2021 AIME II 第 7 题

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7.

设实数 aa、bb、cc 和 dd 满足方程组 a+b=−3,ab+bc+ca=−4, \begin{aligned} a + b &= -3, \\ ab + bc + ca &= -4 \end{aligned}\text{,} abc+bcd+cda+dab=14,abcd=30。 \begin{aligned} abc + bcd + cda + dab &= 14, \\ abcd &= 30 \end{aligned}\text{。} 存在互质正整数 mm 和 nn,使得 a2+b2+c2+d2=mn。a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{m}{n}\text{。} 求 m+nm + n。

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd be real numbers that satisfy the system of equations a+b=−3,ab+bc+ca=−4, \begin{aligned} a + b &= -3, \\ ab + bc + ca &= -4, \end{aligned} abc+bcd+cda+dab=14,abcd=30. \begin{aligned} abc + bcd + cda + dab &= 14, \\ abcd &= 30. \end{aligned} There exist relatively prime positive integers mm and nn such that a2+b2+c2+d2=mn.a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{m}{n}. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:145
知识点:方程组对称性(代数)因式分解
难度评级:2650
小提示:

第二个方程为 ab+c(a+b)=−4ab + c(a + b) = -4 可得 ab=3c−4ab = 3c - 4;把第三个方程分组为 ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14

The second equation is ab+c(a+b)=−4,ab + c(a + b) = -4, giving ab=3c−4;ab = 3c - 4; group the third as ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14

大提示:

消去 dd 和 cdcd 后留下关于 cc 的四次方程,其实根为 −2-2 和 103\frac{10}{3};其中一个会使 aa 和 bb 不是实数

Eliminating dd and cdcd leaves a quartic in cc whose real roots are −2-2 and 103;\frac{10}{3}; one of them makes aa and bb non-real

解答:

因为 a+b=−3a + b = -3,第二个方程为 ab+c(a+b)=ab−3c=−4ab + c(a + b) = ab - 3c = -4,所以 ab=3c−4ab = 3c - 4。把第三个方程分组为 ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14,得到 (3c−4)(c+d)−3cd=14(3c - 4)(c + d) - 3cd = 14,化简为 3c2−4c−4d=143c^2 - 4c - 4d = 14,所以 d=3c2−4c−144d = \frac{3c^2 - 4c - 14}{4}。第四个方程变为 (3c−4) cd=30(3c - 4)\,cd = 30。

代入 dd 得 c(3c−4)(3c2−4c−14)=120c(3c - 4)(3c^2 - 4c - 14) = 120,即 9c4−24c3−26c2+56c−120=(c+2)(3c−10)⋅(3c2−4c+6)=0。 \begin{aligned} &9c^4 - 24c^3 - 26c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 56c - 120 \\ &= (c + 2)(3c - 10) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3c^2 - 4c + 6) \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{。} 二次因式判别式为负,所以 c=−2c = -2 或 c=103c = \frac{10}{3}。若 c=103c = \frac{10}{3},则 ab=6ab = 6 且 a+b=−3a + b = -3,因为 9−24<09 - 24 \lt 0,这不可能对应实数 a,ba, b。因此 c=−2c = -2,给出 ab=−10ab = -10 和 d=12+8−144=32d = \frac{12 + 8 - 14}{4} = \frac{3}{2}。

于是 a2+b2a^2 + b^2 =(a+b)2−2ab= (a + b)^2 - 2ab =9+20=29= 9 + 20 = 29,且 c2+d2=4+94=254c^2 + d^2 = 4 + \frac{9}{4} = \frac{25}{4},所以 a2+b2+c2+d2=1414a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{141}{4},从而 m+n=141+4=145m + n = 141 + 4 = 145。

Since a+b=−3,a + b = -3, the second equation reads ab+c(a+b)=ab−3c=−4,ab + c(a + b) = ab - 3c = -4, so ab=3c−4.ab = 3c - 4. Grouping the third equation as ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14 gives (3c−4)(c+d)−3cd=14,(3c - 4)(c + d) - 3cd = 14, which simplifies to 3c2−4c−4d=14,3c^2 - 4c - 4d = 14, so d=3c2−4c−144.d = \frac{3c^2 - 4c - 14}{4}. The fourth equation becomes (3c−4) cd=30.(3c - 4)\,cd = 30.

Substituting for dd yields c(3c−4)(3c2−4c−14)=120,c(3c - 4)(3c^2 - 4c - 14) = 120, i.e. 9c4−24c3−26c2+56c−120=(c+2)(3c−10)⋅(3c2−4c+6)=0. \begin{aligned} &9c^4 - 24c^3 - 26c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 56c - 120 \\ &= (c + 2)(3c - 10) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3c^2 - 4c + 6) \\ &= 0. \end{aligned} The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so c=−2c = -2 or c=103.c = \frac{10}{3}. If c=103,c = \frac{10}{3}, then ab=6ab = 6 with a+b=−3,a + b = -3, impossible for real a,ba, b since 9−24<0.9 - 24 \lt 0. So c=−2,c = -2, giving ab=−10ab = -10 and d=12+8−144=32.d = \frac{12 + 8 - 14}{4} = \frac{3}{2}.

Then a2+b2a^2 + b^2 =(a+b)2−2ab= (a + b)^2 - 2ab =9+20=29= 9 + 20 = 29 and c2+d2=4+94=254,c^2 + d^2 = 4 + \frac{9}{4} = \frac{25}{4}, so a2+b2+c2+d2=1414a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{141}{4} and m+n=141+4=145.m + n = 141 + 4 = 145.

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