1998 AIME 真题

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1.

有多少个 kk 值,使 121212^{12} 是正整数 666^6888^8kk 的最小公倍数?

For how many values of kk is 121212^{12} the least common multiple of the positive integers 66,6^6, 88,8^8, and k?k?

答案:25
知识点:最小公倍数质因数分解
难度评级:1890
小提示:

把所有数都分解成 2233 的幂:1212=22431212^{12} = 2^{24} 3^{12}66=26366^6 = 2^6 3^688=2248^8 = 2^{24}

Factor everything into powers of 22 and 3:3: 1212=224312,12^{12} = 2^{24} 3^{12}, 66=2636,6^6 = 2^6 3^6, 88=2248^8 = 2^{24}

大提示:

666^6888^8 的最小公倍数已经提供了 2242^{24},但只提供 363^6,所以 kk 必须恰好提供 3123^{12}

The lcm of 666^6 and 888^8 already supplies 2242^{24} but only 36,3^6, so kk must contribute exactly 3123^{12}

解答:

因为 1212=22431212^{12} = 2^{24} 3^{12}66=26366^6 = 2^6 3^6,且 88=2248^8 = 2^{24},所以 kk 不能含有 2233 以外的质因数。设 k=2a3bk = 2^a 3^b。这三个数的最小公倍数为 2max(24,a)3max(6,b)2^{\max(24,\,a)} \, 3^{\max(6,\,b)}

要等于 2243122^{24} 3^{12},必须有 max(24,a)=24\max(24, a) = 24,即 0a240 \le a \le 24,并且 max(6,b)=12\max(6, b) = 12,即 b=12b = 12。这样共有 2525aa 的选择,bb 有一种选择,所以共有 2525kk 的值。

Since 1212=224312,12^{12} = 2^{24} 3^{12}, 66=2636,6^6 = 2^6 3^6, and 88=224,8^8 = 2^{24}, the number kk can involve no primes other than 22 and 3,3, so write k=2a3b.k = 2^a 3^b. The least common multiple of the three numbers is then 2max(24,a)3max(6,b).2^{\max(24,\,a)} \, 3^{\max(6,\,b)}.

Matching this to 2243122^{24} 3^{12} requires max(24,a)=24,\max(24, a) = 24, i.e. 0a24,0 \le a \le 24, and max(6,b)=12,\max(6, b) = 12, i.e. b=12.b = 12. That gives 2525 choices for aa and one for b,b, so there are 2525 values of k.k.

2.

求正整数有序对 (x,y)(x, y) 的个数,其中 x2y60x \le 2y \le 60y2x60y \le 2x \le 60

Find the number of ordered pairs (x,y)(x, y) of positive integers that satisfy x2y60x \le 2y \le 60 and y2x60.y \le 2x \le 60.

答案:480
难度评级:2110
小提示:

四个限制条件合起来把 (x,y)(x, y) 限制在正方形 1x,y301 \le x, y \le 30

All four constraints together confine (x,y)(x, y) to the square 1x,y301 \le x, y \le 30

大提示:

在这个正方形内,减去满足 y>2xy \gt 2x 的有序对和满足 x>2yx \gt 2y 的有序对;这两个不合格集合互不相交且大小相同

Inside that square, subtract the pairs with y>2xy \gt 2x and those with x>2y;x \gt 2y; the two bad sets are disjoint and have equal size

解答:

两个链式不等式展开为四个条件:x2yx \le 2y2y602y \le 60y2xy \le 2x2x602x \le 60。所以 (x,y)(x, y) 位于正方形 1x,y301 \le x, y \le 30 内,并且要排除 x>2yx \gt 2yy>2xy \gt 2x,这两个条件不可能同时发生。

对于满足 y>2xy \gt 2x 的有序对,当 xx111414 时,y=2x+1,,30y = 2x + 1, \ldots, 30 都可行,因此共有 x=114(302x)\sum_{x=1}^{14} (30 - 2x) =420210= 420 - 210 =210= 210 对。由交换 xxyy 的对称性,也有 210210 对满足 x>2yx \gt 2y 的有序对。

所以答案是 3030210210=48030 \cdot 30 - 210 - 210 = 480

The chains unpack into four conditions: x2y,x \le 2y, 2y60,2y \le 60, y2x,y \le 2x, and 2x60.2x \le 60. So (x,y)(x, y) lies in the square 1x,y30,1 \le x, y \le 30, and within it we must avoid x>2yx \gt 2y and y>2x,y \gt 2x, which cannot both happen.

Pairs with y>2x:y \gt 2x: for each xx from 11 to 1414 the values y=2x+1,,30y = 2x + 1, \ldots, 30 work, giving x=114(302x)\sum_{x=1}^{14} (30 - 2x) =420210= 420 - 210 =210= 210 pairs. By the symmetry swapping xx and y,y, there are also 210210 pairs with x>2y.x \gt 2y.

The answer is 3030210210=480.30 \cdot 30 - 210 - 210 = 480.

3.

方程 y2+2xy+40x=400y^2 + 2xy + 40|x| = 400 的图像把平面分成若干区域。求有界区域的面积。

The graph of y2+2xy+40x=400y^2 + 2xy + 40|x| = 400 partitions the plane into several regions. What is the area of the bounded region?

答案:800
难度评级:2340
小提示:

x0x \ge 0 时,方程可整理为 2x(y+20)=400y22x(y + 20) = 400 - y^2,右边可以因式分解

For x0x \ge 0 the equation rearranges to 2x(y+20)=400y2,2x(y + 20) = 400 - y^2, and the right side factors

大提示:

每种符号情形都会给出两条直线;这四条射线围成一个平行四边形,其水平边在 y=20y = 20y=20y = -20

Each sign case yields two lines; the four rays bound a parallelogram with horizontal sides on y=20y = 20 and y=20y = -20

解答:

x0x \ge 0 时,把方程改写为 2x(y+20)2x(y + 20) =400y2= 400 - y^2 =(20y)(20+y)= (20 - y)(20 + y),所以 y=20y = -20y=202xy = 20 - 2x。当 x0x \le 0 时,方程变为 2x(y20)=(y20)(y+20)2x(y - 20) = -(y - 20)(y + 20),所以 y=20y = 20y=202xy = -20 - 2x。因此图像由两条水平射线和两条斜率为 2-2 的射线组成。

这些射线围成一个平行四边形:上边从 (20,20)(-20, 20)(0,20)(0, 20),在 y=20y = 20 上;下边从 (0,20)(0, -20)(20,20)(20, -20),在 y=20y = -20 上;两条斜率为 2-2 的斜边把它们连接起来。

这个平行四边形的水平底为 2020,高为 4040,也就是两条直线 y=20y = 20y=20y = -20 之间的距离,所以面积为 2040=80020 \cdot 40 = 800

For x0x \ge 0 rewrite the equation as 2x(y+20)2x(y + 20) =400y2= 400 - y^2 =(20y)(20+y),= (20 - y)(20 + y), so either y=20y = -20 or y=202x.y = 20 - 2x. For x0x \le 0 it becomes 2x(y20)=(y20)(y+20),2x(y - 20) = -(y - 20)(y + 20), so either y=20y = 20 or y=202x.y = -20 - 2x. The graph therefore consists of two horizontal rays and two rays of slope 2.-2.

