1991 AIME 真题

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1.

x2+y2x^2+y^2,其中 xxyy 是满足下式的正整数:xy+x+y=71,x2y+xy2=880\begin{aligned}xy+x+y&=71,\\x^2y+xy^2&=880\end{aligned}\text{。}

Find x2+y2x^2+y^2 if xx and yy are positive integers such that xy+x+y=71,x2y+xy2=880.\begin{aligned}xy+x+y&=71,\\x^2y+xy^2&=880.\end{aligned}

答案:146
知识点:对称性(代数)方程组二次方程
难度评级:1830
小提示:

s=x+ys=x+yp=xyp=xy,用 sspp 改写两个已知方程。

Let s=x+ys=x+y and p=xyp=xy, and rewrite both given equations using ss and pp

大提示:

两个方程分别给出了 s+ps+pspsp,因此 sspp 是同一个二次方程的两个根。

The two equations determine s+ps+p and spsp, so ss and pp are roots of one quadratic

解答:

s=x+ys=x+yp=xyp=xy。原方程组化为 s+p=71s+p=71sp=880sp=880,所以 sspp 是下列二次方程的两个根:t271t+880=0,(t16)(t55)=0\begin{aligned}t^2-71t+880&=0,\\ (t-16)(t-55)&=0\text{。}\end{aligned} 因为 xxyy 都是正整数,所以 s=16s=16p=55p=55;事实上,x=5x=5y=11y=11。因此 x2+y2=s22p=1622(55)=146\begin{aligned}x^2+y^2&=s^2-2p\\&=16^2-2(55)=146\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let s=x+ys=x+y and p=xy.p=xy. The equations become s+p=71s+p=71 and sp=880,sp=880, so ss and pp are the roots of t271t+880=0,(t16)(t55)=0.\begin{aligned}t^2-71t+880&=0,\\ (t-16)(t-55)&=0.\end{aligned} Because xx and yy are positive integers, s=16s=16 and p=55p=55; indeed, x=5x=5 and y=11.y=11. Therefore x2+y2=s22p=1622(55)=146.\begin{aligned}x^2+y^2&=s^2-2p\\&=16^2-2(55)=146.\end{aligned}

2.

矩形 ABCDABCD 的边 AB\overline{AB} 长为 44,边 CB\overline{CB} 长为 33。用点 A=P0A=P_0P1P_1\ldotsP168=BP_{168}=BAB\overline{AB} 等分成 168168 段,并用点 C=Q0C=Q_0Q1Q_1\ldotsQ168=BQ_{168}=BCB\overline{CB} 等分成 168168 段。对每个 1k1671\leq k\leq167,作线段 PkQk\overline{P_kQ_k}。在边 AD\overline{AD}CD\overline{CD} 上重复这一作法,再作对角线 AC\overline{AC}。求所作的 335335 条平行线段的长度之和。

Rectangle ABCDABCD has sides AB\overline{AB} of length 44 and CB\overline{CB} of length 3.3. Divide AB\overline{AB} into 168168 congruent segments with points A=P0,A=P_0, P1,P_1, ,\ldots, P168=B,P_{168}=B, and divide CB\overline{CB} into 168168 congruent segments with points C=Q0,C=Q_0, Q1,Q_1, ,\ldots, Q168=B.Q_{168}=B. For 1k167,1\leq k\leq167, draw the segments PkQk.\overline{P_kQ_k}. Repeat this construction on the sides AD\overline{AD} and CD,\overline{CD}, and then draw the diagonal AC.\overline{AC}. Find the sum of the lengths of the 335335 parallel segments drawn.

答案:840
难度评级:1830
小提示:

每条线段 PkQk\overline{P_kQ_k} 都平行于构成 33-44-55 直角三角形的矩形对角线,其长度是该对角线长度的一个固定比例。

Each segment PkQk\overline{P_kQ_k} is parallel to the 33-44-55 diagonal and is a fixed fraction of its length

大提示:

两组边上的作图得到两个相同的等差和;别忘了计入 AC\overline{AC}

The two side constructions give two identical arithmetic sums; remember to include AC\overline{AC}

解答:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(4,0)B=(4,0)C=(4,3)C=(4,3)。于是 Pk=(4k168,0),Qk=(4,33k168)\begin{aligned}P_k&=\left(\frac{4k}{168},0\right),\\Q_k&=\left(4,3-\frac{3k}{168}\right)\end{aligned}\text{,}33-44-55 的边长比可得 PkQk=5(1k168)P_kQ_k=5\left(1-\frac{k}{168}\right)\text{。}因此一组作图中的线段总长为 5k=1167(1k168)=516725\sum_{k=1}^{167}\left(1-\frac{k}{168}\right)=\frac{5\cdot167}{2}\text{。}另外两边上的作图所得总长相同,而 AC=5AC=5。所以所求的和为 5(167)+5=8405(167)+5=840

Put A=(0,0),A=(0,0), B=(4,0),B=(4,0), and C=(4,3).C=(4,3). Then Pk=(4k168,0),Qk=(4,33k168),\begin{aligned}P_k&=\left(\frac{4k}{168},0\right),\\Q_k&=\left(4,3-\frac{3k}{168}\right),\end{aligned} so the 33-44-55 ratio gives PkQk=5(1k168).P_kQ_k=5\left(1-\frac{k}{168}\right). Hence one construction has total length 5k=1167(1k168)=51672.5\sum_{k=1}^{167}\left(1-\frac{k}{168}\right)=\frac{5\cdot167}{2}. The construction on the other two sides has the same total, and AC=5.AC=5. Thus the requested sum is 5(167)+5=840.5(167)+5=840.

