2021 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
求所有三位回文数的算术平均数。(回文数指正着读和倒着读相同的数,例如 或 。)
Find the arithmetic mean of all the three-digit palindromes. (Recall that a palindrome is a number that reads the same forward and backward, such as or )
小提示:
一个三位回文数形如
A three-digit palindrome has the form
大提示:
数字 和 独立变化,所以可以把每个数字替换为它在取值范围内的平均值
The digits and range independently, so you may replace each digit by its average value over its range
解答:
一个三位回文数形如 ,其中 ,,每一对这样的数字恰好出现一次,所以在这 个回文数中,这两个数字在各自范围内独立变化。
由线性性,平均数等于 乘以 的平均值,再加上 乘以 的平均值,即
A three-digit palindrome has the form with and and every such pair of digits occurs exactly once, so the two digits vary independently over the palindromes.
By linearity, the mean is times the average of plus times the average of namely
2.
等边三角形 的边长为 。点 与 在线 的同侧,且 。过 作平行于线 的直线 ,分别交边 和 于点 与 。点 在 上,且 位于 与 之间, 是等腰三角形,并且 与 的面积比为 。求 。
Equilateral triangle has side length Point lies on the same side of line as such that The line through parallel to line intersects sides and at points and respectively. Point lies on such that is between and is isosceles, and the ratio of the area of to the area of is Find
小提示:
三角形 是边长为 的等边三角形,且 等于平行线 与 之间的距离
Triangle is equilateral with side and equals the distance between the parallel lines and
大提示:
,所以等腰条件迫使 。用 和高度 表示两个面积。
so isosceles forces Express both areas in terms of and the height
解答:
因为 ,三角形 是等边三角形;设 。 与 之间的距离等于三角形 的高减去三角形 的高,所以 ;记 。
在三角形 中,底边 垂直于 ,且长度为 ;又因为 ,点 到直线 的水平距离为 。因此 。另外 ,含有 角的等腰三角形必须以这个角为顶角,所以 ,从而 。
面积比给出 所以 。代入 ,得 ,因此 ,所以 。
Since triangle is equilateral; let The distance between and is the height of minus the height of so write
In triangle the base is perpendicular to and has length while lies at horizontal distance from line because Hence Also and an isosceles triangle with a angle must have it as the apex angle, so and
The ratio condition gives so Substituting yields so and
3.
求数字 、、、、 的排列 、、、、 的个数,使得以下五个乘积之和 能被 整除。
Find the number of permutations of numbers such that the sum of five products is divisible by
小提示:
模 考虑:任何含有数值 的乘积都为零,所以五个乘积中只有两个会留下
Work modulo every product containing the value vanishes, so only two of the five products survive
大提示:
若 ,则和化为 ,所以需要
If the sum reduces to so you need
解答:
在模 下考虑。数值 是唯一的 的倍数,而五个乘积各覆盖循环相邻的三个位置,所以若 ,恰好有两个乘积避开位置 :它们分别覆盖位置 和 (下标模 )。它们的和为 ,由于 不能被 整除,条件为 。
在剩下的数中, 和 都 ,而 和 都 ,所以位置 和 必须分别取自两个余数类:有 个有序选择。剩下两个数填入位置 和 有 种方式。数值 的位置有 种选择,所以总数为 。
Work modulo The value is the only multiple of and each of the five products covers three cyclically consecutive positions, so if exactly two products avoid position those covering positions and (indices mod ). Their sum is and since is not divisible by the condition is
Among the remaining values, and are while and are so positions and must take one value from each class: ordered choices. The other two values fill positions and in ways. With choices for the position of the count is
4.
存在实数 、、 和 ,使得 是 的一个根,且 是 的一个根。这两个多项式共有一个复根 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 。求 。
There are real numbers and such that is a root of and is a root of These two polynomials share a complex root where and are positive integers and Find
小提示:
实系数保证非实根成共轭对出现,所以每个三次多项式的根都由它的实根和 组成
Real coefficients force non-real roots to come in conjugate pairs, so each cubic has roots consisting of its real root and
大提示:
第一个三次多项式没有 项,所以它的根和为 ;第二个没有 项,所以它的两两根积之和为
The first cubic has no term, so its roots sum to the second has no term, so its pairwise products of roots sum to
解答:
两个三次多项式都有实系数,所以非实根成共轭对出现:第一个多项式的根是 和 ,第二个多项式的根是 和 。
第一个三次多项式 没有 项,所以根和为 :,得 。第二个三次多项式 没有 项,所以两两根积之和为 : 因此 。于是 。
Both cubics have real coefficients, so their non-real roots come in conjugate pairs: the roots of the first are and and the roots of the second are and
The first cubic has no term, so its roots sum to giving The second cubic has no term, so the sum of pairwise products of its roots is so Then
5.
