2021 AIME II 真题

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1.

求所有三位回文数的算术平均数。(回文数指正着读和倒着读相同的数,例如 777777383383。)

Find the arithmetic mean of all the three-digit palindromes. (Recall that a palindrome is a number that reads the same forward and backward, such as 777777 or 383.383.)

答案:550
知识点:回文数位值平均数
难度评级:1700
小提示:

一个三位回文数形如 aba=101a+10b\overline{aba} = 101a + 10b

A three-digit palindrome has the form aba=101a+10b\overline{aba} = 101a + 10b

大提示:

数字 aabb 独立变化,所以可以把每个数字替换为它在取值范围内的平均值

The digits aa and bb range independently, so you may replace each digit by its average value over its range

解答:

一个三位回文数形如 aba=101a+10b\overline{aba} = 101a + 10b,其中 a{1,,9}a \in \{1, \ldots, 9\}b{0,,9}b \in \{0, \ldots, 9\},每一对这样的数字恰好出现一次,所以在这 9090 个回文数中,这两个数字在各自范围内独立变化。

由线性性,平均数等于 101101 乘以 aa 的平均值,再加上 1010 乘以 bb 的平均值,即 1015+1092=505+45=550 \begin{aligned} &101 \cdot 5 \\ &\quad {}+ 10 \cdot \frac{9}{2} = 505 + 45 = 550 \end{aligned}\text{。}

A three-digit palindrome has the form aba=101a+10b\overline{aba} = 101a + 10b with a{1,,9}a \in \{1, \ldots, 9\} and b{0,,9},b \in \{0, \ldots, 9\}, and every such pair of digits occurs exactly once, so the two digits vary independently over the 9090 palindromes.

By linearity, the mean is 101101 times the average of aa plus 1010 times the average of b,b, namely 1015+1092=505+45=550. \begin{aligned} &101 \cdot 5 \\ &\quad {}+ 10 \cdot \frac{9}{2} = 505 + 45 = 550. \end{aligned}

2.

等边三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 840840。点 DDAA 在线 BCBC 的同侧,且 BDBC\overline{BD} \perp \overline{BC}。过 DD 作平行于线 BCBC 的直线 \ell,分别交边 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 于点 EEFF。点 GG\ell 上,且 FF 位于 EEGG 之间,AFG\triangle AFG 是等腰三角形,并且 AFG\triangle AFGBED\triangle BED 的面积比为 8:98 : 9。求 AFAF

Equilateral triangle ABCABC has side length 840.840. Point DD lies on the same side of line BCBC as AA such that BDBC.\overline{BD} \perp \overline{BC}. The line \ell through DD parallel to line BCBC intersects sides AB\overline{AB} and AC\overline{AC} at points EE and F,F, respectively. Point GG lies on \ell such that FF is between EE and G,G, AFG\triangle AFG is isosceles, and the ratio of the area of AFG\triangle AFG to the area of BED\triangle BED is 8:9.8 : 9. Find AF.AF.

答案:336
难度评级:2460
小提示:

三角形 AEFAEF 是边长为 AFAF 的等边三角形,且 BDBD 等于平行线 \ellBCBC 之间的距离

Triangle AEFAEF is equilateral with side AF,AF, and BDBD equals the distance between the parallel lines \ell and BCBC

大提示:

AFG=120\angle AFG = 120^\circ,所以等腰条件迫使 FA=FGFA = FG。用 AFAF 和高度 BDBD 表示两个面积。

AFG=120,\angle AFG = 120^\circ, so isosceles forces FA=FG.FA = FG. Express both areas in terms of AFAF and the height BD.BD.

解答:

因为 BC\ell \parallel BC,三角形 AEFAEF 是等边三角形;设 s=AF=EFs = AF = EF\ellBCBC 之间的距离等于三角形 ABCABC 的高减去三角形 AEFAEF 的高,所以 BD=32(840s)BD = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(840 - s);记 h=BDh = BD

在三角形 BEDBED 中,底边 BD\overline{BD} 垂直于 BCBC,且长度为 hh;又因为 EBC=60\angle EBC = 60^\circ,点 EE 到直线 BDBD 的水平距离为 h3\frac{h}{\sqrt{3}}。因此 [BED]=h223[BED] = \frac{h^2}{2\sqrt{3}}。另外 AFG=180AFE\angle AFG = 180^\circ - \angle AFE =120= 120^\circ,含有 120120^\circ 角的等腰三角形必须以这个角为顶角,所以 FA=FG=sFA = FG = s,从而 [AFG]=12s2sin120=34s2[AFG] = \frac{1}{2}s^2 \sin 120^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2