These rays bound a parallelogram: the top edge runs from (20,20)(-20, 20) to (0,20)(0, 20) along y=20,y = 20, the bottom edge from (0,20)(0, -20) to (20,20)(20, -20) along y=20,y = -20, and the two slanted edges of slope 2-2 connect them.

The parallelogram has horizontal base 2020 and height 4040 between the lines y=20y = 20 and y=20,y = -20, so its area is 2040=800.20 \cdot 40 = 800.

4.

九张牌分别编号为 112233\ldots99。三名玩家各自随机选择并保留三张牌,然后求自己三张牌上的数之和。三名玩家所得和全为奇数的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Nine tiles are numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 9,9, respectively. Each of three players randomly selects and keeps three of the tiles, and sums those three values. The probability that all three players obtain an odd sum is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:17
难度评级:2350
小提示:

一名玩家的和为奇数,当且仅当他拿到奇数张奇数牌;总共有五张奇数牌

A player’s sum is odd exactly when the player holds an odd number of odd tiles; there are five odd tiles in all

大提示:

奇数牌必须按 331111 分给三名玩家。分别计算奇数牌和偶数牌的分配方式。

The odd tiles must split 3,3, 1,1, 11 among the players. Count the ways to deal odds and evens separately.

解答:

一名玩家的三张牌之和为奇数,当且仅当他拿到奇数张奇数牌,也就是一张或三张。九张牌中有五张奇数牌和四张偶数牌,把五张奇数牌分到三个组中且每组奇数牌数为一或三,唯一的分法类型是 3+1+13 + 1 + 1

计算有利的发牌方式:选择哪名玩家得到三张奇数牌,有 33 种;选择这名玩家的三张奇数牌,有 (53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10 种;把剩下两张奇数牌各给另外两名玩家,有 22 种;再把四张偶数牌按二二分给这两名玩家,有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种。因此有利发牌方式为 31026=3603 \cdot 10 \cdot 2 \cdot 6 = 360 种。总发牌方式为 (93)(63)=8420=1680\binom{9}{3}\binom{6}{3} = 84 \cdot 20 = 1680 种。

概率为 3601680=314\frac{360}{1680} = \frac{3}{14},所以 m+n=3+14=17m + n = 3 + 14 = 17

A player’s three tiles have an odd sum exactly when the player holds an odd number of odd tiles — one or three. The nine tiles include five odd and four even, and the only way to split five odd tiles into three groups of size one or three is 3+1+1.3 + 1 + 1.

Count favorable deals: choose which player gets three odd tiles (33 ways), choose that player’s odd tiles ((53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10 ways), give one of the two remaining odd tiles to each other player (22 ways), then split the four even tiles two and two between those players ((42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 ways), for 31026=3603 \cdot 10 \cdot 2 \cdot 6 = 360 deals. The total number of deals is (93)(63)=8420=1680.\binom{9}{3}\binom{6}{3} = 84 \cdot 20 = 1680.

The probability is 3601680=314,\frac{360}{1680} = \frac{3}{14}, so m+n=3+14=17.m + n = 3 + 14 = 17.

5.

已知 Ak=k(k1)2cosk(k1)π2A_k = \frac{k(k - 1)}{2}\cos\frac{k(k - 1)\pi}{2},求 A19+A20++A98|A_{19} + A_{20} + \cdots + A_{98}|

Given that Ak=k(k1)2cosk(k1)π2,A_k = \frac{k(k - 1)}{2}\cos\frac{k(k - 1)\pi}{2}, find A19+A20++A98.|A_{19} + A_{20} + \cdots + A_{98}|.

答案:40
难度评级:2400
小提示:

k(k1)2\frac{k(k-1)}{2} 是整数,所以每个余弦值都是 ±1\pm 1,其符号只取决于 kmod4k \bmod 4

k(k1)2\frac{k(k-1)}{2} is an integer, so each cosine is ±1,\pm 1, with sign depending only on kmod4k \bmod 4

大提示:

把这 8080 项从 k=19k = 19 开始分成连续的四项一组;相邻三角形数相差 kk,所以每组都会化简

Group the 8080 terms into consecutive blocks of four starting at k=19;k = 19; consecutive triangular numbers differ by k,k, so each block collapses

解答:

因为 k(k1)k(k-1) 为偶数,nk=k(k1)2n_k = \frac{k(k-1)}{2} 是整数,且 cosk(k1)π2\cos\frac{k(k-1)\pi}{2} =cos(nkπ)= \cos(n_k \pi) =(1)nk= (-1)^{n_k}。三角形数 nkn_k 的奇偶性只取决于 kmod4k \bmod 4:当 k0,1(mod4)k \equiv 0, 1 \pmod 4 时为偶数,当 k2,3(mod4)k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4 时为奇数。所以 Ak=nkA_k = n_kk0,1(mod4)k \equiv 0, 1 \pmod 4,而 Ak=nkA_k = -n_kk2,3(mod4)k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4

把这 8080 项分成 2020 个连续四项组,从 k=193(mod4)k = 19 \equiv 3 \pmod 4 开始。利用 nj+1nj=jn_{j+1} - n_j = j,每个 k3(mod4)k \equiv 3 \pmod 4 的组都化简为 Ak+Ak+1+Ak+2+Ak+3=(nk+1nk)(nk+3nk+2)=k(k+2)=2 \begin{aligned} &A_k + A_{k+1} \\ &\quad {}+ A_{k+2} + A_{k+3} \\ &= (n_{k+1} - n_k) \\ &\quad {}- (n_{k+3} - n_{k+2}) \\ &= k - (k + 2) \\ &= -2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

总和为 20(2)=4020 \cdot (-2) = -40,所以所求绝对值为 4040

Since k(k1)k(k-1) is even, nk=k(k1)2n_k = \frac{k(k-1)}{2} is an integer and cosk(k1)π2\cos\frac{k(k-1)\pi}{2} =cos(nkπ)= \cos(n_k \pi) =(1)nk.= (-1)^{n_k}. The parity of the triangular number nkn_k depends only on kmod4:k \bmod 4: it is even for k0,1(mod4)k \equiv 0, 1 \pmod 4 and odd for k2,3(mod4).k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4. So Ak=nkA_k = n_k when k0,1(mod4)k \equiv 0, 1 \pmod 4 and Ak=nkA_k = -n_k when k2,3(mod4).k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4.