对正实数 ,令 表示所有面积为 、且有两条边长度为 和 的钝角三角形的集合。使得 非空但 中所有三角形都全等的所有 的集合是一个区间 。求 。
For positive real numbers let denote the set of all obtuse triangles that have area and two sides with lengths and The set of all for which is nonempty, but all triangles in are congruent, is an interval Find
小提示:
设长度为 和 的两边夹角为 ,面积为 ,且每个 对应一个三角形
With included angle between the sides of lengths and the area is and each gives one triangle
大提示:
当 时三角形为钝角;或者当 为锐角且 时(长度为 的边所对角为钝角)。找出恰好只出现一种情况的范围。
Obtuse happens when or when is acute with (angle opposite the side obtuse). Find where exactly one case occurs.
解答:
一个有两边长为 和 的三角形由夹角 决定,面积为 。当 时三角形为钝角,并且这种情况对每个面积 恰好给出一个三角形。
当 时,第三边满足 ,三角形为钝角只能是长度为 的边所对的角为钝角(若 是最长边,则它所对的角 为锐角,三角形会是锐角三角形)。因此需要 ,即 ,也就是 。于是 ,所以第二族三角形恰好在 时存在。
当 时,有两个不全等的钝角三角形(第三边不同);而当 时,只有钝角 的三角形存在:在 时,锐角 的候选三角形变为直角三角形。当 时没有三角形。因此 ,且 。
A triangle with sides and is determined by the included angle and its area is When the triangle is obtuse, and this case produces exactly one triangle for each area
When the third side satisfies and the triangle is obtuse only if the angle opposite the side of length is obtuse (if were the longest side, its opposite angle would be acute, making the triangle acute). That requires i.e. i.e. Then so this second family exists exactly for
For there are two non-congruent obtuse triangles (their third sides differ), while for only the obtuse- triangle exists: at the acute- candidate becomes a right triangle. For there are none. Hence and
6.
对任意有限集合 ,令 表示 中元素的个数。求有序对 的个数,其中 和 是 的(不一定不同的)子集,并满足
For any finite set let denote the number of elements in Find the number of ordered pairs such that and are (not necessarily distinct) subsets of that satisfy
小提示:
设 ,,;则
Write then
大提示:
等式可因式分解为 ,所以条件是 或
The equation factors as so the condition is or
解答:
设 、、,则 。条件 整理为 所以 或 。因为 是二者的子集,这意味着 或 。
对于满足 的有序对, 个元素各自独立地属于两个集合都不在、只在 中、或二者都在,因此有 对。同样,满足 的也有 对。重复计算的正是 的情况,共 对。答案为 。
Let and so The condition rearranges to so or Since is a subset of each, that means or
For pairs with each of the elements independently lies in neither set, in only, or in both: pairs. Likewise pairs satisfy and the pairs counted twice are exactly those with of which there are The answer is
7.
设实数 、、 和 满足方程组 存在互质正整数 和 ,使得 求 。
Let and be real numbers that satisfy the system of equations There exist relatively prime positive integers and such that Find
小提示:
第二个方程为 可得 ;把第三个方程分组为
The second equation is giving group the third as
大提示:
消去 和 后留下关于 的四次方程,其实根为 和 ;其中一个会使 和 不是实数
Eliminating and leaves a quartic in whose real roots are and one of them makes and non-real
解答:
因为 ,第二个方程为 ,所以 。把第三个方程分组为 ,得到 ,化简为 ,所以 。第四个方程变为 。
代入 得 ,即 二次因式判别式为负,所以 或 。若 ,则 且 ,因为 ,这不可能对应实数 。因此 ,给出 和 。
于是 ,且 ,所以 ,从而 。
Since the second equation reads so Grouping the third equation as gives which simplifies to so The fourth equation becomes
Substituting for yields i.e. The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so or If then with impossible for real since So giving and
Then and so and
8.