面积比给出 [AFG][BED]=3s24h223=32s2h2=89 \begin{aligned} \frac{[AFG]}{[BED]} &= \frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}s^2}{4}}{\frac{h^2}{2\sqrt{3}}} \\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{s^2}{h^2} = \frac{8}{9} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 sh=433\frac{s}{h} = \frac{4}{3\sqrt{3}}。代入 h=32(840s)h = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(840 - s),得 s=23(840s)s = \frac{2}{3}(840 - s),因此 5s=16805s = 1680,所以 AF=336AF = 336

Since BC,\ell \parallel BC, triangle AEFAEF is equilateral; let s=AF=EF.s = AF = EF. The distance between \ell and BCBC is the height of ABCABC minus the height of AEF,AEF, so BD=32(840s);BD = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(840 - s); write h=BD.h = BD.

In triangle BED,BED, the base BD\overline{BD} is perpendicular to BCBC and has length h,h, while EE lies at horizontal distance h3\frac{h}{\sqrt{3}} from line BDBD because EBC=60.\angle EBC = 60^\circ. Hence [BED]=h223.[BED] = \frac{h^2}{2\sqrt{3}}. Also AFG=180AFE\angle AFG = 180^\circ - \angle AFE =120,= 120^\circ, and an isosceles triangle with a 120120^\circ angle must have it as the apex angle, so FA=FG=sFA = FG = s and [AFG]=12s2sin120=34s2.[AFG] = \frac{1}{2}s^2 \sin 120^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2.

The ratio condition gives [AFG][BED]=3s24h223=32s2h2=89, \begin{aligned} \frac{[AFG]}{[BED]} &= \frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}s^2}{4}}{\frac{h^2}{2\sqrt{3}}} \\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{s^2}{h^2} = \frac{8}{9}, \end{aligned} so sh=433.\frac{s}{h} = \frac{4}{3\sqrt{3}}. Substituting h=32(840s)h = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(840 - s) yields s=23(840s),s = \frac{2}{3}(840 - s), so 5s=16805s = 1680 and AF=336.AF = 336.

3.

求数字 1122334455 的排列 x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3x4x_4x5x_5 的个数,使得以下五个乘积之和 x1x2x3+x2x3x4+x3x4x5+x4x5x1+x5x1x2 \begin{aligned} &x_1x_2x_3 + x_2x_3x_4 \\ &\quad {}+ x_3x_4x_5 + x_4x_5x_1 \\ &\quad {}+ x_5x_1x_2 \end{aligned} 能被 33 整除。

Find the number of permutations x1,x_1, x2,x_2, x3,x_3, x4,x_4, x5x_5 of numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 55 such that the sum of five products x1x2x3+x2x3x4+x3x4x5+x4x5x1+x5x1x2 \begin{aligned} &x_1x_2x_3 + x_2x_3x_4 \\ &\quad {}+ x_3x_4x_5 + x_4x_5x_1 \\ &\quad {}+ x_5x_1x_2 \end{aligned} is divisible by 3.3.

答案:80
难度评级:2350
小提示:

33 考虑:任何含有数值 33 的乘积都为零,所以五个乘积中只有两个会留下

Work modulo 3:3: every product containing the value 33 vanishes, so only two of the five products survive

大提示:

xi=3x_i = 3,则和化为 xi+2xi+3(xi+1+xi+4)x_{i+2}x_{i+3}(x_{i+1} + x_{i+4}),所以需要 xi+1+xi+40(mod3)x_{i+1} + x_{i+4} \equiv 0 \pmod 3

If xi=3,x_i = 3, the sum reduces to xi+2xi+3(xi+1+xi+4),x_{i+2}x_{i+3}(x_{i+1} + x_{i+4}), so you need xi+1+xi+40(mod3)x_{i+1} + x_{i+4} \equiv 0 \pmod 3

解答:

在模 33 下考虑。数值 33 是唯一的 33 的倍数,而五个乘积各覆盖循环相邻的三个位置,所以若 xi=3x_i = 3,恰好有两个乘积避开位置 ii:它们分别覆盖位置 i+1,i+2,i+3i+1, i+2, i+3i+2,i+3,i+4i+2, i+3, i+4(下标模 55)。它们的和为 xi+2xi+3(xi+1+xi+4)x_{i+2}x_{i+3}(x_{i+1} + x_{i+4}),由于 xi+2xi+3x_{i+2}x_{i+3} 不能被 33 整除,条件为 xi+1+xi+40(mod3)x_{i+1} + x_{i+4} \equiv 0 \pmod 3