Group the 8080 terms into 2020 consecutive blocks of four starting at k=193(mod4).k = 19 \equiv 3 \pmod 4. Using nj+1nj=j,n_{j+1} - n_j = j, each block with k3(mod4)k \equiv 3 \pmod 4 collapses: Ak+Ak+1+Ak+2+Ak+3=(nk+1nk)(nk+3nk+2)=k(k+2)=2. \begin{aligned} &A_k + A_{k+1} \\ &\quad {}+ A_{k+2} + A_{k+3} \\ &= (n_{k+1} - n_k) \\ &\quad {}- (n_{k+3} - n_{k+2}) \\ &= k - (k + 2) \\ &= -2. \end{aligned}

The total is 20(2)=40,20 \cdot (-2) = -40, so the requested absolute value is 40.40.

6.

ABCDABCD 是一个平行四边形。将 DA\overline{DA} 经过 AA 延长到点 PP,并令 PC\overline{PC}AB\overline{AB} 交于 QQ,与 DB\overline{DB} 交于 RR。已知 PQ=735PQ = 735QR=112QR = 112,求 RCRC

Let ABCDABCD be a parallelogram. Extend DA\overline{DA} through AA to a point P,P, and let PC\overline{PC} meet AB\overline{AB} at QQ and DB\overline{DB} at R.R. Given that PQ=735PQ = 735 and QR=112,QR = 112, find RC.RC.

答案:308
难度评级:2510
小提示:

有两组相似三角形:AQDCAQ \parallel DC 给出 PQPC=PAPD\frac{PQ}{PC} = \frac{PA}{PD},而 BCPDBC \parallel PD 给出 RCRP=BCPD\frac{RC}{RP} = \frac{BC}{PD}

Two pairs of similar triangles: AQDCAQ \parallel DC gives PQPC=PAPD,\frac{PQ}{PC} = \frac{PA}{PD}, and BCPDBC \parallel PD gives RCRP=BCPD\frac{RC}{RP} = \frac{BC}{PD}

大提示:

a=PAADa = \frac{PA}{AD},这些比值给出 PQ:QR:RCPQ : QR : RC =a(a+2):1:(a+1)= a(a+2) : 1 : (a+1);用 PQQR=735112\frac{PQ}{QR} = \frac{735}{112} 求出 aa

With a=PAAD,a = \frac{PA}{AD}, the ratios give PQ:QR:RCPQ : QR : RC =a(a+2):1:(a+1);= a(a+2) : 1 : (a+1); use PQQR=735112\frac{PQ}{QR} = \frac{735}{112} to find aa

解答:

a=PAADa = \frac{PA}{AD}。因为 AQDCAQ \parallel DC,三角形 PAQPAQPDCPDC 相似,所以 PQPC=PAPD=aa+1\frac{PQ}{PC} = \frac{PA}{PD} = \frac{a}{a+1}。因为 BCADBC \parallel AD,也就是 BCPDBC \parallel PD,三角形 RBCRBCRDPRDP 相似,所以 RCRP=BCPD=1a+1\frac{RC}{RP} = \frac{BC}{PD} = \frac{1}{a+1},从而 RCPC=1a+2\frac{RC}{PC} = \frac{1}{a+2}

PC=LPC = L,则 PQ=aa+1LPQ = \frac{a}{a+1}LRC=La+2RC = \frac{L}{a+2},并且 QR=LPQRC=L(a+1)(a+2) \begin{aligned} QR &= L - PQ - RC \\ &= \frac{L}{(a+1)(a+2)} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 PQQR=a(a+2)=735112=10516\frac{PQ}{QR} = a(a+2) = \frac{735}{112} = \frac{105}{16},所以 16a2+32a105=016a^2 + 32a - 105 = 0,因式分解为 (4a7)(4a+15)=0(4a - 7)(4a + 15) = 0,得到 a=74a = \frac{7}{4}

最后 RC=(a+1)QRRC = (a + 1)\,QR =114112= \frac{11}{4} \cdot 112 =308= 308

Let a=PAAD.a = \frac{PA}{AD}. Since AQDC,AQ \parallel DC, triangles PAQPAQ and PDCPDC are similar, so PQPC=PAPD=aa+1.\frac{PQ}{PC} = \frac{PA}{PD} = \frac{a}{a+1}. Since BCAD,BC \parallel AD, i.e. BCPD,BC \parallel PD, triangles RBCRBC and RDPRDP are similar, so RCRP=BCPD=1a+1,\frac{RC}{RP} = \frac{BC}{PD} = \frac{1}{a+1}, which gives RCPC=1a+2.\frac{RC}{PC} = \frac{1}{a+2}.

Writing PC=L,PC = L, we get PQ=aa+1L,PQ = \frac{a}{a+1}L, RC=La+2,RC = \frac{L}{a+2}, and QR=LPQRC=L(a+1)(a+2). \begin{aligned} QR &= L - PQ - RC \\ &= \frac{L}{(a+1)(a+2)}. \end{aligned} Hence PQQR=a(a+2)=735112=10516,\frac{PQ}{QR} = a(a+2) = \frac{735}{112} = \frac{105}{16}, so 16a2+32a105=0,16a^2 + 32a - 105 = 0, which factors as (4a7)(4a+15)=0,(4a - 7)(4a + 15) = 0, giving a=74.a = \frac{7}{4}.

Finally RC=(a+1)QRRC = (a + 1)\,QR =114112= \frac{11}{4} \cdot 112 =308.= 308.

7.

nn 为正奇整数有序四元组 (x1,x2,x3,x4)(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4) 的个数,这些四元组满足 x1+x2+x3+x4=98x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 = 98。求 n100\frac{n}{100}

Let nn be the number of ordered quadruples (x1,x2,x3,x4)(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4) of positive odd integers that satisfy x1+x2+x3+x4=98.x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 = 98. Find n100.\frac{n}{100}.

答案:196
难度评级:2010
小提示:

代入 xi=2yi1x_i = 2y_i - 1,把奇数变量转化为任意正整数变量

Substitute xi=2yi1x_i = 2y_i - 1 to turn the odd variables into arbitrary positive integers

大提示:

新方程是 y1+y2+y3+y4=51y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4 = 51;用插板法计算它的正整数解个数

The new equation is y1+y2+y3+y4=51;y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4 = 51; count its positive solutions with stars and bars

解答:

xi=2yi1x_i = 2y_i - 1,其中每个 yiy_i 都是正整数。于是 x1+x2+x3+x4=98x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 = 98 变为 2(y1+y2+y3+y4)4=982(y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4) - 4 = 98,所以 y1+y2+y3+y4=51y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4 = 51

由插板法,正整数解的个数为 (503)=19600\binom{50}{3} = 19600。因此 n100=196\frac{n}{100} = 196

Write xi=2yi1x_i = 2y_i - 1 where each yiy_i is a positive integer. Then x1+x2+x3+x4=98x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 = 98 becomes 2(y1+y2+y3+y4)4=98,2(y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4) - 4 = 98, so y1+y2+y3+y4=51.y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4 = 51.

By stars and bars, the number of solutions in positive integers is (503)=19600.\binom{50}{3} = 19600. Therefore n100=196.\frac{n}{100} = 196.

8.