一只蚂蚁在立方体上移动,每一步都沿立方体的一条棱从一个顶点走到相邻顶点。最初蚂蚁在底面的一个顶点,第一步从三个相邻顶点中选一个移动。第一步之后的每一步,蚂蚁都不回到上一个顶点,而是在另外两个相邻顶点中选一个移动。所有选择都是随机的,且每个可能移动等可能。恰好移动 步后,蚂蚁位于立方体顶面某个顶点的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
An ant makes a sequence of moves on a cube where a move consists of walking from one vertex to an adjacent vertex along an edge of the cube. Initially the ant is at a vertex of the bottom face of the cube and chooses one of the three adjacent vertices to move to as its first move. For all moves after the first move, the ant does not return to its previous vertex, but chooses to move to one of the other two adjacent vertices. All choices are selected at random so that each of the possible moves is equally likely. The probability that after exactly moves that ant is at a vertex of the top face on the cube is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
追踪两件事:蚂蚁在底面还是顶面,以及上一步是竖直移动还是水平移动
Track two things: whether the ant is on the bottom or top face, and whether its last move was vertical or horizontal
大提示:
竖直移动之后,两种继续移动都为水平移动;水平移动之后,一种继续移动为水平移动,一种为竖直移动。迭代八步。
After a vertical move both continuations are horizontal; after a horizontal move one continuation is horizontal and one is vertical. Iterate eight steps.
解答:
所有 个允许的移动序列等可能,所以只需数最终在顶面的序列。每步之后按所在面(底面或顶面)以及上一步是否为竖直移动来分类:竖直移动后,在新顶点允许的两个继续方向都是水平棱;水平移动后,一个继续方向是水平棱,另一个是竖直棱。
令 分别表示位于底面或顶面且上一步为水平或竖直移动的序列数。每个序列分成两个后,递推为 第 步后的计数为 ,继续迭代得到 ,,,,,,第八步后 ,且 。
因此 个序列中有 个最终在顶面,概率为 ,所以 。
All allowed move sequences are equally likely, so we count those ending on the top face. Classify the ant after each move by its face (bottom or top) and by whether its last move was vertical: after a vertical move the two allowed continuations are the two horizontal edges at the new vertex, while after a horizontal move one continuation is horizontal and one is vertical.
Let count sequences ending on the bottom or top with last move horizontal or vertical. Each sequence splits into two, following After move the counts are and iterating gives and after the eighth move and
So of the sequences end on the top face, giving probability and
9.
求有序对 的个数,使得 和 是集合 中的正整数,且 与 的最大公约数不是 。
Find the number of ordered pairs such that and are positive integers in the set and the greatest common divisor of and is not
小提示:
一个同时整除两数的素数会迫使 模该素数的阶整除 和 ,但不整除
A prime dividing both numbers forces the order of modulo that prime to divide and but not
大提示:
最大公约数大于 当且仅当 含有的因子 的个数严格多于 ;按每个数中 的幂次计数
The gcd exceeds exactly when contains strictly more factors of than count pairs by the power of in each number
解答:
假设奇素数 同时整除 和 。由 可知, 模 的阶整除 但不整除 ,因此这个阶中因子 的个数恰好比 中多一个。这个阶也整除 ,所以 中因子 的个数必须严格多于 中的个数。记 为因子 的个数,则需要 。
反过来,若 ,设 。则 ,所以 为奇数,且 整除 ;同时 整除 ,所以 整除 ,而它又整除 。因此最大公约数大于 当且仅当 。
在 中,满足 的数的个数分别为 。满足 的有序对数为
Suppose an odd prime divides both and From the order of modulo divides but not so the order contains exactly one more factor of than does. The order also divides so must contain strictly more factors of than writing for the number of factors of we need
Conversely, if let Then so is odd and divides also divides so divides which in turn divides Hence the gcd exceeds exactly when
Among the counts of numbers with are The number of pairs with is
10.
两个半径为 的球和一个半径为 的球两两外切,并且都与两个不同的平面 和 相切。平面 与 的交线为 。从线 到半径为 的球与平面 的切点的距离为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Two spheres with radii and one sphere with radius are each externally tangent to the other two spheres and to two different planes and The intersection of planes and is the line The distance from line to the point where the sphere with radius is tangent to plane is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
每个球的球心在二面角 的平分半平面上,到 的距离为
Each sphere’s center lies on the bisector half-plane of the dihedral angle at distance from
大提示:
小球与大球相切给出 ;注意
Tangency of the small sphere to a big one gives note
解答:
半径为 且与两个平面相切的球,其球心在二面角的平分半平面上。若二面角为 ,则球心到 的距离为 。在过球心且垂直于 的截面中, 上的点、球心和平面 上的切点形成一个直角三角形,在 处的角为 ,所以切点到 的距离为 。
沿 方向测量位置。两个半径 的球的球心到 的距离都为 ,且两个球心相距 ,所以它们沿 方向相差 。由对称性,半径 的球心沿 方向位于它们的中点,且到 的距离为 。它与每个大球外切,所以到每个大球心的距离为 : 因此 。由于 ,可得 ,。
所求距离为 ,已经是最简形式,所以 。
A sphere of radius tangent to both planes has its center on the half-plane bisecting the dihedral angle. If the dihedral angle is the center is at distance from In the cross-section through the center perpendicular to the point of the center, and the tangent point on form a right triangle with angle at so the tangent point lies at distance from
Measure positions along The centers of the two radius- spheres are both at distance from and are apart, so they differ by along and by symmetry the radius- center sits halfway between them along at distance from External tangency makes its distance to each big center so Since we get and
The required distance is which is in lowest terms, so
11.