在剩下的数中,11441\equiv 1,而 22552(mod3)\equiv 2 \pmod 3,所以位置 i+1i+1i+4i+4 必须分别取自两个余数类:有 222=82 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 8 个有序选择。剩下两个数填入位置 i+2i+2i+3i+322 种方式。数值 33 的位置有 55 种选择,所以总数为 582=805 \cdot 8 \cdot 2 = 80

Work modulo 3.3. The value 33 is the only multiple of 3,3, and each of the five products covers three cyclically consecutive positions, so if xi=3x_i = 3 exactly two products avoid position i:i: those covering positions i+1,i+2,i+3i+1, i+2, i+3 and i+2,i+3,i+4i+2, i+3, i+4 (indices mod 55). Their sum is xi+2xi+3(xi+1+xi+4),x_{i+2}x_{i+3}(x_{i+1} + x_{i+4}), and since xi+2xi+3x_{i+2}x_{i+3} is not divisible by 3,3, the condition is xi+1+xi+40(mod3).x_{i+1} + x_{i+4} \equiv 0 \pmod 3.

Among the remaining values, 11 and 44 are 1\equiv 1 while 22 and 55 are 2(mod3),\equiv 2 \pmod 3, so positions i+1i+1 and i+4i+4 must take one value from each class: 222=82 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 8 ordered choices. The other two values fill positions i+2i+2 and i+3i+3 in 22 ways. With 55 choices for the position of 3,3, the count is 582=80.5 \cdot 8 \cdot 2 = 80.

4.

存在实数 aabbccdd,使得 20-20x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b 的一个根,且 21-21x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d 的一个根。这两个多项式共有一个复根 m+nim + \sqrt{n} \cdot i,其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。求 m+nm + n

There are real numbers a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd such that 20-20 is a root of x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b and 21-21 is a root of x3+cx2+d.x^3 + cx^2 + d. These two polynomials share a complex root m+ni,m + \sqrt{n} \cdot i, where mm and nn are positive integers and i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:330
难度评级:2100
小提示:

实系数保证非实根成共轭对出现,所以每个三次多项式的根都由它的实根和 m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i 组成

Real coefficients force non-real roots to come in conjugate pairs, so each cubic has roots consisting of its real root and m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i

大提示:

第一个三次多项式没有 x2x^2 项,所以它的根和为 00;第二个没有 xx 项,所以它的两两根积之和为 00

The first cubic has no x2x^2 term, so its roots sum to 0;0; the second has no xx term, so its pairwise products of roots sum to 00

解答:

两个三次多项式都有实系数,所以非实根成共轭对出现:第一个多项式的根是 20-20m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i,第二个多项式的根是 21-21m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i

第一个三次多项式 x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b 没有 x2x^2 项,所以根和为 0020+2m=0-20 + 2m = 0,得 m=10m = 10。第二个三次多项式 x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d 没有 xx 项,所以两两根积之和为 00(m+ni)(mni)+(21)(2m)=m2+n42m=0 \begin{aligned} &(m + \sqrt{n}\,i)(m - \sqrt{n}\,i) \\ &\quad {}+ (-21)(2m) \\ &= m^2 + n - 42m = 0 \end{aligned}\text{,} 因此 n=420100=320n = 420 - 100 = 320。于是 m+n=10+320=330m + n = 10 + 320 = 330

Both cubics have real coefficients, so their non-real roots come in conjugate pairs: the roots of the first are 20-20 and m±ni,m \pm \sqrt{n}\,i, and the roots of the second are 21-21 and m±ni.m \pm \sqrt{n}\,i.

The first cubic x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b has no x2x^2 term, so its roots sum to 0:0: 20+2m=0,-20 + 2m = 0, giving m=10.m = 10. The second cubic x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d has no xx term, so the sum of pairwise products of its roots is 0:0: (m+ni)(mni)+(21)(2m)=m2+n42m=0, \begin{aligned} &(m + \sqrt{n}\,i)(m - \sqrt{n}\,i) \\ &\quad {}+ (-21)(2m) \\ &= m^2 + n - 42m = 0, \end{aligned} so n=420100=320.n = 420 - 100 = 320. Then m+n=10+320=330.m + n = 10 + 320 = 330.

5.

对正实数 ss,令 τ(s)\tau(s) 表示所有面积为 ss、且有两条边长度为 441010 的钝角三角形的集合。使得 τ(s)\tau(s) 非空但 τ(s)\tau(s) 中所有三角形都全等的所有 ss 的集合是一个区间 [a,b)[a, b)。求 a2+b2a^2 + b^2

For positive real numbers s,s, let τ(s)\tau(s) denote the set of all obtuse triangles that have area ss and two sides with lengths 44 and 10.10. The set of all ss for which τ(s)\tau(s) is nonempty, but all triangles in τ(s)\tau(s) are congruent, is an interval [a,b).[a, b). Find a2+b2.a^2 + b^2.