除前两项外,数列 10001000xx1000x1000 - x\ldots 的每一项都是用前前一项减去前一项得到的。数列的最后一项是遇到的第一个负数。哪个正整数 xx 能使这个数列的长度最大?

Except for the first two terms, each term of the sequence 1000,1000, x,x, 1000x,1000 - x, \ldots is obtained by subtracting the preceding term from the one before that. The last term of the sequence is the first negative term encountered. What positive integer xx produces a sequence of maximum length?

答案:618
难度评级:2510
小提示:

写出各项:1000x1000 - x2x10002x - 100020003x2000 - 3x5x3000,5x - 3000, \ldots,系数是斐波那契数

Write out terms: 1000x,1000 - x, 2x1000,2x - 1000, 20003x,2000 - 3x, 5x3000,5x - 3000, \ldots — the coefficients are Fibonacci numbers

大提示:

要让第十二项和第十三项非负,会把 xx 限制在 5500089\frac{55000}{89}89000144\frac{89000}{144} 之间,这个区间内恰好有一个整数

Keeping the twelfth and thirteenth terms nonnegative pins xx between 5500089\frac{55000}{89} and 89000144,\frac{89000}{144}, an interval containing exactly one integer

解答:

逐项计算得 a3=1000xa_3 = 1000 - xa4=2x1000a_4 = 2x - 1000a5=20003xa_5 = 2000 - 3xa6=5x3000a_6 = 5x - 3000。一般地, a2k+1=1000F2k1xF2k,a2k+2=xF2k+11000F2k \begin{aligned} a_{2k+1} &= 1000 F_{2k-1} - x F_{2k}, \\ a_{2k+2} &= x F_{2k+1} - 1000 F_{2k}\text{,} \end{aligned} 其中 F1=F2=1F_1 = F_2 = 1F3=2,F_3 = 2, \ldots 是斐波那契数。数列能继续的充要条件是各项保持非负,所以要让数列越来越长,x1000\frac{x}{1000} 必须夹在 F2kF2k+1\frac{F_{2k}}{F_{2k+1}}F2k1F2k\frac{F_{2k-1}}{F_{2k}} 之间,其中 kk 越来越大。

要使前 1313 项非负,需要 a12=89x550000a_{12} = 89x - 55000 \ge 0a13=89000144x0a_{13} = 89000 - 144x \ge 0,即 617.9x618.05617.9\ldots \le x \le 618.05\ldots,所以 x=618x = 618。若 x617x \le 617,数列到 a12a_{12} 时已经变负;若 x619x \ge 619,数列到 a13a_{13} 时已经变负,因此其他整数都会给出更短的数列。

事实上 x=618x = 618 时得到 1000,618,382,236,1461000, 618, 382, 236, 14690,56,34,22,1290, 56, 34, 22, 1210,2,8,610, 2, 8, -6,这是长度最大的 1414 项数列。答案是 618618

Computing terms, a3=1000x,a_3 = 1000 - x, a4=2x1000,a_4 = 2x - 1000, a5=20003x,a_5 = 2000 - 3x, a6=5x3000,a_6 = 5x - 3000, and in general a2k+1=1000F2k1xF2k,a2k+2=xF2k+11000F2k, \begin{aligned} a_{2k+1} &= 1000 F_{2k-1} - x F_{2k}, \\ a_{2k+2} &= x F_{2k+1} - 1000 F_{2k}, \end{aligned} where F1=F2=1,F_1 = F_2 = 1, F3=2,F_3 = 2, \ldots are the Fibonacci numbers. The sequence keeps going exactly as long as its terms stay nonnegative, so a long sequence requires x1000\frac{x}{1000} to be squeezed between the ratios F2kF2k+1\frac{F_{2k}}{F_{2k+1}} and F2k1F2k\frac{F_{2k-1}}{F_{2k}} for larger and larger k.k.

For the first 1313 terms to be nonnegative we need a12=89x550000a_{12} = 89x - 55000 \ge 0 and a13=89000144x0,a_{13} = 89000 - 144x \ge 0, i.e. 617.9x618.05,617.9\ldots \le x \le 618.05\ldots, so x=618.x = 618. If x617x \le 617 the sequence turns negative by a12,a_{12}, and if x619x \ge 619 it turns negative by a13,a_{13}, so every other integer gives a shorter sequence.

Indeed x=618x = 618 yields 1000,618,382,236,146,1000, 618, 382, 236, 146, 90,56,34,22,12,90, 56, 34, 22, 12, 10,2,8,6,10, 2, 8, -6, a sequence of 1414 terms, the maximum possible. The answer is 618.618.

9.

两位数学家每天上午都喝咖啡休息。他们独立地在上午 99 点到 1010 点之间的随机时刻到达自助餐厅,并停留恰好 mm 分钟。其中一人到达时另一人正在自助餐厅的概率为 40%40\%,且 m=abcm = a - b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Two mathematicians take a morning coffee break each day. They arrive at the cafeteria independently, at random times between 99 a.m. and 1010 a.m., and stay for exactly mm minutes. The probability that either one arrives while the other is in the cafeteria is 40%,40\%, and m=abc,m = a - b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:87
难度评级:2400
小提示:

把两人的到达时间画成 60×6060 \times 60 正方形中的一个点;他们相遇当且仅当 xy<m|x - y| \lt m

Plot the two arrival times as a point in a 60×6060 \times 60 square; they meet exactly when xy<m|x - y| \lt m

大提示:

补集由两个直角三角形组成,合起来面积等于一个边长为 60m60 - m 的正方形,所以 (60m)2=353600(60 - m)^2 = \frac{3}{5} \cdot 3600

The complement consists of two right triangles that fit together into a square of side 60m,60 - m, so (60m)2=353600(60 - m)^2 = \frac{3}{5} \cdot 3600

解答:

令两人的到达时间分别为 xx 分钟和 yy 分钟,单位是上午 99 点后的分钟,则 (x,y)(x, y) 在一个 60×6060 \times 60 的正方形中均匀分布。两人相遇当且仅当 xy<m|x - y| \lt m

不相遇区域 xym|x - y| \ge m 由两个直角边长为 60m60 - m 的直角三角形组成,总面积为 (60m)2(60 - m)^2。相遇概率为 40%40\%,意味着 (60m)2=0.63600=2160(60 - m)^2 = 0.6 \cdot 3600 = 2160\text{,} 所以 60m=2160=121560 - m = \sqrt{2160} = 12\sqrt{15}

因此 m=601215m = 60 - 12\sqrt{15},且 a+b+c=60+12+15=87a + b + c = 60 + 12 + 15 = 87

Let the arrival times be xx and yy minutes after 99 a.m., so (x,y)(x, y) is uniform in a 60×6060 \times 60 square. The two people meet exactly when xy<m.|x - y| \lt m.

The non-meeting region xym|x - y| \ge m consists of two right triangles with legs 60m,60 - m, with total area (60m)2.(60 - m)^2. Meeting with probability 40%40\% means (60m)2=0.63600=2160,(60 - m)^2 = 0.6 \cdot 3600 = 2160, so 60m=2160=1215.60 - m = \sqrt{2160} = 12\sqrt{15}.