一位老师带着一个由四名完全合乎逻辑的学生组成的班级。老师选择了一个由四个整数组成的集合 ,并将 中的数分别给每名学生,每人拿到的数互不相同。然后老师向全班宣布: 中的数是四个连续的两位正整数, 中某个数能被 整除,且 中另一个不同的数能被 整除。接着老师问是否有学生能推断出 是什么,但所有学生同时回答“不能”。
然而,在听到四名学生都回答不能之后,每名学生都能确定 中的元素。求 的最大元素所有可能值之和。
A teacher was leading a class of four perfectly logical students. The teacher chose a set of four integers and gave a different number in to each student. Then the teacher announced to the class that the numbers in were four consecutive two-digit positive integers, that some number in was divisible by and a different number in was divisible by The teacher then asked if any of the students could deduce what is, but in unison, all of the students replied no.
However, upon hearing that all four students replied no, each student was able to determine the elements of Find the sum of all possible values of the greatest element of
小提示:
列出包含一个 的倍数和另一个不同的 的倍数的四个连续两位整数段
List the runs of four consecutive two-digit integers containing a multiple of and a different multiple of
大提示:
当且仅当学生拿到的数属于不止一个这样的整数段时,该学生会回答不能;只保留四个数都不唯一的整数段
A student says no exactly when their number lies in more than one such run; keep only the runs whose four numbers are all ambiguous
解答:
称一个包含四个连续两位整数、且包含一个 的倍数和另一个不同的 的倍数的集合为一个整数段。这些正是老师宣布后 的候选集合。若某个学生手中的数只属于一个整数段,他就能立刻说出 ,所以四人一致回答“不能”说明 的每个元素都至少属于两个整数段。
一个数只有在附近整数段重叠时才会属于两个不同的整数段,而这发生在一个 的倍数和一个 的倍数为相邻两位数时:、、 和 。检查每个聚簇,四个元素都不唯一的整数段恰好是这些相邻倍数位于中间两个位置的整数段: 这四个集合两两不交,所以在四个“不能”回答之后,每名学生都能用自己的数唯一确定其中一个集合,这与所有人随后都能确定 相符。
可能的最大元素为 、、 和 ,其和为 。
Call a run any set of four consecutive two-digit integers containing a multiple of and a different multiple of the runs are exactly the candidates for allowed by the announcement. A student holding a number that lies in exactly one run could name immediately, so the unanimous “no” reveals that every element of lies in at least two runs.
A number belongs to two different runs only when nearby runs overlap, which happens when a multiple of and a multiple of are consecutive integers, both two-digit: the pairs and Checking each cluster, the runs all four of whose elements are ambiguous are exactly the ones with such a pair in the two middle positions: These four sets are pairwise disjoint, so after the four “no” replies each student’s own number singles out one of them, consistent with everyone then deducing
The possible greatest elements are and with sum
12.
一个凸四边形的面积为 ,边长依次为 、、 和 。记该四边形两条对角线所成锐角的度数为 。则 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
A convex quadrilateral has area and side lengths and in that order. Denote by the measure of the acute angle formed by the diagonals of the quadrilateral. Then can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
若两条对角线长分别为 和 ,夹角为 ,则四边形面积为
If the diagonals have lengths and and meet at angle the area of the quadrilateral is
大提示:
四个角落三角形中使用余弦定理,得到 ,其中 是对角线交点
The law of cosines in the four corner triangles gives where is the diagonals’ intersection
解答:
将四边形标记为 ,其中 、、、,设对角线交于 ,把 分为 ,把 分为 。令 ,在四个角落三角形中使用余弦定理(它们在 处的角在 与 之间交替),得到
左边为 ,所以 ,而两条对角线所成的锐角 满足 。同时,四个角落三角形给出面积 ,所以 。
相除得 ,所以 。
Label the quadrilateral with and let the diagonals meet at cutting into and into With the law of cosines in the four corner triangles (whose angles at alternate between and ) gives
The left side is so and the acute angle between the diagonals satisfies Meanwhile the four corner triangles give the area so
Dividing, so
13.