答案:736
难度评级:2720
小提示:

设长度为 441010 的两边夹角为 θ\theta,面积为 20sinθ20\sin\theta,且每个 θ\theta 对应一个三角形

With included angle θ\theta between the sides of lengths 44 and 10,10, the area is 20sinθ,20\sin\theta, and each θ\theta gives one triangle

大提示:

θ>90\theta \gt 90^\circ 时三角形为钝角;或者当 θ\theta 为锐角且 cosθ>25\cos\theta \gt \frac{2}{5} 时(长度为 1010 的边所对角为钝角)。找出恰好只出现一种情况的范围。

Obtuse happens when θ>90,\theta \gt 90^\circ, or when θ\theta is acute with cosθ>25\cos\theta \gt \frac{2}{5} (angle opposite the side 1010 obtuse). Find where exactly one case occurs.

解答:

一个有两边长为 441010 的三角形由夹角 θ\theta 决定,面积为 12410sinθ=20sinθ\frac{1}{2} \cdot 4 \cdot 10 \sin\theta = 20\sin\theta。当 θ>90\theta \gt 90^\circ 时三角形为钝角,并且这种情况对每个面积 s(0,20)s \in (0, 20) 恰好给出一个三角形。

θ<90\theta \lt 90^\circ 时,第三边满足 c2=11680cosθc^2 = 116 - 80\cos\theta,三角形为钝角只能是长度为 1010 的边所对的角为钝角(若 cc 是最长边,则它所对的角 θ\theta 为锐角,三角形会是锐角三角形)。因此需要 42+c2<1024^2 + c^2 \lt 10^2,即 11680cosθ<84116 - 80\cos\theta \lt 84,也就是 cosθ>25\cos\theta \gt \frac{2}{5}。于是 sinθ<215\sin\theta \lt \frac{\sqrt{21}}{5},所以第二族三角形恰好在 s<421s \lt 4\sqrt{21} 时存在。

s<421s \lt 4\sqrt{21} 时,有两个不全等的钝角三角形(第三边不同);而当 421s<204\sqrt{21} \le s \lt 20 时,只有钝角 θ\theta 的三角形存在:在 s=421s = 4\sqrt{21} 时,锐角 θ\theta 的候选三角形变为直角三角形。当 s20s \ge 20 时没有三角形。因此 [a,b)=[421,20)[a, b) = [4\sqrt{21}, 20),且 a2+b2=336+400=736a^2 + b^2 = 336 + 400 = 736

A triangle with sides 44 and 1010 is determined by the included angle θ,\theta, and its area is 12410sinθ=20sinθ.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 4 \cdot 10 \sin\theta = 20\sin\theta. When θ>90\theta \gt 90^\circ the triangle is obtuse, and this case produces exactly one triangle for each area s(0,20).s \in (0, 20).

When θ<90,\theta \lt 90^\circ, the third side satisfies c2=11680cosθ,c^2 = 116 - 80\cos\theta, and the triangle is obtuse only if the angle opposite the side of length 1010 is obtuse (if cc were the longest side, its opposite angle θ\theta would be acute, making the triangle acute). That requires 42+c2<102,4^2 + c^2 \lt 10^2, i.e. 11680cosθ<84,116 - 80\cos\theta \lt 84, i.e. cosθ>25.\cos\theta \gt \frac{2}{5}. Then sinθ<215,\sin\theta \lt \frac{\sqrt{21}}{5}, so this second family exists exactly for s<421.s \lt 4\sqrt{21}.

For s<421s \lt 4\sqrt{21} there are two non-congruent obtuse triangles (their third sides differ), while for 421s<204\sqrt{21} \le s \lt 20 only the obtuse-θ\theta triangle exists: at s=421s = 4\sqrt{21} the acute-θ\theta candidate becomes a right triangle. For s20s \ge 20 there are none. Hence [a,b)=[421,20)[a, b) = [4\sqrt{21}, 20) and a2+b2=336+400=736.a^2 + b^2 = 336 + 400 = 736.

6.

对任意有限集合 SS,令 S|S| 表示 SS 中元素的个数。求有序对 (A,B)(A, B) 的个数,其中 AABB{1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 的(不一定不同的)子集,并满足 AB=ABAB|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|\text{。}

For any finite set S,S, let S|S| denote the number of elements in S.S. Find the number of ordered pairs (A,B)(A, B) such that AA and BB are (not necessarily distinct) subsets of {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} that satisfy AB=ABAB.|A| \cdot |B| = |A \cap B| \cdot |A \cup B|.

