1998 AIME 第 13 题

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13.

若 {a1,a2,a3,…,an}\{a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_n\} 是一个实数集合,并按 a1<a2<a3<⋯<ana_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt \cdots \lt a_n 编号,则它的复幂和定义为 a1i+a2i2+a3i3+⋯+anina_1 i + a_2 i^2 + a_3 i^3 + \cdots + a_n i^n,其中 i2=−1i^2 = -1。令 SnS_n 为 {1,2,…,n}\{1, 2, \ldots, n\} 的所有非空子集的复幂和之和。已知 S8=−176−64iS_8 = -176 - 64i,且 S9=p+qiS_9 = p + qi,其中 pp 和 qq 是整数。求 ∣p∣+∣q∣|p| + |q|。
If {a1,a2,a3,…,an}\{a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_n\} is a set of real numbers, indexed so that a1<a2<a3<⋯<an,a_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt \cdots \lt a_n, its complex power sum is defined to be a1i+a2i2+a3i3+⋯+anin,a_1 i + a_2 i^2 + a_3 i^3 + \cdots + a_n i^n, where i2=−1.i^2 = -1. Let SnS_n be the sum of the complex power sums of all nonempty subsets of {1,2,…,n}.\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}. Given that S8=−176−64iS_8 = -176 - 64i and S9=p+qi,S_9 = p + qi, where pp and qq are integers, find ∣p∣+∣q∣.|p| + |q|.
答案:368
知识点:复数递推二项式定理
难度评级:2920
小提示:
将 {1,…,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} 的子集按是否包含 99 来划分;不含 99 的子集贡献 S8S_8
Split the subsets of {1,…,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} by whether they contain 9;9; those without 99 contribute S8S_8
大提示:
在 T∪{9}T \cup \{9\} 中,元素 99 总是最大元素,并贡献 9i∣T∣+19i^{|T|+1};对所有 T⊆{1,…,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} 求和得到 9i(1+i)89i(1+i)^8
In T∪{9},T \cup \{9\}, the element 99 is always largest and adds 9i∣T∣+1;9i^{|T|+1}; summing over all T⊆{1,…,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} gives 9i(1+i)89i(1+i)^8
解答:
将 {1,…,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} 的非空子集按是否包含 99 来划分。不含 99 的子集贡献 S8S_8。包含 99 的子集可写成 T∪{9}T \cup \{9\},其中 T⊆{1,…,8}T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\} 可以为空;因为 99 是其中最大的元素,它的复幂和等于 TT 的复幂和再加上 9i∣T∣+19i^{|T| + 1}。对所有 TT 求和,又得到一个 S8S_8 外加 ∑k=08(8k) 9 ik+1=9i (1+i)8。\sum_{k=0}^{8} \binom{8}{k}\, 9\, i^{k+1} = 9i\,(1 + i)^8\text{。}
因为 (1+i)2=2i(1 + i)^2 = 2i,所以 (1+i)8=(2i)4=16(1 + i)^8 = (2i)^4 = 16,于是 S9=2S8+144i=2(−176−64i)+144i=−352+16i。 \begin{aligned} S_9 &= 2S_8 + 144i \\ &= 2(-176 - 64i) + 144i \\ &= -352 + 16i \end{aligned}\text{。}
因此 ∣p∣+∣q∣=352+16=368|p| + |q| = 352 + 16 = 368。
Split the nonempty subsets of {1,…,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} by whether they contain 9.9. Those without 99 contribute S8.S_8. A subset containing 99 is T∪{9}T \cup \{9\} for a (possibly empty) T⊆{1,…,8},T \subseteq \{1, \ldots, 8\}, and since 99 is its largest element, its complex power sum is the complex power sum of TT plus 9i∣T∣+1.9i^{|T| + 1}. Summing over all TT gives another S8S_8 plus ∑k=08(8k) 9 ik+1=9i (1+i)8.\sum_{k=0}^{8} \binom{8}{k}\, 9\, i^{k+1} = 9i\,(1 + i)^8.
Since (1+i)2=2i,(1 + i)^2 = 2i, we get (1+i)8=(2i)4=16,(1 + i)^8 = (2i)^4 = 16, so S9=2S8+144i=2(−176−64i)+144i=−352+16i. \begin{aligned} S_9 &= 2S_8 + 144i \\ &= 2(-176 - 64i) + 144i \\ &= -352 + 16i. \end{aligned}
Therefore ∣p∣+∣q∣=352+16=368.|p| + |q| = 352 + 16 = 368.
第 12 题#12
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