3.

用二项式定理展开 (1+0.2)1000(1+0.2)^{1000},且不再作任何化简,得到 (10000)(0.2)0+(10001)(0.2)1+(10002)(0.2)2++(10001000)(0.2)1000=A0+A1++A1000\begin{aligned}&\binom{1000}{0}(0.2)^0+\binom{1000}{1}(0.2)^1\\&+\binom{1000}{2}(0.2)^2+\cdots\\&+\binom{1000}{1000}(0.2)^{1000}\\&=A_0+A_1+\cdots+A_{1000}\end{aligned}\text{,}其中,当 k=0k=01122\ldots10001000 时,Ak=(1000k)(0.2)kA_k=\binom{1000}{k}(0.2)^kkk 等于多少时 AkA_k 最大?

Expanding (1+0.2)1000(1+0.2)^{1000} by the binomial theorem and doing no further manipulation gives (10000)(0.2)0+(10001)(0.2)1+(10002)(0.2)2++(10001000)(0.2)1000=A0+A1++A1000,\begin{aligned}&\binom{1000}{0}(0.2)^0+\binom{1000}{1}(0.2)^1\\&+\binom{1000}{2}(0.2)^2+\cdots\\&+\binom{1000}{1000}(0.2)^{1000}\\&=A_0+A_1+\cdots+A_{1000},\end{aligned} where Ak=(1000k)(0.2)kA_k=\binom{1000}{k}(0.2)^k for k=0,k=0, 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 1000.1000. For which kk is AkA_k the largest?

答案:166
难度评级:2060
小提示:

不要估算二项式系数,直接比较 Ak+1A_{k+1}AkA_k

Compare Ak+1A_{k+1} directly with AkA_k instead of estimating the binomial coefficients

大提示:

找出使 Ak+1Ak\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k} 大于 11 的最后一个 kk

Find the last kk for which Ak+1Ak\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k} is greater than 11

解答:

相邻两项满足 Ak+1Ak=1000kk+115\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k}=\frac{1000-k}{k+1}\cdot\frac15\text{。}当且仅当 1000k>5k+51000-k>5k+5,即 k<9956k<\frac{995}{6} 时,这个比值大于 11。因此各项一直递增到 A166A_{166},此后递减。所以最大项是 A166A_{166}

Consecutive terms satisfy Ak+1Ak=1000kk+115.\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k}=\frac{1000-k}{k+1}\cdot\frac15. This ratio exceeds 11 exactly when 1000k>5k+5,1000-k>5k+5, or k<9956.k<\frac{995}{6}. Thus the terms increase through A166A_{166} and decrease afterward. Therefore the largest term is A166.A_{166}.

4.

有多少个实数 xx 满足方程 15log2x=sin(5πx)\frac15\log_2x=\sin(5\pi x)\text{?}

How many real numbers xx satisfy the equation 15log2x=sin(5πx)?\frac15\log_2x=\sin(5\pi x)?

答案:159
难度评级:2510
小提示:

由界限 sin(5πx)1\lvert\sin(5\pi x)\rvert\leq1,可将 xx 限制在一个有限区间内。

The bound sin(5πx)1\lvert\sin(5\pi x)\rvert\leq1 restricts xx to a finite interval

大提示:

分别考察正、负的正弦半波,并在每个符合条件的完整半波上数出两个交点。

Separate the positive and negative half-waves of the sine function and count two crossings on each eligible full half-wave

解答:

h(x)=sin(5πx)15log2xh(x)=\sin(5\pi x)-\frac15\log_2x。任何根都位于 [25,25]=[132,32][2^{-5},2^5]=[\frac{1}{32},32] 内。

x<1x<1 时,根只可能出现在正弦函数的负半波上。这样的半波有两个,即 (15,25)(\frac{1}{5},\frac{2}{5})(35,45)(\frac{3}{5},\frac{4}{5})。在每个半波的两个端点处,hh 都为正,而在中点处为负,因此各有两个根。在下降半段,单调性保证交点唯一;在上升半段,h=25π2sin(5πx)+15x2ln2>0\begin{aligned}h''&=-25\pi^2\sin(5\pi x)\\&\quad+\frac1{5x^2\ln2}>0\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 hh' 从中点处的负值开始递增,并且恰好一次等于零。因此,hh 先下降,再从中点的负值上升到端点的正值,所以这一半段恰有一个根。因此在 11 以下共有 44 个根。

此外,x=1x=1 也是一个根。当 1<x<321<x<32 时,根只可能出现在正半波 (2m5,2m+15)(\frac{2m}{5},\frac{2m+1}{5}) 上,其中 m=3m=344\ldots7979。这样的半波共有 7777 个。在每个半波的端点处,hh 为负,而在中点处为正。右半段严格递减。在左半段,h=125π3cos(5πx)25x3ln2<0\begin{aligned}h'''&=-125\pi^3\cos(5\pi x)\\&\quad-\frac2{5x^3\ln2}<0\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 hh' 是严格凹函数。它在左端点为正、在中点为负,因此恰好改变一次符号。于是 hh 先上升到唯一的极大值,再下降到仍为正的中点,所以左半段恰有一个交点。因此每个这样的半波恰好贡献两个根。故根的总数为 4+1+2(77)=1594+1+2(77)=159\text{。}

Let h(x)=sin(5πx)15log2x.h(x)=\sin(5\pi x)-\frac15\log_2x. Any root lies in [25,25]=[132,32].[2^{-5},2^5]=[\frac{1}{32},32].