答案:454
难度评级:2440
小提示:

a=Aa = |A|b=Bb = |B|i=ABi = |A \cap B|;则 AB=a+bi|A \cup B| = a + b - i

Write a=A,a = |A|, b=B,b = |B|, i=AB;i = |A \cap B|; then AB=a+bi|A \cup B| = a + b - i

大提示:

等式可因式分解为 (ai)(bi)=0(a - i)(b - i) = 0,所以条件是 ABA \subseteq BBAB \subseteq A

The equation factors as (ai)(bi)=0,(a - i)(b - i) = 0, so the condition is ABA \subseteq B or BAB \subseteq A

解答:

a=Aa = |A|b=Bb = |B|i=ABi = |A \cap B|,则 AB=a+bi|A \cup B| = a + b - i。条件 ab=i(a+bi)ab = i(a + b - i) 整理为 abiaib+i2=(ai)(bi)=0 \begin{aligned} &ab - ia - ib + i^2 \\ &= (a - i)(b - i) = 0 \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 AB=A|A \cap B| = |A|AB=B|A \cap B| = |B|。因为 ABA \cap B 是二者的子集,这意味着 ABA \subseteq BBAB \subseteq A

对于满足 ABA \subseteq B 的有序对,55 个元素各自独立地属于两个集合都不在、只在 BB 中、或二者都在,因此有 35=2433^5 = 243 对。同样,满足 BAB \subseteq A 的也有 243243 对。重复计算的正是 A=BA = B 的情况,共 25=322^5 = 32 对。答案为 243+24332=454243 + 243 - 32 = 454

Let a=A,a = |A|, b=B,b = |B|, and i=AB,i = |A \cap B|, so AB=a+bi.|A \cup B| = a + b - i. The condition ab=i(a+bi)ab = i(a + b - i) rearranges to abiaib+i2=(ai)(bi)=0, \begin{aligned} &ab - ia - ib + i^2 \\ &= (a - i)(b - i) = 0, \end{aligned} so AB=A|A \cap B| = |A| or AB=B.|A \cap B| = |B|. Since ABA \cap B is a subset of each, that means ABA \subseteq B or BA.B \subseteq A.

For pairs with AB,A \subseteq B, each of the 55 elements independently lies in neither set, in BB only, or in both: 35=2433^5 = 243 pairs. Likewise 243243 pairs satisfy BA,B \subseteq A, and the pairs counted twice are exactly those with A=B,A = B, of which there are 25=32.2^5 = 32. The answer is 243+24332=454.243 + 243 - 32 = 454.

7.

设实数 aabbccdd 满足方程组 a+b=3,ab+bc+ca=4 \begin{aligned} a + b &= -3, \\ ab + bc + ca &= -4 \end{aligned}\text{,} abc+bcd+cda+dab=14,abcd=30 \begin{aligned} abc + bcd + cda + dab &= 14, \\ abcd &= 30 \end{aligned}\text{。} 存在互质正整数 mmnn,使得 a2+b2+c2+d2=mna^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{m}{n}\text{。}m+nm + n

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd be real numbers that satisfy the system of equations a+b=3,ab+bc+ca=4, \begin{aligned} a + b &= -3, \\ ab + bc + ca &= -4, \end{aligned} abc+bcd+cda+dab=14,abcd=30. \begin{aligned} abc + bcd + cda + dab &= 14, \\ abcd &= 30. \end{aligned} There exist relatively prime positive integers mm and nn such that a2+b2+c2+d2=mn.a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{m}{n}. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:145
难度评级:2650
小提示:

第二个方程为 ab+c(a+b)=4ab + c(a + b) = -4 可得 ab=3c4ab = 3c - 4;把第三个方程分组为 ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14

The second equation is ab+c(a+b)=4,ab + c(a + b) = -4, giving ab=3c4;ab = 3c - 4; group the third as ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14

大提示:

消去 ddcdcd 后留下关于 cc 的四次方程,其实根为 2-2103\frac{10}{3};其中一个会使 aabb 不是实数

Eliminating dd and cdcd leaves a quartic in cc whose real roots are 2-2 and 103;\frac{10}{3}; one of them makes aa and bb non-real

解答:

