1991 AIME 第 13 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

13.

一个抽屉中混有红袜子和蓝袜子,总数不超过 19911991。从中随机不放回地抽取两只袜子,二者同为红色或同为蓝色的概率恰为 12\frac{1}{2}。在符合这些条件的情况下,抽屉中红袜子的最大可能数量是多少?

A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, at most 19911991 in all. It so happens that, when two socks are selected randomly without replacement, there is a probability of exactly 12\frac{1}{2} that both are red or both are blue. What is the largest possible number of red socks in the drawer that is consistent with this data?

答案:990
知识点:无放回抽样完全平方数最优化
难度评级:2250
小提示:

若有 rr 只红袜子和 bb 只蓝袜子,则条件等价于抽到两种颜色各一只的概率为 12\frac{1}{2}

If there are rr red and bb blue socks, it is equivalent to require probability 12\frac{1}{2} of drawing one of each color

大提示:

利用 n=r+bn=r+bd=rbd=r-b,将概率方程化为一个完全平方条件。

Use n=r+bn=r+b and d=rbd=r-b to turn the probability equation into a square condition

解答:

设两种颜色的袜子数分别为 rrbb,并令 n=r+bn=r+b。抽到不同颜色袜子的概率也为 12\frac{1}{2},所以 rb(n2)=12,4rb=n(n1)\begin{aligned}\frac{rb}{\binom n2}&=\frac12,\\4rb&=n(n-1)\end{aligned}\text{。}因为 4rb=(r+b)2(rb)24rb=(r+b)^2-(r-b)^2,上式化为 (rb)2=n(r-b)^2=n。因此 n=k2n=k^2。取红袜子为数量较多的一种颜色,则 r=k2+k2r=\frac{k^2+k}{2}\text{。}不超过 19911991 的最大完全平方数是 442=193644^2=1936,由此 r=1936+442=990r=\frac{1936+44}{2}=990

Let rr and bb be the two color counts and n=r+b.n=r+b. The probability of drawing different colors is also 12,\frac{1}{2}, so rb(n2)=12,4rb=n(n1).\begin{aligned}\frac{rb}{\binom n2}&=\frac12,\\4rb&=n(n-1).\end{aligned} Since 4rb=(r+b)2(rb)2,4rb=(r+b)^2-(r-b)^2, this becomes (rb)2=n.(r-b)^2=n. Thus n=k2n=k^2 and, choosing red as the more numerous color, r=k2+k2.r=\frac{k^2+k}{2}. The largest square at most 19911991 is 442=1936,44^2=1936, giving r=1936+442=990.r=\frac{1936+44}{2}=990.

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