For x<1,x<1, a root can occur only on a negative half-wave of the sine. There are two such half-waves, (15,25)(\frac{1}{5},\frac{2}{5}) and (35,45).(\frac{3}{5},\frac{4}{5}). On each, hh is positive at both endpoints and negative at the midpoint, so there are two roots. Uniqueness on the descending half follows from monotonicity; on the ascending half, h=25π2sin(5πx)+15x2ln2>0,\begin{aligned}h''&=-25\pi^2\sin(5\pi x)\\&\quad+\frac1{5x^2\ln2}>0,\end{aligned} so hh' increases from a negative value at the midpoint and vanishes once. The function hh therefore first decreases and then increases from a negative midpoint value to a positive endpoint value, giving exactly one root on this half. Thus there are 44 roots below 1.1.

Also x=1x=1 is a root. For 1<x<32,1<x<32, roots can occur only on positive half-waves (2m5,2m+15)(\frac{2m}{5},\frac{2m+1}{5}) with m=3,m=3, 4,4, ,\ldots, 79.79. There are 7777 of these. The value of hh is negative at each endpoint and positive at the midpoint. The right half is strictly decreasing. On the left half, h=125π3cos(5πx)25x3ln2<0,\begin{aligned}h'''&=-125\pi^3\cos(5\pi x)\\&\quad-\frac2{5x^3\ln2}<0,\end{aligned} so hh' is strictly concave. It is positive at the left endpoint and negative at the midpoint, so it changes sign exactly once. Consequently, hh rises to one maximum and then falls to a still-positive midpoint, giving exactly one crossing on the left half. Hence every such half-wave contributes exactly two roots. Therefore the total number is 4+1+2(77)=159.4+1+2(77)=159.

5.

对一个有理数,将它写成最简分数,并计算所得分子与分母的乘积。在 0011 之间,有多少个有理数会使所得乘积为 20!20!

Given a rational number, write it as a fraction in lowest terms and calculate the product of the resulting numerator and denominator. For how many rational numbers between 00 and 11 will 20!20! be the resulting product?

答案:128
难度评级:2250
小提示:

ab\frac{a}{b} 是最简分数且 ab=20!ab=20!,则 20!20! 中每个质因数的完整幂次必须全部分配给 aabb 中的一个。

If ab\frac{a}{b} is in lowest terms and ab=20!ab=20!, each full prime power of 20!20! must go entirely to one of aa or bb

大提示:

先数不同质数幂因子的有序分配方法,再利用条件 a<ba<b

Count ordered allocations of the distinct prime-power factors, then use the condition a<ba<b

解答:

能整除 20!20! 的不同质数为 223355771111131317171919。若 ab\frac{a}{b} 是最简分数且 ab=20!ab=20!,则这八个质数中每一个的完整幂次都必须分配给 aabb 中的一个。因此,ab=20!ab=20!282^8 个有序的互质分解。由于 aba\neq b,其中恰有一半满足 0<ab<10<\frac{a}{b}<1。所求数目为 27=1282^7=128

The distinct primes dividing 20!20! are 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, 17,17, and 19.19. If ab\frac{a}{b} is in lowest terms and ab=20!,ab=20!, the entire power of each of these eight primes must be assigned to either aa or b.b. Thus there are 282^8 ordered coprime factorizations ab=20!.ab=20!. Since ab,a\neq b, exactly half have 0<ab<1.0<\frac{a}{b}<1. The number sought is 27=128.2^7=128.

6.

设实数 rr 满足 r+19100+r+20100+r+21100++r+91100=546\begin{aligned}&\left\lfloor r+\frac{19}{100}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor r+\frac{20}{100}\right\rfloor\\&\quad+\left\lfloor r+\frac{21}{100}\right\rfloor+\cdots\\&\quad+\left\lfloor r+\frac{91}{100}\right\rfloor=546\end{aligned}\text{。}100r\lfloor100r\rfloor。(对实数 xxx\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不大于 xx 的最大整数。)

Suppose rr is a real number for which r+19100+r+20100+r+21100++r+91100=546.\begin{aligned}&\left\lfloor r+\frac{19}{100}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor r+\frac{20}{100}\right\rfloor\\&\quad+\left\lfloor r+\frac{21}{100}\right\rfloor+\cdots\\&\quad+\left\lfloor r+\frac{91}{100}\right\rfloor=546.\end{aligned} Find 100r.\lfloor100r\rfloor. (For real x,x, x\lfloor x\rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.)