因为 a+b=3a + b = -3,第二个方程为 ab+c(a+b)=ab3c=4ab + c(a + b) = ab - 3c = -4,所以 ab=3c4ab = 3c - 4。把第三个方程分组为 ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14,得到 (3c4)(c+d)3cd=14(3c - 4)(c + d) - 3cd = 14,化简为 3c24c4d=143c^2 - 4c - 4d = 14,所以 d=3c24c144d = \frac{3c^2 - 4c - 14}{4}。第四个方程变为 (3c4)cd=30(3c - 4)\,cd = 30

代入 ddc(3c4)(3c24c14)=120c(3c - 4)(3c^2 - 4c - 14) = 120,即 9c424c326c2+56c120=(c+2)(3c10)(3c24c+6)=0 \begin{aligned} &9c^4 - 24c^3 - 26c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 56c - 120 \\ &= (c + 2)(3c - 10) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3c^2 - 4c + 6) \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{。} 二次因式判别式为负,所以 c=2c = -2c=103c = \frac{10}{3}。若 c=103c = \frac{10}{3},则 ab=6ab = 6a+b=3a + b = -3,因为 924<09 - 24 \lt 0,这不可能对应实数 a,ba, b。因此 c=2c = -2,给出 ab=10ab = -10d=12+8144=32d = \frac{12 + 8 - 14}{4} = \frac{3}{2}

于是 a2+b2a^2 + b^2 =(a+b)22ab= (a + b)^2 - 2ab =9+20=29= 9 + 20 = 29,且 c2+d2=4+94=254c^2 + d^2 = 4 + \frac{9}{4} = \frac{25}{4},所以 a2+b2+c2+d2=1414a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{141}{4},从而 m+n=141+4=145m + n = 141 + 4 = 145

Since a+b=3,a + b = -3, the second equation reads ab+c(a+b)=ab3c=4,ab + c(a + b) = ab - 3c = -4, so ab=3c4.ab = 3c - 4. Grouping the third equation as ab(c+d)+cd(a+b)=14ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) = 14 gives (3c4)(c+d)3cd=14,(3c - 4)(c + d) - 3cd = 14, which simplifies to 3c24c4d=14,3c^2 - 4c - 4d = 14, so d=3c24c144.d = \frac{3c^2 - 4c - 14}{4}. The fourth equation becomes (3c4)cd=30.(3c - 4)\,cd = 30.

Substituting for dd yields c(3c4)(3c24c14)=120,c(3c - 4)(3c^2 - 4c - 14) = 120, i.e. 9c424c326c2+56c120=(c+2)(3c10)(3c24c+6)=0. \begin{aligned} &9c^4 - 24c^3 - 26c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 56c - 120 \\ &= (c + 2)(3c - 10) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3c^2 - 4c + 6) \\ &= 0. \end{aligned} The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so c=2c = -2 or c=103.c = \frac{10}{3}. If c=103,c = \frac{10}{3}, then ab=6ab = 6 with a+b=3,a + b = -3, impossible for real a,ba, b since 924<0.9 - 24 \lt 0. So c=2,c = -2, giving ab=10ab = -10 and d=12+8144=32.d = \frac{12 + 8 - 14}{4} = \frac{3}{2}.

Then a2+b2a^2 + b^2 =(a+b)22ab= (a + b)^2 - 2ab =9+20=29= 9 + 20 = 29 and c2+d2=4+94=254,c^2 + d^2 = 4 + \frac{9}{4} = \frac{25}{4}, so a2+b2+c2+d2=1414a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = \frac{141}{4} and m+n=141+4=145.m + n = 141 + 4 = 145.

8.

一只蚂蚁在立方体上移动,每一步都沿立方体的一条棱从一个顶点走到相邻顶点。最初蚂蚁在底面的一个顶点,第一步从三个相邻顶点中选一个移动。第一步之后的每一步,蚂蚁都不回到上一个顶点,而是在另外两个相邻顶点中选一个移动。所有选择都是随机的,且每个可能移动等可能。恰好移动 88 步后,蚂蚁位于立方体顶面某个顶点的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

An ant makes a sequence of moves on a cube where a move consists of walking from one vertex to an adjacent vertex along an edge of the cube. Initially the ant is at a vertex of the bottom face of the cube and chooses one of the three adjacent vertices to move to as its first move. For all moves after the first move, the ant does not return to its previous vertex, but chooses to move to one of the other two adjacent vertices. All choices are selected at random so that each of the possible moves is equally likely. The probability that after exactly 88 moves that ant is at a vertex of the top face on the cube is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:49
难度评级:2840
小提示:

追踪两件事:蚂蚁在底面还是顶面,以及上一步是竖直移动还是水平移动

Track two things: whether the ant is on the bottom or top face, and whether its last move was vertical or horizontal

大提示:

竖直移动之后,两种继续移动都为水平移动;水平移动之后,一种继续移动为水平移动,一种为竖直移动。迭代八步。

After a vertical move both continuations are horizontal; after a horizontal move one continuation is horizontal and one is vertical. Iterate eight steps.