Thus m=601215,m = 60 - 12\sqrt{15}, and a+b+c=60+12+15=87.a + b + c = 60 + 12 + 15 = 87.

10.

八个半径为 100100 的球放在一个平面上,使得每个球都与另外两个球相切,并且它们的球心是一个正八边形的顶点。第九个球也放在这个平面上,并且与其他八个球都相切。这个最后放入的球的半径为 a+bca + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Eight spheres of radius 100100 are placed on a flat surface so that each sphere is tangent to two others and their centers are the vertices of a regular octagon. A ninth sphere is placed on the flat surface so that it is tangent to each of the other eight spheres. The radius of this last sphere is a+bc,a + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:152
难度评级:2510
小提示:

八个球心都在高度 100100 处,并位于边长为 200200 的正八边形顶点上;第九个球心在八边形中心正上方,高度为 rr

All eight centers lie at height 100100 at the vertices of an octagon of side 200;200; the ninth center is at height rr above the octagon’s center

大提示:

相切给出 R2+(r100)2=(r+100)2R^2 + (r - 100)^2 = (r + 100)^2,其中 RR 是外接圆半径,且 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R\sin 22.5^\circ

Tangency gives R2+(r100)2=(r+100)2,R^2 + (r - 100)^2 = (r + 100)^2, where RR is the circumradius and 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R\sin 22.5^\circ

解答:

八个球心高度均为 100100,位于边长为 200200 的正八边形顶点上,因为相邻球相切。若第九个球半径为 rr,则它放在平面上,球心在八边形中心正上方,高度为 rr。它与每个球相切,给出 R2+(r100)2=r+100\sqrt{R^2 + (r - 100)^2} = r + 100,其中 RR 是八边形的外接圆半径。因此 R2=(r+100)2(r100)2=400r \begin{aligned} R^2 &= (r + 100)^2 - (r - 100)^2 \\ &= 400r \end{aligned}\text{。}

正八边形的一条边在圆心处所对圆心角为 4545^\circ,所以 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R \sin 22.5^\circ。利用 sin222.5=1cos452=224\sin^2 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 - \cos 45^\circ}{2} = \frac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{4},得 R2=10000sin222.5=4000022=20000(2+2) \begin{aligned} R^2 &= \frac{10000}{\sin^2 22.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{40000}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= 20000\,(2 + \sqrt{2}) \end{aligned}\text{。}

于是 r=R2400r = \frac{R^2}{400} =50(2+2)= 50\,(2 + \sqrt{2}) =100+502= 100 + 50\sqrt{2},所以 a+b+c=100+50+2=152a + b + c = 100 + 50 + 2 = 152

The eight centers are at height 100,100, at the vertices of a regular octagon of side 200200 (adjacent spheres are tangent). If the ninth sphere has radius r,r, it rests on the surface with its center at height rr directly above the octagon’s center, and tangency to each sphere gives R2+(r100)2=r+100,\sqrt{R^2 + (r - 100)^2} = r + 100, where RR is the octagon’s circumradius. Hence R2=(r+100)2(r100)2=400r. \begin{aligned} R^2 &= (r + 100)^2 - (r - 100)^2 \\ &= 400r. \end{aligned}

A side of a regular octagon subtends 4545^\circ at the center, so 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R \sin 22.5^\circ and, using sin222.5=1cos452=224,\sin^2 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 - \cos 45^\circ}{2} = \frac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{4}, R2=10000sin222.5=4000022=20000(2+2). \begin{aligned} R^2 &= \frac{10000}{\sin^2 22.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{40000}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= 20000\,(2 + \sqrt{2}). \end{aligned}

Then r=R2400r = \frac{R^2}{400} =50(2+2)= 50\,(2 + \sqrt{2}) =100+502,= 100 + 50\sqrt{2}, so a+b+c=100+50+2=152.a + b + c = 100 + 50 + 2 = 152.

11.

一个立方体的三条棱为 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD},且 AD\overline{AD} 是一条体对角线。点 PPQQRR 分别在 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD} 上,满足 AP=5AP = 5PB=15PB = 15BQ=15BQ = 15CR=10CR = 10。平面 PQRPQR 与立方体相交所得多边形的面积是多少?

Three of the edges of a cube are AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, and CD,\overline{CD}, and AD\overline{AD} is an interior diagonal. Points P,P, Q,Q, and RR are on AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, and CD,\overline{CD}, respectively, so that AP=5,AP = 5, PB=15,PB = 15, BQ=15,BQ = 15, and CR=10.CR = 10. What is the area of the polygon that is the intersection of plane PQRPQR and the cube?

答案:525
难度评级:2840
小提示:

B=(0,0,0)B = (0,0,0)A=(20,0,0)A = (20,0,0)C=(0,20,0)C = (0,20,0)D=(0,20,20)D = (0,20,20),并求过 PPQQRR 的平面

Set B=(0,0,0),B = (0,0,0), A=(20,0,0),A = (20,0,0), C=(0,20,0),C = (0,20,0), D=(0,20,20),D = (0,20,20), and find the plane through P,P, Q,Q, RR

大提示:

平面 2x+2yz=302x + 2y - z = 30 截出一个六边形。投影到 xyxy-平面时,面积会乘以单位法向量的竖直分量 13\frac{1}{3}

The plane 2x+2yz=302x + 2y - z = 30 cuts a hexagon. Projecting to the xyxy-plane scales area by 13,\frac{1}{3}, the vertical component of the unit normal.

解答:

立方体边长为 2020。取 B=(0,0,0)B = (0,0,0)A=(20,0,0)A = (20,0,0)C=(0,20,0)C = (0,20,0),以及 D=(0,20,20)D = (0,20,20),这样 AD\overline{AD} 是一条体对角线。于是 P=(15,0,0)P = (15, 0, 0)Q=(0,15,0)Q = (0, 15, 0)R=(0,20,10)R = (0, 20, 10),过这三点的平面为 2x+2yz=302x + 2y - z = 30

在立方体各顶点处代入 2x+2yz2x + 2y - z,并检查十二条棱,可知平面还经过棱上的 (5,20,20)(5, 20, 20)(20,5,20)(20, 5, 20)(20,0,10)(20, 0, 10),所以截面是按顺序顶点为 (15,0,0)(15,0,0)(0,15,0)(0,15,0)(0,20,10)(0,20,10)(5,20,20)(5,20,20)(20,5,20)(20,5,20)(20,0,10)(20,0,10) 的六边形。它在 xyxy-平面上的投影是六边形 (15,0)(15,0)(0,15)(0,15)(0,20)(0,20)(5,20)(5,20)(20,5)(20,5)(20,0)(20,0),用鞋带公式可得面积为 175175

该平面的单位法向量 13(2,2,1)\frac{1}{3}(2, 2, -1) 的竖直分量绝对值为 13\frac{1}{3},所以投影到 xyxy-平面会把面积乘以 13\frac{1}{3}。因此截面面积为 3175=5253 \cdot 175 = 525

The cube has side 20.20. Take B=(0,0,0),B = (0,0,0), A=(20,0,0),A = (20,0,0), C=(0,20,0),C = (0,20,0), and D=(0,20,20),D = (0,20,20), so AD\overline{AD} is an interior diagonal. Then P=(15,0,0),P = (15, 0, 0), Q=(0,15,0),Q = (0, 15, 0), R=(0,20,10),R = (0, 20, 10), and the plane through them is 2x+2yz=30.2x + 2y - z = 30.