答案:743
难度评级:1980
小提示:

写成 r=n+fr=n+f,其中 nn 是整数且 0f<10\leq f<1

Write r=n+fr=n+f with integer nn and 0f<10\leq f<1

大提示:

去掉各项共同的整数部分后,数一数这 7373 个小数项中有多少个越过了 11

After removing the common integer part, count how many of the 7373 fractional terms cross 11

解答:

写成 r=n+fr=n+f,其中 nn 是整数且 0f<10\leq f<1。共有 7373 个加数。因为 546=737+35546=73\cdot7+35,所以必有 n=7n=7,并且数 f+19100f+\frac{19}{100}\ldotsf+91100f+\frac{91}{100} 中恰有 3535 个的下取整为 11。它们必然是分子为 57575858\ldots9191 的那些项。因此 f+56100<1f+57100f+\frac{56}{100}<1\leq f+\frac{57}{100}\text{,}从而 43100f<4443\leq100f<44。所以 100r=700+43=743\lfloor100r\rfloor=700+43=743

Write r=n+f,r=n+f, where nn is an integer and 0f<1.0\leq f<1. There are 7373 summands. Since 546=737+35,546=73\cdot7+35, we must have n=7,n=7, and exactly 3535 of the numbers f+19100,f+\frac{19}{100}, ,\ldots, f+91100f+\frac{91}{100} have floor 1.1. These must be the terms with numerators 57,57, 58,58, ,\ldots, 91.91. Hence f+56100<1f+57100,f+\frac{56}{100}<1\leq f+\frac{57}{100}, so 43100f<44.43\leq100f<44. Therefore 100r=700+43=743.\lfloor100r\rfloor=700+43=743.

7.

AA 为下列方程所有根的绝对值之和,求 A2A^2

x=19+9119+9119+9119+9119+91xx=\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{x}}}}}\text{。}

Find A2,A^2, where AA is the sum of the absolute values of all roots of the following equation:

x=19+9119+9119+9119+9119+91x.x=\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{x}}}}}.

答案:383
难度评级:2720
小提示:

定义 f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t};原方程表示将 ff 连续作用五次后仍得到 xx

Define f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t}; the equation says that ff applied five times returns xx

大提示:

利用 ff 的两个不动点,并追踪比值 f(t)αf(t)β\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}

Use the two fixed points of ff and track the ratio f(t)αf(t)β\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}

解答:

f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t},并设它的两个不动点为 α>0>β\alpha>0>\beta。它们满足 t219t91=0t^2-\sqrt{19}\,t-91=0\text{。}利用 91=α(α19)=β(β19)91=\alpha(\alpha-\sqrt{19})=\beta(\beta-\sqrt{19}) 直接相减,可得 f(t)αf(t)β=βαtαtβ\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\,\frac{t-\alpha}{t-\beta}\text{。}已知方程即 f5(x)=xf^5(x)=x。若 xx 既不是 α\alpha 也不是 β\beta,将上述比值迭代五次就会迫使 (βα)5=1(\frac{\beta}{\alpha})^5=1,但因为 βα<0\frac{\beta}{\alpha}<0,这是不可能的。因此仅有的根是 α\alphaβ\beta

它们的绝对值之和为 αβ\alpha-\beta,即该二次方程两根之差。因此 A=(19)2+4(91)=383A=\sqrt{(\sqrt{19})^2+4(91)}=\sqrt{383}\text{,}所以 A2=383A^2=383

Let f(t)=19+91t,f(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t}, and let α>0>β\alpha>0>\beta be its fixed points. They satisfy t219t91=0.t^2-\sqrt{19}\,t-91=0. A direct subtraction using 91=α(α19)=β(β19)91=\alpha(\alpha-\sqrt{19})=\beta(\beta-\sqrt{19}) gives f(t)αf(t)β=βαtαtβ.\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\,\frac{t-\alpha}{t-\beta}. The given equation is f5(x)=x.f^5(x)=x. If xx were neither α\alpha nor β,\beta, iterating the displayed ratio five times would force (βα)5=1,(\frac{\beta}{\alpha})^5=1, which is impossible because βα<0.\frac{\beta}{\alpha}<0. Thus the only roots are α\alpha and β.\beta.

Their absolute values sum to αβ,\alpha-\beta, the difference of the roots of the quadratic. Hence A=(19)2+4(91)=383,A=\sqrt{(\sqrt{19})^2+4(91)}=\sqrt{383}, so A2=383.A^2=383.

8.

有多少个实数 aa 能使二次方程 x2+ax+6a=0x^2+ax+6a=0 关于 xx 的所有根都是整数?

For how many real numbers aa does the quadratic equation x2+ax+6a=0x^2+ax+6a=0 have only integer roots for x?x?

答案:10
难度评级:1860
小提示:

设两个整数根为 rrss,用韦达定理消去 aa

Let the two integer roots be rr and ss, and eliminate aa using Vieta’s formulas

大提示:

得到 rs=6(r+s)rs=-6(r+s) 后,将它配成一个乘积。

Complete a product after obtaining rs=6(r+s)rs=-6(r+s)

解答:

设整数根为 rrss。由韦达定理,r+s=ar+s=-ars=6ars=6a,所以 rs=6(r+s)rs=-6(r+s)。因此 (r+6)(s+6)=36(r+6)(s+6)=36\text{。}反过来,uv=36uv=36 的每个有序整数分解都会给出整数根 r=u6r=u-6s=v6s=v-6,以及 a=12uva=12-u-v3636 的无序正因数对之和为 37372020151513131212,相应的负因数对之和则分别为这些数的相反数。这十个和互不相同,因此给出 aa1010 个不同取值。

Let the integer roots be rr and s.s. Vieta’s formulas give r+s=ar+s=-a and rs=6a,rs=6a, so rs=6(r+s).rs=-6(r+s). Therefore (r+6)(s+6)=36.(r+6)(s+6)=36. Conversely, every ordered integer factorization uv=36uv=36 gives integer roots r=u6,r=u-6, s=v6,s=v-6, and a=12uv.a=12-u-v. Unordered positive factor pairs of 3636 have sums 37,37, 20,20, 15,15, 13,13, 12,12, and the corresponding negative factor pairs have their negatives as sums. These ten sums are distinct, so they give 1010 distinct values of a.a.

