2018 AIME I 第 9 题

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9.

求集合 {1,2,3,4,…,20}\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots, 20\} 中满足以下性质的四元素子集个数:子集中有两个不同元素的和为 1616,并且有两个不同元素的和为 2424。例如,{3,5,13,19}\{3, 5, 13, 19\} 和 {6,10,20,18}\{6, 10, 20, 18\} 是两个这样的子集。

Find the number of four-element subsets of {1,2,3,4,…,20}\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots, 20\} with the property that two distinct elements of the subset have a sum of 16,16, and two distinct elements of the subset have a sum of 24.24. For example, {3,5,13,19}\{3, 5, 13, 19\} and {6,10,20,18}\{6, 10, 20, 18\} are two such subsets.

答案:210
知识点:子集数对计数分类讨论
难度评级:2990
小提示:

和为 1616 的数对有 77 个,和为 2424 的数对有 88 个;按这两对是否能不相交来分类

There are 77 pairs summing to 1616 and 88 pairs summing to 24;24; split by whether the two pairs can be chosen disjoint

大提示:

若两对必须重叠,则某个元素 aa 使 16−a16 - a 与 24−a24 - a 都在子集中,再加一个自由的第四元素;减去有两个这种中心的子集

If the pairs must overlap, some element aa has both 16−a16 - a and 24−a24 - a in the subset plus a free fourth element; subtract the subsets that have two such centers

解答:

两个不同元素和为 1616 的数对为 {1,15},{2,14},…,{7,9}\{1,15\}, \{2,14\}, \ldots, \{7,9\}(七对),和为 2424 的数对为 {4,20},{5,19},…,{11,13}\{4,20\}, \{5,19\}, \ldots, \{11,13\}(八对)。先数同时含有一个 1616-数对和一个不相交的 2424-数对的子集。在 7⋅8=567 \cdot 8 = 56 种配对组合中,共用某个元素 xx 的组合要求 16−x16 - x、xx、24−x24 - x 都有效;这发生在 x∈{4,…,15}x \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} 中除 88 和 1212 以外的 1010 个值上。没有四元素集合会来自两个不同的不相交组合(第二种分解会迫使一个 1616-数对与一个 2424-数对重合),所以此类给出 56−10=4656 - 10 = 46 个子集。

在其余子集中,每个 1616-数对都与每个 2424-数对相交,因此某个中心 aa 使 b=16−ab = 16 - a 与 c=24−ac = 24 - a 都在子集中。可能的中心有 1010 个(a∈{4,…,15}a \in \{4, \ldots, 15\},且 a≠8,12a \ne 8, 12),第四个元素可为其余 1717 个数中的任意一个,得到 170170 个中心-子集计数。恰有 66 个子集有两个中心并被数了两次:{1,7,9,15}\{1,7,9,15\}、{2,6,10,14}\{2,6,10,14\}、{3,5,11,13}\{3,5,11,13\}、{5,11,13,19}\{5,11,13,19\}、{6,10,14,18}\{6,10,14,18\}、{7,9,15,17}\{7,9,15,17\}。此类给出 170−6=164170 - 6 = 164 个子集,且其中没有包含不相交数对的子集。

总数为 46+164=21046 + 164 = 210。

The pairs of distinct elements summing to 1616 are {1,15},{2,14},…,{7,9}\{1,15\}, \{2,14\}, \ldots, \{7,9\} (seven pairs), and those summing to 2424 are {4,20},{5,19},…,{11,13}\{4,20\}, \{5,19\}, \ldots, \{11,13\} (eight pairs). First count subsets containing a 1616-pair and a 2424-pair that are disjoint. Of the 7⋅8=567 \cdot 8 = 56 combinations, the ones sharing an element xx require 16−x,16 - x, x,x, and 24−x24 - x all to be valid, which happens for the 1010 values x∈{4,…,15}x \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} other than 88 and 12.12. No four-element set arises from two different disjoint combinations (a second decomposition would force a 1616-pair to coincide with a 2424-pair), so this case gives 56−10=4656 - 10 = 46 subsets.

In the remaining subsets every 1616-pair meets every 2424-pair, so some center aa has both b=16−ab = 16 - a and c=24−ac = 24 - a in the subset. There are 1010 possible centers (a∈{4,…,15}a \in \{4, \ldots, 15\} with a≠8,12a \ne 8, 12), and the fourth element can be any of the 1717 remaining numbers, giving 170170 center–subset counts. Exactly 66 subsets admit two centers and are counted twice: {1,7,9,15},\{1,7,9,15\}, {2,6,10,14},\{2,6,10,14\}, {3,5,11,13},\{3,5,11,13\}, {5,11,13,19},\{5,11,13,19\}, {6,10,14,18},\{6,10,14,18\}, and {7,9,15,17}.\{7,9,15,17\}. This case gives 170−6=164170 - 6 = 164 subsets, none of which contain disjoint pairs.

The total is 46+164=210.46 + 164 = 210.

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