Evaluating 2x+2yz2x + 2y - z at the cube’s vertices and checking all twelve edges, the plane also crosses the edges at (5,20,20),(5, 20, 20), (20,5,20),(20, 5, 20), and (20,0,10),(20, 0, 10), so the cross-section is the hexagon with vertices (15,0,0),(15,0,0), (0,15,0),(0,15,0), (0,20,10),(0,20,10), (5,20,20),(5,20,20), (20,5,20),(20,5,20), (20,0,10)(20,0,10) in order. Its projection onto the xyxy-plane is the hexagon (15,0),(15,0), (0,15),(0,15), (0,20),(0,20), (5,20),(5,20), (20,5),(20,5), (20,0),(20,0), whose area by the shoelace formula is 175.175.

The plane’s unit normal 13(2,2,1)\frac{1}{3}(2, 2, -1) has vertical component of magnitude 13,\frac{1}{3}, so projecting onto the xyxy-plane multiplies area by 13.\frac{1}{3}. The cross-section therefore has area 3175=525.3 \cdot 175 = 525.

12.

ABCABC 为等边三角形,DDEEFF 分别为 BC\overline{BC}CA\overline{CA}AB\overline{AB} 的中点。存在点 PPQQRR,分别在 DE\overline{DE}EF\overline{EF}FD\overline{FD} 上,满足 PPCQ\overline{CQ} 上,QQAR\overline{AR} 上,且 RRBP\overline{BP} 上。三角形 ABCABC 的面积与三角形 PQRPQR 的面积之比为 a+bca + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a2+b2+c2a^2 + b^2 + c^2

Let ABCABC be equilateral, and D,D, E,E, and FF be the midpoints of BC,\overline{BC}, CA,\overline{CA}, and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively. There exist points P,P, Q,Q, and RR on DE,\overline{DE}, EF,\overline{EF}, and FD,\overline{FD}, respectively, with the property that PP is on CQ,\overline{CQ}, QQ is on AR,\overline{AR}, and RR is on BP.\overline{BP}. The ratio of the area of triangle ABCABC to the area of triangle PQRPQR is a+bc,a + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a2+b2+c2?a^2 + b^2 + c^2?

答案:83
难度评级:2990
小提示:

PPQQRR 分别用比例 xxyyzz 参数化,使它们依次位于 DEDEEFEFFDFD 上;把三个共线条件转化为方程

Parameterize P,P, Q,Q, and RR by separate fractions x,x, y,y, and zz along DE,DE, EF,EF, and FDFD; translate the three collinearities into equations

大提示:

三个方程是 x(1+y)=1x(1+y)=1y(1+z)=1y(1+z)=1z(1+x)=1z(1+x)=1;证明它们推出 x=y=zx=y=z,再比较两个等边三角形公共中心到顶点的距离平方

The equations are x(1+y)=1,x(1+y)=1, y(1+z)=1,y(1+z)=1, and z(1+x)=1;z(1+x)=1; show they force x=y=z,x=y=z, then compare squared distances from the common center of the two equilateral triangles

解答:

A=(0,3)A = (0, \sqrt{3})B=(1,0)B = (-1, 0)C=(1,0)C = (1, 0),于是 D=(0,0)D = (0, 0)E=(12,32)E = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)F=(12,32)F = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)。设 P=D+x(ED)P=D+x(E-D)Q=E+y(FE)Q=E+y(F-E)R=F+z(DF)R=F+z(D-F),其中 0x,y,z10\le x,y,z\le1。计算三个二维叉积,三个共线条件 C,P,QC,P,QA,Q,RA,Q,RB,R,PB,R,P 分别给出 x(1+y)=1,y(1+z)=1,z(1+x)=1 \begin{gathered} x(1+y)=1,\\ y(1+z)=1,\\ z(1+x)=1 \end{gathered}\text{。}

f(u)=11+uf(u)=\frac{1}{1+u}。这些方程表示 x=f(y)x=f(y)y=f(z)y=f(z)z=f(x)z=f(x),所以 x=f(f(f(x)))=x+22x+3 x=f(f(f(x)))=\frac{x+2}{2x+3}\text{。} 因此 x2+x1=0x^2+x-1=0,由正性得 x=512x=\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}。这些方程进而推出 y=z=xy=z=x;把这个公共值记为 tt。这证明了所求构型确实具有对称性,而不是预先假设它对称。

此时 P=(t2,t32)P = \left(\frac{t}{2}, \frac{t\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)Q=(12t,32)Q = \left(\frac{1}{2} - t, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)。两个三角形都是等边三角形,且中心同为 G=(0,33)G = \left(0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\right),所以面积比为 GA2GP2\frac{GA^2}{GP^2}。利用 t2=1tt^2 = 1 - tGP2=t24+3(t213)2=t2t+13=735,GA2=43 \begin{aligned} GP^2 &= \frac{t^2}{4} + 3\left(\frac{t}{2} - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= t^2 - t + \frac{1}{3} \\ &= \frac{7}{3} - \sqrt{5}, \\ GA^2 &= \frac{4}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 [ABC][PQR]=43735=4735=7+35 \begin{aligned} \frac{[ABC]}{[PQR]} &= \frac{\frac{4}{3}}{\frac{7}{3} - \sqrt{5}} \\ &= \frac{4}{7 - 3\sqrt{5}} \\ &= 7 + 3\sqrt{5} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 a=7a = 7b=3b = 3c=5c = 5,且 a2+b2+c2=49+9+25=83a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 49 + 9 + 25 = 83

Place A=(0,3),A = (0, \sqrt{3}), B=(1,0),B = (-1, 0), C=(1,0),C = (1, 0), so D=(0,0),D = (0, 0), E=(12,32),E = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), F=(12,32).F = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right). Write P=D+x(ED),P=D+x(E-D), Q=E+y(FE),Q=E+y(F-E), and R=F+z(DF),R=F+z(D-F), where 0x,y,z1.0\le x,y,z\le1. Computing the three two-dimensional cross products, the collinearities C,P,Q;C,P,Q; A,Q,R;A,Q,R; and B,R,PB,R,P give, respectively, x(1+y)=1,y(1+z)=1,z(1+x)=1. \begin{gathered} x(1+y)=1,\\ y(1+z)=1,\\ z(1+x)=1. \end{gathered}

Let f(u)=11+u.f(u)=\frac{1}{1+u}. The equations say x=f(y),x=f(y), y=f(z),y=f(z), and z=f(x),z=f(x), so x=f(f(f(x)))=x+22x+3. x=f(f(f(x)))=\frac{x+2}{2x+3}. Hence x2+x1=0,x^2+x-1=0, and positivity gives x=512.x=\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}. The equations then force y=z=x;y=z=x; call this common value t.t. Thus the desired configuration really is the symmetric one, rather than merely being assumed to be.