9.

已知 secx+tanx=227\sec x+\tan x=\frac{22}{7},且 cscx+cotx=mn\csc x+\cot x=\frac{m}{n},其中 mn\frac{m}{n} 为最简分数。求 m+nm+n

Suppose that secx+tanx=227\sec x+\tan x=\frac{22}{7} and that cscx+cotx=mn,\csc x+\cot x=\frac{m}{n}, where mn\frac{m}{n} is in lowest terms. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:44
难度评级:2020
小提示:

u=secx+tanxu=\sec x+\tan x,则 secxtanx=1u\sec x-\tan x=\frac{1}{u}

If u=secx+tanxu=\sec x+\tan x, then secxtanx=1u\sec x-\tan x=\frac{1}{u}

大提示:

cscx+cotx\csc x+\cot x 改写为 secx+1tanx\frac{\sec x+1}{\tan x}

Rewrite cscx+cotx\csc x+\cot x as secx+1tanx\frac{\sec x+1}{\tan x}

解答:

u=secx+tanx=227u=\sec x+\tan x=\frac{22}{7}。由于 secx+tanx\sec x+\tan xsecxtanx\sec x-\tan x 的乘积为 11secx=u+u12,tanx=uu12\begin{aligned}\sec x&=\frac{u+u^{-1}}2,\\\tan x&=\frac{u-u^{-1}}2\end{aligned}\text{。}此外,cscx+cotx=1+cosxsinx=secx+1tanx=u+1u1\begin{aligned}\csc x+\cot x&=\frac{1+\cos x}{\sin x}\\&=\frac{\sec x+1}{\tan x}\\&=\frac{u+1}{u-1}\end{aligned}\text{。}代入 u=227u=\frac{22}{7},得到 2915\frac{29}{15}。因此 m+n=29+15=44m+n=29+15=44

Let u=secx+tanx=227.u=\sec x+\tan x=\frac{22}{7}. Since secx+tanx\sec x+\tan x and secxtanx\sec x-\tan x have product 1,1, secx=u+u12,tanx=uu12.\begin{aligned}\sec x&=\frac{u+u^{-1}}2,\\\tan x&=\frac{u-u^{-1}}2.\end{aligned} Also cscx+cotx=1+cosxsinx=secx+1tanx=u+1u1.\begin{aligned}\csc x+\cot x&=\frac{1+\cos x}{\sin x}\\&=\frac{\sec x+1}{\tan x}\\&=\frac{u+1}{u-1}.\end{aligned} Substituting u=227u=\frac{22}{7} gives 2915.\frac{29}{15}. Thus m+n=29+15=44.m+n=29+15=44.

10.

两个由三个字母组成的字符串 aaaaaabbbbbb 通过电子方式传输,每个字符串逐字母发送。由于设备故障,六个字母中的每一个都有 13\frac{1}{3} 的概率被错误接收:本应是 bb 时被接收为 aa,或本应是 aa 时被接收为 bb。不过,每个字母接收正确与否都独立于其他字母的接收情况。

设发送 aaaaaa 时接收到的三字母字符串为 SaS_a,发送 bbbbbb 时接收到的三字母字符串为 SbS_b。设 SaS_a 按字母顺序排在 SbS_b 之前的概率为 pp。将 pp 写成最简分数后,其分子是多少?

Two three-letter strings, aaaaaa and bbb,bbb, are transmitted electronically. Each string is sent letter by letter. Due to faulty equipment, each of the six letters has a 13\frac{1}{3} chance of being received incorrectly, as an aa when it should have been a b,b, or as a bb when it should be an a.a. However, whether a given letter is received correctly or incorrectly is independent of the reception of any other letter.

Let SaS_a be the three-letter string received when aaaaaa is transmitted and let SbS_b be the three-letter string received when bbbbbb is transmitted. Let pp be the probability that SaS_a comes before SbS_b in alphabetical order. When pp is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is its numerator?

答案:532
难度评级:2200
小提示:

两个接收字符串第一次出现不同字母的位置决定了它们的先后顺序。

The ordering is decided at the first position where the two received strings differ

大提示:

对一个位置,分别计算两个字母相同的概率,以及 SaS_a 中收到 aaSbS_b 中收到 bb 的概率。

At one position, compute the probabilities of equality and of receiving aa in SaS_a and bb in SbS_b

解答:

在任意一个位置,接收到的两个字母相同的概率为 2(23)(13)=492\left(\frac23\right)\left(\frac13\right)=\frac49\text{。}对排序有利的第一次不同,即 SaS_a 收到 aaSbS_b 收到 bb,其概率为 (23)2=49(\frac{2}{3})^2=\frac{4}{9}。它可以在零次、一次或两次相同之后,分别出现在第一个、第二个或第三个位置。因此 p=49(1+49+(49)2)=532729\begin{aligned}p&=\frac49\left(1+\frac49+\left(\frac49\right)^2\right)\\&=\frac{532}{729}\end{aligned}\text{。}这个分数已经最简,所以其分子为 532532

At any position, the received letters agree with probability 2(23)(13)=49.2\left(\frac23\right)\left(\frac13\right)=\frac49. The favorable first difference, SaS_a receiving aa and SbS_b receiving b,b, has probability (23)2=49.(\frac{2}{3})^2=\frac{4}{9}. It can occur in the first, second, or third position after zero, one, or two agreements. Hence p=49(1+49+(49)2)=532729.\begin{aligned}p&=\frac49\left(1+\frac49+\left(\frac49\right)^2\right)\\&=\frac{532}{729}.\end{aligned} This fraction is in lowest terms, so its numerator is 532.532.

