而 τ=3\tau = 3 表示质数平方 p2p^2,τ=5\tau = 5 表示质数四次方 p4p^4。因此 n,n+1n, n+1 中有一个属于 {4,9,25,49,121,\{4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169,289,361,…}169, 289, 361, \ldots\} ∪{16,81,625,…}\cup \{16, 81, 625, \ldots\},它的邻数必须有 τ=4\tau = 4(对应平方)或为质数(对应四次方)。

按从小到大的顺序检查邻数:n=8n = 8 可行 (τ(8)=4(\tau(8) = 4,τ(9)=3)\tau(9) = 3);n=9n = 9 可行 (τ(10)=4)(\tau(10) = 4);n=16n = 16 可行 (τ(16)=5(\tau(16) = 5,1717 为质数 ));n=25n = 25 可行 (τ(26)=4)(\tau(26) = 4)。接着 4949、8181、169169 和 289289 都不行:τ(48)=10\tau(48) = 10、τ(50)=6\tau(50) = 6、τ(80)=10\tau(80) = 10、8282 不是质数、τ(168)=16\tau(168) = 16、τ(170)=8\tau(170) = 8、τ(288)=18\tau(288) = 18、τ(290)=8\tau(290) = 8。然后 n=121n = 121 可行 (τ(122)=4)(\tau(122) = 4),n=361n = 361 可行 (τ(362)=4)(\tau(362) = 4)。

最小的六个解为 88、99、1616、2525、121121、361361,和为 540540。

The case n=1n = 1 gives τ(1)+τ(2)=3,\tau(1) + \tau(2) = 3, so any solution has n≥2n \ge 2 and both divisor counts are at least 2.2. Thus 7=2+5=3+4,7 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4, so one of τ(n),τ(n+1)\tau(n), \tau(n+1) equals 33 or 5.5. Now τ=3\tau = 3 means a prime square p2,p^2, while τ=5\tau = 5 means a prime fourth power p4.p^4. So one of n,n+1n, n+1 lies in {4,9,25,49,121,\{4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169,289,361,…}169, 289, 361, \ldots\} ∪{16,81,625,…},\cup \{16, 81, 625, \ldots\}, and its neighbor must have τ=4\tau = 4 (for a square) or be prime (for a fourth power).

Checking neighbors in increasing order: n=8n = 8 works (τ(8)=4,(\tau(8) = 4, τ(9)=3);\tau(9) = 3); n=9n = 9 works (τ(10)=4);(\tau(10) = 4); n=16n = 16 works (τ(16)=5,(\tau(16) = 5, 1717 prime);); n=25n = 25 works (τ(26)=4).(\tau(26) = 4). Then 49,49, 81,81, 169,169, and 289289 all fail: τ(48)=10,\tau(48) = 10, τ(50)=6,\tau(50) = 6, τ(80)=10,\tau(80) = 10, 8282 is not prime, τ(168)=16,\tau(168) = 16, τ(170)=8,\tau(170) = 8, τ(288)=18,\tau(288) = 18, τ(290)=8.\tau(290) = 8. Next, n=121n = 121 works (τ(122)=4)(\tau(122) = 4) and n=361n = 361 works (τ(362)=4).(\tau(362) = 4).

The six least solutions are 8,8, 9,9, 16,16, 25,25, 121,121, 361,361, with sum 540.540.

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