2004 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

多项式 P(x)=(1+x+x2+⋯+x17)2−x17 \begin{aligned} P(x) &= \small (1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{17})^2 \\ &\quad {}- x^{17} \end{aligned} 有 3434 个形如 zkz_k =rk[cos⁡(2παk)+isin⁡(2παk)]= r_k[\cos(2\pi\alpha_k) + i\sin(2\pi\alpha_k)] 的复数零点,其中 k=1k = 1、22、33、…\ldots、3434,0<α1≤α2≤α30 \lt \alpha_1 \le \alpha_2 \le \alpha_3 ≤⋯≤α34<1\le \cdots \le \alpha_{34} \lt 1,且 rk>0r_k \gt 0。已知 α1+α2+α3+α4+α5=mn\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \alpha_3 + \alpha_4 + \alpha_5 = \frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n。
The polynomial P(x)=(1+x+x2+⋯+x17)2−x17 \begin{aligned} P(x) &= \small (1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{17})^2 \\ &\quad {}- x^{17} \end{aligned} has 3434 complex zeros of the form zkz_k =rk[cos⁡(2παk)+isin⁡(2παk)],= r_k[\cos(2\pi\alpha_k) + i\sin(2\pi\alpha_k)], k=1,k = 1, 2,2, 3,3, …,\ldots, 34,34, with 0<α1≤α2≤α30 \lt \alpha_1 \le \alpha_2 \le \alpha_3 ≤⋯≤α34<1\le \cdots \le \alpha_{34} \lt 1 and rk>0.r_k \gt 0. Given that α1+α2+α3+α4+α5=mn,\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \alpha_3 + \alpha_4 + \alpha_5 = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.
答案:482
知识点:单位根等比数列因式分解
难度评级:3060
小提示:
将 P(x)P(x) 乘以 (x−1)2(x - 1)^2,并写作 1+x+⋯+x17=x18−1x−11 + x + \cdots + x^{17} = \frac{x^{18} - 1}{x - 1}
Multiply P(x)P(x) by (x−1)2,(x - 1)^2, writing 1+x+⋯+x17=x18−1x−11 + x + \cdots + x^{17} = \frac{x^{18} - 1}{x - 1}
大提示:
(x18−1)2−x17(x−1)2(x^{18} - 1)^2 - x^{17}(x - 1)^2 =(x19−1)(x17−1)= (x^{19} - 1)(x^{17} - 1),所以零点是 1717 次和 1919 次单位根
(x18−1)2−x17(x−1)2(x^{18} - 1)^2 - x^{17}(x - 1)^2 =(x19−1)(x17−1),= (x^{19} - 1)(x^{17} - 1), so the zeros are 1717th and 1919th roots of unity
解答:
当 x≠1x \ne 1 时,写成 1+x+⋯+x17=x18−1x−11 + x + \cdots + x^{17} = \frac{x^{18} - 1}{x - 1},所以 (x−1)2P(x)=(x18−1)2−x17(x−1)2=x36−x19−x17+1=(x19−1)(x17−1)。 \begin{aligned} \scriptsize (x - 1)^2 P(x) &= (x^{18} - 1)^2 \\ &\quad {}- x^{17}(x - 1)^2 \\ &= x^{36} - x^{19} - x^{17} + 1 \\ &= (x^{19} - 1)(x^{17} - 1) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 PP 的 3434 个零点是除 11 之外满足 x17=1x^{17} = 1 或 x19=1x^{19} = 1 的复数;它们都在单位圆上,对应角度为 α=k17\alpha = \frac{k}{17},其中 k=1,…,16k = 1, \ldots, 16,以及 α=k19\alpha = \frac{k}{19},其中 k=1,…,18k = 1, \ldots, 18。
其中最小的五个角为 119<117<219<217<319,\frac{1}{19} \lt \frac{1}{17} \lt \frac{2}{19} \lt \frac{2}{17} \lt \frac{3}{19}\text{,}它们的和为 619+317=102+57323=159323\frac{6}{19} + \frac{3}{17} = \frac{102 + 57}{323} = \frac{159}{323}。因为 159=3⋅53159 = 3 \cdot 53,323=17⋅19323 = 17 \cdot 19,这个分数已是最简,所以 m+n=159+323=482m + n = 159 + 323 = 482。
For x≠1,x \ne 1, write 1+x+⋯+x17=x18−1x−1,1 + x + \cdots + x^{17} = \frac{x^{18} - 1}{x - 1}, so (x−1)2P(x)=(x18−1)2−x17(x−1)2=x36−x19−x17+1=(x19−1)(x17−1). \begin{aligned} \scriptsize (x - 1)^2 P(x) &= (x^{18} - 1)^2 \\ &\quad {}- x^{17}(x - 1)^2 \\ &= x^{36} - x^{19} - x^{17} + 1 \\ &= (x^{19} - 1)(x^{17} - 1). \end{aligned} Hence the zeros of PP are the 3434 complex numbers other than 11 satisfying x17=1x^{17} = 1 or x19=1;x^{19} = 1; all lie on the unit circle, with angles α=k17\alpha = \frac{k}{17} for k=1,…,16k = 1, \ldots, 16 and α=k19\alpha = \frac{k}{19} for k=1,…,18.k = 1, \ldots, 18.
The five smallest of these angles are 119<117<219<217<319,\frac{1}{19} \lt \frac{1}{17} \lt \frac{2}{19} \lt \frac{2}{17} \lt \frac{3}{19}, whose sum is 619+317=102+57323=159323.\frac{6}{19} + \frac{3}{17} = \frac{102 + 57}{323} = \frac{159}{323}. Since 159=3⋅53159 = 3 \cdot 53 and 323=17⋅19,323 = 17 \cdot 19, this is in lowest terms, and m+n=159+323=482.m + n = 159 + 323 = 482.
第 12 题#12
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