11.

在半径为 11 的圆 CC 上放置十二个全等圆盘,使这十二个圆盘覆盖 CC,任意两个圆盘的内部互不重叠,并且每个圆盘都与相邻的两个圆盘相切。所得排列如下图所示。十二个圆盘的面积之和可写成 π(abc)\pi(a-b\sqrt c) 的形式,其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca+b+c

Twelve congruent disks are placed on a circle CC of radius 11 in such a way that the twelve disks cover C,C, no two of the disks overlap, and so that each of the twelve disks is tangent to its two neighbors. The resulting arrangement of disks is shown in the figure below. The sum of the areas of the twelve disks can be written in the form π(abc),\pi(a-b\sqrt c), where a,a, b,b, cc are positive integers and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a+b+c.

答案:135
难度评级:2200
小提示:

CC 的圆心分别连接到两个相邻圆盘的圆心及其切点。

Join the center of CC to the centers and tangency point of two neighboring disks

大提示:

所得直角三角形有一个角为 1515^\circ,其邻边长为 11,对边长等于圆盘半径。

The resulting right triangle has angle 1515^\circ, adjacent leg 11, and opposite leg equal to a disk radius

解答:

OOCC 的圆心,UUVV 为两个相邻圆盘的圆心,TT 为它们的切点。由 1212 重对称性,UOV=30\angle UOV=30^\circ,且 OTOT 平分这个角。另外,TTUV\overline{UV} 的中点,所以三角形 OUTOUTTT 处为直角。因为 TT 位于 CC 上,所以 OT=1OT=1,而 UTUT 是圆盘半径 rr。因此 r=tan15=23r=\tan15^\circ=2-\sqrt3\text{。}总面积为 12πr2=12π(743)=π(84483)\begin{aligned}12\pi r^2&=12\pi(7-4\sqrt3)\\&=\pi(84-48\sqrt3)\end{aligned}\text{。}所以 a+b+c=84+48+3=135a+b+c=84+48+3=135

Let OO be the center of C,C, let UU and VV be the centers of two neighboring disks, and let TT be their tangency point. By the 1212-fold symmetry, UOV=30,\angle UOV=30^\circ, and OTOT bisects that angle. Also TT is the midpoint of UV,\overline{UV}, so triangle OUTOUT is right at T.T. Since TT lies on C,C, OT=1,OT=1, while UTUT is the disk radius r.r. Thus r=tan15=23.r=\tan15^\circ=2-\sqrt3. The total area is 12πr2=12π(743)=π(84483).\begin{aligned}12\pi r^2&=12\pi(7-4\sqrt3)\\&=\pi(84-48\sqrt3).\end{aligned} Therefore a+b+c=84+48+3=135.a+b+c=84+48+3=135.

12.

菱形 PQRSPQRS 内接于矩形 ABCDABCD,使得顶点 PPQQRRSS 分别是边 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD}DA\overline{DA} 上的内点。已知 PB=15PB=15BQ=20BQ=20PR=30PR=30QS=40QS=40。设矩形 ABCDABCD 的周长为最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n}。求 m+nm+n

Rhombus PQRSPQRS is inscribed in rectangle ABCDABCD so that vertices P,P, Q,Q, R,R, and SS are interior points on sides AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, CD,\overline{CD}, and DA,\overline{DA}, respectively. It is given that PB=15,PB=15, BQ=20,BQ=20, PR=30,PR=30, and QS=40.QS=40. Let mn,\frac{m}{n}, in lowest terms, denote the perimeter of ABCD.ABCD. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:677
难度评级:2350
小提示:

菱形的中心也是矩形的中心,而菱形两条对角线的一半分别长 15152020

The center of the rhombus is also the center of the rectangle, and its half-diagonals have lengths 1515 and 2020

大提示:

PPQQ 建立坐标;从公共中心指向它们的向量互相垂直。

Use coordinates for PP and QQ; their vectors from the common center are perpendicular

解答:

设矩形的宽为 ww、高为 hh,并取 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(w,0)B=(w,0)。于是 P=(w15,0)P=(w-15,0)Q=(w,20)Q=(w,20)。菱形的两条对角线在矩形中心 O=(w2,h2)O=(\frac{w}{2},\frac{h}{2}) 处互相平分。令 p=OP=(w215,h2)p=\overrightarrow{OP}=(\frac{w}{2}-15,-\frac{h}{2})。因为 OP=15OP=15OQ=20OQ=20,且菱形的两条对角线互相垂直,而 PQ=(15,20)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(15,20),所以 p=15,p(15,20)=225\begin{aligned}|p|&=15,\\p\mathbin{\cdot}(15,20)&=-225\end{aligned}\text{。}解这两个方程,并注意到因为 h>0h>0,第二个坐标为负,可得 p=(215,725)p=(\frac{21}{5},-\frac{72}{5})。于是 w=2(15+215)=1925,h=1445\begin{aligned}w&=2\left(15+\frac{21}{5}\right)=\frac{192}{5},\\h&=\frac{144}{5}\end{aligned}\text{。}周长为 2(w+h)=67252(w+h)=\frac{672}{5},所以 m+n=672+5=677m+n=672+5=677

