1991 AIME 第 7 题

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7.

AA 为下列方程所有根的绝对值之和,求 A2A^2

x=19+9119+9119+9119+9119+91xx=\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{x}}}}}\text{。}

Find A2,A^2, where AA is the sum of the absolute values of all roots of the following equation:

x=19+9119+9119+9119+9119+91x.x=\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{\sqrt{19}+\cfrac{91}{x}}}}}.

答案:383
知识点:连分数函数二次方程
难度评级:2720
小提示:

定义 f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t};原方程表示将 ff 连续作用五次后仍得到 xx

Define f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t}; the equation says that ff applied five times returns xx

大提示:

利用 ff 的两个不动点,并追踪比值 f(t)αf(t)β\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}

Use the two fixed points of ff and track the ratio f(t)αf(t)β\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}

解答:

f(t)=19+91tf(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t},并设它的两个不动点为 α>0>β\alpha>0>\beta。它们满足 t219t91=0t^2-\sqrt{19}\,t-91=0\text{。}利用 91=α(α19)=β(β19)91=\alpha(\alpha-\sqrt{19})=\beta(\beta-\sqrt{19}) 直接相减,可得 f(t)αf(t)β=βαtαtβ\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\,\frac{t-\alpha}{t-\beta}\text{。}已知方程即 f5(x)=xf^5(x)=x。若 xx 既不是 α\alpha 也不是 β\beta,将上述比值迭代五次就会迫使 (βα)5=1(\frac{\beta}{\alpha})^5=1,但因为 βα<0\frac{\beta}{\alpha}<0,这是不可能的。因此仅有的根是 α\alphaβ\beta

它们的绝对值之和为 αβ\alpha-\beta,即该二次方程两根之差。因此 A=(19)2+4(91)=383A=\sqrt{(\sqrt{19})^2+4(91)}=\sqrt{383}\text{,}所以 A2=383A^2=383

Let f(t)=19+91t,f(t)=\sqrt{19}+\frac{91}{t}, and let α>0>β\alpha>0>\beta be its fixed points. They satisfy t219t91=0.t^2-\sqrt{19}\,t-91=0. A direct subtraction using 91=α(α19)=β(β19)91=\alpha(\alpha-\sqrt{19})=\beta(\beta-\sqrt{19}) gives f(t)αf(t)β=βαtαtβ.\frac{f(t)-\alpha}{f(t)-\beta}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\,\frac{t-\alpha}{t-\beta}. The given equation is f5(x)=x.f^5(x)=x. If xx were neither α\alpha nor β,\beta, iterating the displayed ratio five times would force (βα)5=1,(\frac{\beta}{\alpha})^5=1, which is impossible because βα<0.\frac{\beta}{\alpha}<0. Thus the only roots are α\alpha and β.\beta.

Their absolute values sum to αβ,\alpha-\beta, the difference of the roots of the quadratic. Hence A=(19)2+4(91)=383,A=\sqrt{(\sqrt{19})^2+4(91)}=\sqrt{383}, so A2=383.A^2=383.

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