With P=(t2,t32)P = \left(\frac{t}{2}, \frac{t\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) and Q=(12t,32),Q = \left(\frac{1}{2} - t, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), both triangles are equilateral with center G=(0,33).G = \left(0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\right). Therefore the area ratio is GA2GP2.\frac{GA^2}{GP^2}. Using t2=1t,t^2 = 1 - t, GP2=t24+3(t213)2=t2t+13=735,GA2=43. \begin{aligned} GP^2 &= \frac{t^2}{4} + 3\left(\frac{t}{2} - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= t^2 - t + \frac{1}{3} \\ &= \frac{7}{3} - \sqrt{5}, \\ GA^2 &= \frac{4}{3}. \end{aligned}

Hence [ABC][PQR]=43735=4735=7+35, \begin{aligned} \frac{[ABC]}{[PQR]} &= \frac{\frac{4}{3}}{\frac{7}{3} - \sqrt{5}} \\ &= \frac{4}{7 - 3\sqrt{5}} \\ &= 7 + 3\sqrt{5}, \end{aligned} so a=7,a = 7, b=3,b = 3, c=5,c = 5, and a2+b2+c2=49+9+25=83.a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 49 + 9 + 25 = 83.

13.

{a1,a2,a3,,an}\{a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_n\} 是一个实数集合,并按 a1<a2<a3<<ana_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt \cdots \lt a_n 编号,则它的复幂和定义为 a1i+a2i2+a3i3++anina_1 i + a_2 i^2 + a_3 i^3 + \cdots + a_n i^n,其中 i2=1i^2 = -1。令 SnS_n{1,2,,n}\{1, 2, \ldots, n\} 的所有非空子集的复幂和之和。已知 S8=17664iS_8 = -176 - 64i,且 S9=p+qiS_9 = p + qi,其中 ppqq 是整数。求 p+q|p| + |q|

If {a1,a2,a3,,an}\{a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_n\} is a set of real numbers, indexed so that a1<a2<a3<<an,a_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt \cdots \lt a_n, its complex power sum is defined to be a1i+a2i2+a3i3++anin,a_1 i + a_2 i^2 + a_3 i^3 + \cdots + a_n i^n, where i2=1.i^2 = -1. Let SnS_n be the sum of the complex power sums of all nonempty subsets of {1,2,,n}.\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}. Given that S8=17664iS_8 = -176 - 64i and S9=p+qi,S_9 = p + qi, where pp and qq are integers, find p+q.|p| + |q|.

答案:368
难度评级:2920
小提示:

{1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} 的子集按是否包含 99 来划分;不含 99 的子集贡献 S8S_8

Split the subsets of {1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} by whether they contain 9;9; those without 99 contribute S8S_8

大提示:

T{9}T \cup \{9\} 中,元素 99 总是最大元素,并贡献 9iT+19i^{|T|+1};对所有 T{1,,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} 求和得到 9i(1+i)89i(1+i)^8

In T{9},T \cup \{9\}, the element 99 is always largest and adds 9iT+1;9i^{|T|+1}; summing over all T{1,,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} gives 9i(1+i)89i(1+i)^8

解答:

{1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} 的非空子集按是否包含 99 来划分。不含 99 的子集贡献 S8S_8。包含 99 的子集可写成 T{9}T \cup \{9\},其中 T{1,,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} 可以为空;因为 99 是其中最大的元素,它的复幂和等于 TT 的复幂和再加上 9iT+19i^{|T| + 1}。对所有 TT 求和,又得到一个 S8S_8 外加 k=08(8k)9ik+1=9i(1+i)8\sum_{k=0}^{8} \binom{8}{k}\, 9\, i^{k+1} = 9i\,(1 + i)^8\text{。}

因为 (1+i)2=2i(1 + i)^2 = 2i,所以 (1+i)8=(2i)4=16(1 + i)^8 = (2i)^4 = 16,于是 S9=2S8+144i=2(17664i)+144i=352+16i \begin{aligned} S_9 &= 2S_8 + 144i \\ &= 2(-176 - 64i) + 144i \\ &= -352 + 16i \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 p+q=352+16=368|p| + |q| = 352 + 16 = 368

Split the nonempty subsets of {1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} by whether they contain 9.9. Those without 99 contribute S8.S_8. A subset containing 99 is T{9}T \cup \{9\} for a (possibly empty) T{1,,8},T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\}, and since 99 is its largest element, its complex power sum is the complex power sum of TT plus 9iT+1.9i^{|T| + 1}. Summing over all TT gives another S8S_8 plus k=08(8k)9ik+1=9i(1+i)8.\sum_{k=0}^{8} \binom{8}{k}\, 9\, i^{k+1} = 9i\,(1 + i)^8.

Since (1+i)2=2i,(1 + i)^2 = 2i, we get (1+i)8=(2i)4=16,(1 + i)^8 = (2i)^4 = 16, so S9=2S8+144i=2(17664i)+144i=352+16i. \begin{aligned} S_9 &= 2S_8 + 144i \\ &= 2(-176 - 64i) + 144i \\ &= -352 + 16i. \end{aligned}

Therefore p+q=352+16=368.|p| + |q| = 352 + 16 = 368.

14.

一个 m×n×pm \times n \times p 长方体的体积是一个 (m+2)×(n+2)×(p+2)(m + 2) \times (n + 2) \times (p + 2) 长方体体积的一半,其中 mmnnpp 是整数,且 mnpm \le n \le ppp 的最大可能值是多少?

An m×n×pm \times n \times p rectangular box has half the volume of an (m+2)×(n+2)×(p+2)(m + 2) \times (n + 2) \times (p + 2) rectangular box, where m,m, n,n, and pp are integers, and mnp.m \le n \le p. What is the largest possible value of p?p?

