1998 AIME 第 9 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

9.

两位数学家每天上午都喝咖啡休息。他们独立地在上午 99 点到 1010 点之间的随机时刻到达自助餐厅,并停留恰好 mm 分钟。其中一人到达时另一人正在自助餐厅的概率为 40%40\%,且 m=abcm = a - b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Two mathematicians take a morning coffee break each day. They arrive at the cafeteria independently, at random times between 99 a.m. and 1010 a.m., and stay for exactly mm minutes. The probability that either one arrives while the other is in the cafeteria is 40%,40\%, and m=abc,m = a - b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:87
知识点:几何概率对立事件概率
难度评级:2400
小提示:

把两人的到达时间画成 60×6060 \times 60 正方形中的一个点;他们相遇当且仅当 xy<m|x - y| \lt m

Plot the two arrival times as a point in a 60×6060 \times 60 square; they meet exactly when xy<m|x - y| \lt m

大提示:

补集由两个直角三角形组成,合起来面积等于一个边长为 60m60 - m 的正方形,所以 (60m)2=353600(60 - m)^2 = \frac{3}{5} \cdot 3600

The complement consists of two right triangles that fit together into a square of side 60m,60 - m, so (60m)2=353600(60 - m)^2 = \frac{3}{5} \cdot 3600

解答:

令两人的到达时间分别为 xx 分钟和 yy 分钟,单位是上午 99 点后的分钟,则 (x,y)(x, y) 在一个 60×6060 \times 60 的正方形中均匀分布。两人相遇当且仅当 xy<m|x - y| \lt m

不相遇区域 xym|x - y| \ge m 由两个直角边长为 60m60 - m 的直角三角形组成,总面积为 (60m)2(60 - m)^2。相遇概率为 40%40\%,意味着 (60m)2=0.63600=2160(60 - m)^2 = 0.6 \cdot 3600 = 2160\text{,} 所以 60m=2160=121560 - m = \sqrt{2160} = 12\sqrt{15}

因此 m=601215m = 60 - 12\sqrt{15},且 a+b+c=60+12+15=87a + b + c = 60 + 12 + 15 = 87

Let the arrival times be xx and yy minutes after 99 a.m., so (x,y)(x, y) is uniform in a 60×6060 \times 60 square. The two people meet exactly when xy<m.|x - y| \lt m.

The non-meeting region xym|x - y| \ge m consists of two right triangles with legs 60m,60 - m, with total area (60m)2.(60 - m)^2. Meeting with probability 40%40\% means (60m)2=0.63600=2160,(60 - m)^2 = 0.6 \cdot 3600 = 2160, so 60m=2160=1215.60 - m = \sqrt{2160} = 12\sqrt{15}.

Thus m=601215,m = 60 - 12\sqrt{15}, and a+b+c=60+12+15=87.a + b + c = 60 + 12 + 15 = 87.

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