Let the rectangle have width ww and height h,h, with A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and B=(w,0).B=(w,0). Then P=(w15,0)P=(w-15,0) and Q=(w,20).Q=(w,20). The diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at the rectangle’s center O=(w2,h2).O=(\frac{w}{2},\frac{h}{2}). Put p=OP=(w215,h2).p=\overrightarrow{OP}=(\frac{w}{2}-15,-\frac{h}{2}). Since OP=15,OP=15, OQ=20,OQ=20, and the rhombus diagonals are perpendicular, while PQ=(15,20),\overrightarrow{PQ}=(15,20), we have p=15,p(15,20)=225.\begin{aligned}|p|&=15,\\p\mathbin{\cdot}(15,20)&=-225.\end{aligned} Solving these two equations, with the second coordinate negative because h>0,h>0, gives p=(215,725).p=(\frac{21}{5},-\frac{72}{5}). Hence w=2(15+215)=1925,h=1445.\begin{aligned}w&=2\left(15+\frac{21}{5}\right)=\frac{192}{5},\\h&=\frac{144}{5}.\end{aligned} The perimeter is 2(w+h)=6725,2(w+h)=\frac{672}{5}, so m+n=672+5=677.m+n=672+5=677.

13.

一个抽屉中混有红袜子和蓝袜子,总数不超过 19911991。从中随机不放回地抽取两只袜子,二者同为红色或同为蓝色的概率恰为 12\frac{1}{2}。在符合这些条件的情况下,抽屉中红袜子的最大可能数量是多少?

A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, at most 19911991 in all. It so happens that, when two socks are selected randomly without replacement, there is a probability of exactly 12\frac{1}{2} that both are red or both are blue. What is the largest possible number of red socks in the drawer that is consistent with this data?

答案:990
难度评级:2250
小提示:

若有 rr 只红袜子和 bb 只蓝袜子,则条件等价于抽到两种颜色各一只的概率为 12\frac{1}{2}

If there are rr red and bb blue socks, it is equivalent to require probability 12\frac{1}{2} of drawing one of each color

大提示:

利用 n=r+bn=r+bd=rbd=r-b,将概率方程化为一个完全平方条件。

Use n=r+bn=r+b and d=rbd=r-b to turn the probability equation into a square condition

解答:

设两种颜色的袜子数分别为 rrbb,并令 n=r+bn=r+b。抽到不同颜色袜子的概率也为 12\frac{1}{2},所以 rb(n2)=12,4rb=n(n1)\begin{aligned}\frac{rb}{\binom n2}&=\frac12,\\4rb&=n(n-1)\end{aligned}\text{。}因为 4rb=(r+b)2(rb)24rb=(r+b)^2-(r-b)^2,上式化为 (rb)2=n(r-b)^2=n。因此 n=k2n=k^2。取红袜子为数量较多的一种颜色,则 r=k2+k2r=\frac{k^2+k}{2}\text{。}不超过 19911991 的最大完全平方数是 442=193644^2=1936,由此 r=1936+442=990r=\frac{1936+44}{2}=990

Let rr and bb be the two color counts and n=r+b.n=r+b. The probability of drawing different colors is also 12,\frac{1}{2}, so rb(n2)=12,4rb=n(n1).\begin{aligned}\frac{rb}{\binom n2}&=\frac12,\\4rb&=n(n-1).\end{aligned} Since 4rb=(r+b)2(rb)2,4rb=(r+b)^2-(r-b)^2, this becomes (rb)2=n.(r-b)^2=n. Thus n=k2n=k^2 and, choosing red as the more numerous color, r=k2+k2.r=\frac{k^2+k}{2}. The largest square at most 19911991 is 442=1936,44^2=1936, giving r=1936+442=990.r=\frac{1936+44}{2}=990.

14.

一个六边形内接于圆。它的五条边长为 8181,第六条边记为 AB\overline{AB},长为 3131。求从 AA 出发可作的三条对角线的长度之和。

A hexagon is inscribed in a circle. Five of the sides have length 8181 and the sixth, denoted by AB,\overline{AB}, has length 31.31. Find the sum of the lengths of the three diagonals that can be drawn from A.A.