求最小正整数 ,使得 是 的倍数。
Find the least positive integer for which is a multiple of
小提示:
分解 :当 时,需要 且
Split for you need and
大提示:
只取决于 。先强制模 的一致性,再强制模 的一致性,从而确定 ,最后用中国剩余定理。
depends only on Force consistency modulo then to pin down and finish with CRT.
解答:
在模 和 下考虑。当 时,,所以需要 。若 为偶数,则 会迫使偶数 也满足 ,不可能;所以 为奇数,,且 。另外 时 ,所以需要 。
模 、模 、模 的阶分别为 、 和 。由于 给出 ,所以 ,故 ,进而 。于是 ,所以 与 合并,得 。最后 ,,,,所以 即 。
合并 与 ,得到 ,而 直接检验不满足,所以最小的这样的 是 。
Work modulo and For we have so we need If is even then forcing the even number to be impossible; so is odd, and Also for so we need
The order of is modulo modulo and modulo Since gives we get so and hence Then so which with gives Finally so giving
Combining with yields and fail by direct check, so the least such is
14.
设 是一个锐角三角形,外心为 ,重心为 。令 为 外接圆在 处的切线与过 且垂直于 的直线的交点。令 为直线 与 的交点。已知 、 与 的度数之比为 ,则 的度数可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Let be an acute triangle with circumcenter and centroid Let be the intersection of the line tangent to the circumcircle of at and the line perpendicular to at Let be the intersection of lines and Given that the measures of and are in the ratio the degree measure of can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:592
小提示:
和 处的直角使 共圆; 和 ( 的中点)处的直角使 共圆
Right angles at and make cyclic; right angles at and (the midpoint of ) make cyclic
大提示:
在这两个圆中,同弦 所对的角相等,给出 ,而中心角可以用原三角形的角表示
Equal angles on chord in those circles give which central angles express in terms of the triangle’s angles
解答:
令 为 的中点,则 ,, 在同一条中线上,而 ,, 按定义共线。由于 (切线与半径垂直)且 ,四边形 以 为直径共圆。又因为 ,且 (圆心到弦中点的线段垂直于弦),四边形 以 为直径共圆。
在每个圆中,弦 所对的角相等,所以 ,并且 。因此三角形 与 的底角和相同,得到
设 、,则 。中心角给出 ,而 平分 ,所以在靠近 的一侧(因为 ,也就是靠近 所对弧的一侧), 令 ,得 ,所以 度,且三个角都为锐角。因此 。
Let be the midpoint of so are collinear along the median, while are collinear by definition. Since (tangent and radius) and quadrilateral is cyclic with diameter Since and (the segment from the center to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to it), quadrilateral is cyclic with diameter
In each circle the chord subtends equal angles, so and Triangles and therefore have the same angle sums at their bases, giving
Write and so Central angles give and bisects so on the side of (nearer to ’s arc since ), Setting gives so degrees, and all three angles are acute as required. Then
15.
对正整数 ,函数 和 满足 以及 求满足 的最小正整数 。
Let and be functions satisfying and for positive integers Find the least positive integer such that
小提示:
若 是满足 的最小整数,则 ,而 会每次增加 一直走到与 同奇偶性的最小平方数
If is the least integer with then and climbs by s to the least square of the same parity as
大提示:
只有当 和 奇偶性相反时,比值才不等于 ;此时 ,所以 迫使
The ratio differs from only when and have opposite parity; then so forces
解答:
令 为满足 的最小整数。函数 每次前进一步直到下一个完全平方数,所以 。函数 每次前进 步,保持自变量的奇偶性,而 ,所以 ,其中 是满足 且 的最小整数。若 ,则 ,比值为 ;所以需要 ,此时 ,且 。
于是 ,得 ,所以 ,并且 还需满足 和 。
对 ,公式分别给出 ,都不满足 ;对 , 在范围内,但与 奇偶性相同。对 ,,满足 ,且所得数为偶数,而 为奇数。确实,,,且 ,所以最小的 是 。
Let be the least integer with The function climbs one step at a time to the next perfect square, so The function climbs by s, preserving the parity of its argument, and so where is the least integer with and If then and the ratio is so we need in which case and
Then gives so and subject to and
For the formula gives each failing for is in range but has the same parity as For which satisfies and is even while is odd. Indeed and with so the least is