答案:130
难度评级:2740
小提示:

把体积条件改写为 (1+2m)(1+2n)(1+2p)=2\left(1 + \frac{2}{m}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{n}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{p}\right) = 2,并测试较小的 mm

Rewrite the volume condition as (1+2m)(1+2n)(1+2p)=2\left(1 + \frac{2}{m}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{n}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{p}\right) = 2 and test small mm

大提示:

m=1,2m = 1, 2 不可能,且 m4m \ge 4 会把 pp 限制得较小;当 m=3m = 3 时,方程因式分解为 (n10)(p10)=120(n - 10)(p - 10) = 120

m=1,2m = 1, 2 are impossible and m4m \ge 4 caps pp low; for m=3m = 3 the equation factors as (n10)(p10)=120(n - 10)(p - 10) = 120

解答:

条件 2mnp=(m+2)(n+2)(p+2)2mnp = (m + 2)(n + 2)(p + 2) 可改写为 (1+2m)(1+2n)(1+2p)=2 \begin{aligned} &\left(1 + \frac{2}{m}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{n}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{p}\right) \\ &= 2 \end{aligned}\text{。}m=1m = 1,第一个因子本身就是 3>23 \gt 2;若 m=2m = 2,第一个因子等于 22,而其他因子都大于 11。两者都不可能。若 m5m \ge 5,则由于 nmn \ge m,前两个因子至多为 (75)2=4925\left(\frac{7}{5}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{25},从而迫使 1+2p50491 + \frac{2}{p} \ge \frac{50}{49},即 p98p \le 98

m=4m = 4 时,方程变为 4np=3(n+2)(p+2)4np = 3(n + 2)(p + 2),即 (n6)(p6)=48(n - 6)(p - 6) = 48,所以 p54p \le 54。当 m=3m = 3 时,方程变为 6np=5(n+2)(p+2)6np = 5(n + 2)(p + 2),即 np10n10p20=0np - 10n - 10p - 20 = 0,或 (n10)(p10)=120(n - 10)(p - 10) = 120。两个因子必须为正;若 n,p<10n, p \lt 10,乘积 (10n)(10p)(10 - n)(10 - p) 至多为 4949。因此最大的 pp 来自 n10=1n - 10 = 1n=11n = 11p=130p = 130。确实有 2311130=85802 \cdot 3 \cdot 11 \cdot 130 = 8580 =513132= 5 \cdot 13 \cdot 132

因为其他所有情况都给出 p98p \le 98,所以最大可能值是 p=130p = 130

The condition 2mnp=(m+2)(n+2)(p+2)2mnp = (m + 2)(n + 2)(p + 2) rewrites as (1+2m)(1+2n)(1+2p)=2. \begin{aligned} &\left(1 + \frac{2}{m}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{n}\right)\left(1 + \frac{2}{p}\right) \\ &= 2. \end{aligned} If m=1m = 1 the first factor alone is 3>2,3 \gt 2, and if m=2m = 2 it equals 22 while the other factors exceed 1;1; both are impossible. If m5,m \ge 5, then since nmn \ge m the first two factors are at most (75)2=4925,\left(\frac{7}{5}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{25}, forcing 1+2p5049,1 + \frac{2}{p} \ge \frac{50}{49}, i.e. p98.p \le 98.

For m=4m = 4 the equation becomes 4np=3(n+2)(p+2),4np = 3(n + 2)(p + 2), i.e. (n6)(p6)=48,(n - 6)(p - 6) = 48, so p54.p \le 54. For m=3m = 3 it becomes 6np=5(n+2)(p+2),6np = 5(n + 2)(p + 2), i.e. np10n10p20=0,np - 10n - 10p - 20 = 0, or (n10)(p10)=120.(n - 10)(p - 10) = 120. Both factors must be positive (if n,p<10n, p \lt 10 the product (10n)(10p)(10 - n)(10 - p) is at most 4949), so the largest pp comes from n10=1:n - 10 = 1: n=11n = 11 and p=130.p = 130. Indeed 2311130=85802 \cdot 3 \cdot 11 \cdot 130 = 8580 =513132.= 5 \cdot 13 \cdot 132.

Since every other case yields p98,p \le 98, the largest possible value is p=130.p = 130.

15.

定义一张多米诺牌为一个由不同正整数组成的有序对。一个合法的多米诺序列是一列互不相同的多米诺牌,其中第一张之后每张牌的第一坐标都等于前一张牌的第二坐标,并且 (i,j)(i, j)(j,i)(j, i) 对任意 iijj 都不能同时出现。令 D40D_{40} 为所有坐标不大于 4040 的多米诺牌组成的集合。求使用 D40D_{40} 中的多米诺牌所能形成的最长合法多米诺序列的长度。

Define a domino to be an ordered pair of distinct positive integers. A proper sequence of dominos is a list of distinct dominos in which the first coordinate of each pair after the first equals the second coordinate of the immediately preceding pair, and in which (i,j)(i, j) and (j,i)(j, i) do not both appear for any ii and j.j. Let D40D_{40} be the set of all dominos whose coordinates are no larger than 40.40. Find the length of the longest proper sequence of dominos that can be formed using the dominos of D40.D_{40}.

答案:761
知识点:图论奇偶性
难度评级:3160
小提示:

多米诺牌就是 4040 个顶点完全图中的边,而合法序列就是一条迹,也就是不重复边的游走

Dominos are the edges of the complete graph on 4040 vertices, and a proper sequence is a trail — a walk repeating no edge

大提示:

所有 4040 个顶点的度都是奇数 3939,但一条迹只允许有两个奇度顶点,所以必须有一些边不用;用互不相交的不用边来修正奇偶性

All 4040 vertices have odd degree 39,39, but a trail allows only two odd-degree vertices, so some edges must go unused; disjoint unused edges fix the parities

解答:

一张多米诺牌 (i,j)(i, j) 是顶点 1,,401, \ldots, 40 上完全图的一条有向边,而 (i,j)(i, j)(j,i)(j, i) 不能同时出现的规则意味着 (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 条无向边每条至多使用一次。一个合法序列正是一条迹:不重复边的游走。在任何迹中,除两个端点外,每个顶点进入和离开的次数相等,所以它在已用边集合中的度为偶数。

完全图中每个顶点的度都是奇数 3939,所以在未用边集合中至少有 3838 个顶点必须是奇度顶点,而一个有 3838 个奇度顶点的图至少有 382=19\frac{38}{2} = 19 条边。因此最多能使用 78019=761780 - 19 = 761 张多米诺牌。

反过来,先放弃 1919 条互不相交的边 (3,4)(3,4)(5,6)(5,6)\ldots(39,40)(39,40)。剩下的图连通,且只有顶点 1122 为奇度顶点,所以存在一条遍历剩余全部 761761 条边的欧拉迹;按这条迹行进的方向给每条边定向,就得到长度为 761761 的合法序列。

A domino (i,j)(i, j) is an oriented edge of the complete graph on vertices 1,,40,1, \ldots, 40, and the rule that (i,j)(i, j) and (j,i)(j, i) cannot both appear means each of the (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 edges is available at most once. A proper sequence is exactly a trail: a walk that repeats no edge. In any trail, every vertex other than the two endpoints is entered and left equally often, so it has even degree in the set of edges used.

In the complete graph every vertex has odd degree 39,39, so at least 3838 vertices must have odd degree in the set of unused edges, and a graph with 3838 odd-degree vertices has at least 382=19\frac{38}{2} = 19 edges. Hence at most 78019=761780 - 19 = 761 dominos can be used.

Conversely, set aside the 1919 disjoint edges (3,4),(3,4), (5,6),(5,6), ,\ldots, (39,40).(39,40). The remaining graph is connected and only vertices 11 and 22 have odd degree, so it has an Euler trail traversing all 761761 remaining edges; orienting each edge in the direction of travel gives a proper sequence of length 761.761.