答案:384
难度评级:2710
小提示:

设每条长为 8181 的边所对的圆心角为 2u2u,并令 t=2cosut=2\cos u

Let 2u2u be the central angle subtended by each side of length 8181, and set t=2cosut=2\cos u

大提示:

tt 表示 sin(5u)sinu\frac{\sin(5u)}{\sin u} 以及三条对角线的长度比。

Express sin(5u)sinu\frac{\sin(5u)}{\sin u} and the three diagonal ratios in terms of tt

解答:

设每条长为 8181 的边所对的圆心角为 2u2u,并令 t=2cosut=2\cos u。剩余弧的半角为 π5u\pi-5u,因此由弦长之比可得 3181=sin5usinu=t43t2+1\begin{aligned}\frac{31}{81}&=\frac{\sin5u}{\sin u}\\&=t^4-3t^2+1\end{aligned}\text{。}由此得到 t2=259t^2=\frac{25}{9}29\frac{2}{9}。因为 5u<π5u<\pi,所以 t>2cos36t>2\cos36^\circ,从而 t=53t=\frac{5}{3}

AA 出发的三条对角线所对的较小圆心角分别与 2u2u3u3u4u4u 相同。以长为 8181 的边为基准,它们的长度比分别为 sin2usinu=t,sin3usinu=t21,sin4usinu=t32t\begin{aligned}\frac{\sin2u}{\sin u}&=t,\\\frac{\sin3u}{\sin u}&=t^2-1,\\\frac{\sin4u}{\sin u}&=t^3-2t\end{aligned}\text{。}因此它们的长度之和为 81(t3+t2t1)=81(12827)=384\begin{aligned}81(t^3+t^2-t-1)&=81\left(\frac{128}{27}\right)\\&=384\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let 2u2u be the central angle subtended by each 8181-side, and put t=2cosu.t=2\cos u. The remaining arc has half-angle π5u,\pi-5u, so the chord ratio gives 3181=sin5usinu=t43t2+1.\begin{aligned}\frac{31}{81}&=\frac{\sin5u}{\sin u}\\&=t^4-3t^2+1.\end{aligned} This yields t2=259t^2=\frac{25}{9} or 29.\frac{2}{9}. Because 5u<π,5u<\pi, we have t>2cos36,t>2\cos36^\circ, so t=53.t=\frac{5}{3}.

The three diagonals from AA subtend the same minor angles as 2u,2u, 3u,3u, and 4u.4u. Relative to an 8181-side, their length ratios are sin2usinu=t,sin3usinu=t21,sin4usinu=t32t.\begin{aligned}\frac{\sin2u}{\sin u}&=t,\\\frac{\sin3u}{\sin u}&=t^2-1,\\\frac{\sin4u}{\sin u}&=t^3-2t.\end{aligned} Their sum is therefore 81(t3+t2t1)=81(12827)=384.\begin{aligned}81(t^3+t^2-t-1)&=81\left(\frac{128}{27}\right)\\&=384.\end{aligned}

15.

对正整数 nn,定义 SnS_n 为下列和的最小值:k=1n(2k1)2+ak2\sum_{k=1}^n\sqrt{(2k-1)^2+a_k^2}\text{,}其中 a1a_1a2a_2\ldotsana_n 是和为 1717 的正实数。恰有一个正整数 nn 能使 SnS_n 也是整数。求这个 nn

For positive integer n,n, define SnS_n to be the minimum value of the sum k=1n(2k1)2+ak2,\sum_{k=1}^n\sqrt{(2k-1)^2+a_k^2}, where a1,a_1, a2,a_2, ,\ldots, ana_n are positive real numbers whose sum is 17.17. There is a unique positive integer nn for which SnS_n is also an integer. Find this n.n.

答案:12
难度评级:2720
小提示:

将每个根式看作向量 (2k1,ak)(2k-1,a_k) 的长度,并应用三角不等式。

Interpret each radical as the length of a vector (2k1,ak)(2k-1,a_k) and apply the triangle inequality

大提示:

求出 SnS_n 后,利用它必须为整数这一条件,将所得平方差分解因式。

After finding SnS_n, factor the difference of two squares that results from requiring it to be an integer

解答:

两个分量之和分别为 k=1n(2k1)=n2\sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)=n^2k=1nak=17\sum_{k=1}^na_k=17。因此向量的三角不等式给出 k=1n(2k1)2+ak2(n2)2+172=n4+289\begin{aligned}&\sum_{k=1}^n\sqrt{(2k-1)^2+a_k^2}\\&\quad\geq\sqrt{(n^2)^2+17^2}\\&\quad=\sqrt{n^4+289}\end{aligned}\text{。}aka_k2k12k-1 成正比即可取到等号,所以 Sn=n4+289S_n=\sqrt{n^4+289}

若它等于整数 mm,则 (mn2)(m+n2)=289=172(m-n^2)(m+n^2)=289=17^2\text{。}因数对 17,1717,17 给出 n=0n=0,而因数对 1,2891,289 给出 m=145m=145n2=144n^2=144。因此唯一的正整数 nn1212

The two component sums are k=1n(2k1)=n2\sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)=n^2 and k=1nak=17.\sum_{k=1}^na_k=17. Therefore the triangle inequality for vectors gives k=1n(2k1)2+ak2(n2)2+172=n4+289.\begin{aligned}&\sum_{k=1}^n\sqrt{(2k-1)^2+a_k^2}\\&\quad\geq\sqrt{(n^2)^2+17^2}\\&\quad=\sqrt{n^4+289}.\end{aligned} Equality is attainable by taking aka_k proportional to 2k1,2k-1, so Sn=n4+289.S_n=\sqrt{n^4+289}.

If this is the integer m,m, then (mn2)(m+n2)=289=172.(m-n^2)(m+n^2)=289=17^2. The factor pair 17,1717,17 gives n=0,n=0, while the pair 1,2891,289 gives m=145m=145 and n2=144.n^2=144. Thus the unique positive nn is 12.12.