解答:

所有 327=3843 \cdot 2^7 = 384 个允许的移动序列等可能,所以只需数最终在顶面的序列。每步之后按所在面(底面或顶面)以及上一步是否为竖直移动来分类:竖直移动后,在新顶点允许的两个继续方向都是水平棱;水平移动后,一个继续方向是水平棱,另一个是竖直棱。

(Bh,Bv,Th,Tv)(B_h, B_v, T_h, T_v) 分别表示位于底面或顶面且上一步为水平或竖直移动的序列数。每个序列分成两个后,递推为 Bh=Bh+2Bv,Tv=Bh,Th=Th+2Tv,Bv=Th \begin{aligned} B_h' &= B_h + 2B_v, \\ T_v' &= B_h, \\ T_h' &= T_h + 2T_v, \\ B_v' &= T_h \end{aligned}\text{。}11 步后的计数为 (2,0,0,1)(2, 0, 0, 1),继续迭代得到 (2,0,2,2)(2, 0, 2, 2)(2,2,6,2)(2, 2, 6, 2)(6,6,10,2)(6, 6, 10, 2)(18,10,14,6)(18, 10, 14, 6)(38,14,26,18)(38, 14, 26, 18)(66,26,62,38)(66, 26, 62, 38),第八步后 Th=62+76=138T_h = 62 + 76 = 138,且 Tv=66T_v = 66

因此 384384 个序列中有 138+66=204138 + 66 = 204 个最终在顶面,概率为 204384=1732\frac{204}{384} = \frac{17}{32},所以 m+n=17+32=49m + n = 17 + 32 = 49

All 327=3843 \cdot 2^7 = 384 allowed move sequences are equally likely, so we count those ending on the top face. Classify the ant after each move by its face (bottom or top) and by whether its last move was vertical: after a vertical move the two allowed continuations are the two horizontal edges at the new vertex, while after a horizontal move one continuation is horizontal and one is vertical.

Let (Bh,Bv,Th,Tv)(B_h, B_v, T_h, T_v) count sequences ending on the bottom or top with last move horizontal or vertical. Each sequence splits into two, following Bh=Bh+2Bv,Tv=Bh,Th=Th+2Tv,Bv=Th. \begin{aligned} B_h' &= B_h + 2B_v, \\ T_v' &= B_h, \\ T_h' &= T_h + 2T_v, \\ B_v' &= T_h. \end{aligned} After move 11 the counts are (2,0,0,1),(2, 0, 0, 1), and iterating gives (2,0,2,2),(2, 0, 2, 2), (2,2,6,2),(2, 2, 6, 2), (6,6,10,2),(6, 6, 10, 2), (18,10,14,6),(18, 10, 14, 6), (38,14,26,18),(38, 14, 26, 18), (66,26,62,38),(66, 26, 62, 38), and after the eighth move Th=62+76=138T_h = 62 + 76 = 138 and Tv=66.T_v = 66.

So 138+66=204138 + 66 = 204 of the 384384 sequences end on the top face, giving probability 204384=1732\frac{204}{384} = \frac{17}{32} and m+n=17+32=49.m + n = 17 + 32 = 49.

9.

求有序对 (m,n)(m, n) 的个数,使得 mmnn 是集合 {1,2,,30}\{1, 2, \ldots, 30\} 中的正整数,且 2m+12^m + 12n12^n - 1 的最大公约数不是 11

Find the number of ordered pairs (m,n)(m, n) such that mm and nn are positive integers in the set {1,2,,30}\{1, 2, \ldots, 30\} and the greatest common divisor of 2m+12^m + 1 and 2n12^n - 1 is not 1.1.

答案:295
难度评级:2920
小提示:

一个同时整除两数的素数会迫使 22 模该素数的阶整除 2m2mnn,但不整除 mm

A prime dividing both numbers forces the order of 22 modulo that prime to divide 2m2m and nn but not mm

大提示:

最大公约数大于 11 当且仅当 nn 含有的因子 22 的个数严格多于 mm;按每个数中 22 的幂次计数

The gcd exceeds 11 exactly when nn contains strictly more factors of 22 than m;m; count pairs by the power of 22 in each number

解答:

假设奇素数 pp 同时整除 2m+12^m + 12n12^n - 1。由 2m1(modp)2^m \equiv -1 \pmod p 可知,22pp 的阶整除 2m2m 但不整除 mm,因此这个阶中因子 22 的个数恰好比 mm 中多一个。这个阶也整除 nn,所以 nn 中因子 22 的个数必须严格多于 mm 中的个数。记 v2v_2 为因子 22 的个数,则需要 v2(n)>v2(m)v_2(n) \gt v_2(m)

反过来,若 v2(n)>v2(m)v_2(n) \gt v_2(m),设 g=gcd(m,n)g = \gcd(m, n)。则 v2(g)=v2(m)v_2(g) = v_2(m),所以 mg\frac{m}{g} 为奇数,且 2g+12^g + 1 整除 2m+12^m + 1;同时 2g2g 整除 nn,所以 2g+12^g + 1 整除 22g12^{2g} - 1,而它又整除 2n12^n - 1。因此最大公约数大于 11 当且仅当 v2(n)>v2(m)v_2(n) \gt v_2(m)

1,,301, \ldots, 30 中,满足 v2=0,1,2,3,4v_2 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 的数的个数分别为 15,8,4,2,115, 8, 4, 2, 1。满足 v2(m)<v2(n)v_2(m) \lt v_2(n) 的有序对数为 1515+87+43+21=225+56+12+2=295 \begin{aligned} &15 \cdot 15 + 8 \cdot 7 + 4 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 1 \\ &= 225 + 56 + 12 + 2 = 295 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Suppose an odd prime pp divides both 2m+12^m + 1 and 2n1.2^n - 1. From 2m1(modp),2^m \equiv -1 \pmod p, the order of 22 modulo pp divides 2m2m but not m,m, so the order contains exactly one more factor of 22 than mm does. The order also divides n,n, so nn must contain strictly more factors of 22 than m:m: writing v2v_2 for the number of factors of 2,2, we need v2(n)>v2(m).v_2(n) \gt v_2(m).

Conversely, if v2(n)>v2(m),v_2(n) \gt v_2(m), let g=gcd(m,n).g = \gcd(m, n). Then v2(g)=v2(m),v_2(g) = v_2(m), so mg\frac{m}{g} is odd and 2g+12^g + 1 divides 2m+1;2^m + 1; also 2g2g divides n,n, so 2g+12^g + 1 divides 22g1,2^{2g} - 1, which in turn divides 2n1.2^n - 1. Hence the gcd exceeds 11 exactly when v2(n)>v2(m).v_2(n) \gt v_2(m).

Among 1,,301, \ldots, 30 the counts of numbers with v2=0,1,2,3,4v_2 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are 15,8,4,2,1.15, 8, 4, 2, 1. The number of pairs with v2(m)<v2(n)v_2(m) \lt v_2(n) is 1515+87+43+21=225+56+12+2=295. \begin{aligned} &15 \cdot 15 + 8 \cdot 7 + 4 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 1 \\ &= 225 + 56 + 12 + 2 = 295. \end{aligned}

10.

两个半径为 3636 的球和一个半径为 1313 的球两两外切,并且都与两个不同的平面 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 相切。平面 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 的交线为 \ell。从线 \ell 到半径为 1313 的球与平面 P\mathcal{P} 的切点的距离为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Two spheres with radii 3636 and one sphere with radius 1313 are each externally tangent to the other two spheres and to two different planes P\mathcal{P} and Q.\mathcal{Q}. The intersection of planes P\mathcal{P} and Q\mathcal{Q} is the line .\ell. The distance from line \ell to the point where the sphere with radius 1313 is tangent to plane P\mathcal{P} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:335
难度评级:2990
小提示:

每个球的球心在二面角 2θ2\theta 的平分半平面上,到 \ell 的距离为 rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta}

Each sphere’s center lies on the bisector half-plane of the dihedral angle 2θ,2\theta, at distance rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta} from \ell

大提示:

小球与大球相切给出 (23sinθ)2+362=492\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2;注意 232+242=110523^2 + 24^2 = 1105

Tangency of the small sphere to a big one gives (23sinθ)2+362=492;\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2; note 232+242=110523^2 + 24^2 = 1105

解答:

半径为 rr 且与两个平面相切的球,其球心在二面角的平分半平面上。若二面角为 2θ2\theta,则球心到 \ell 的距离为 rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta}。在过球心且垂直于 \ell 的截面中,\ell 上的点、球心和平面 P\mathcal{P} 上的切点形成一个直角三角形,在 \ell 处的角为 θ\theta,所以切点到 \ell 的距离为 rcosθsinθ\frac{r\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}

沿 \ell 方向测量位置。两个半径 3636 的球的球心到 \ell 的距离都为 36sinθ\frac{36}{\sin\theta},且两个球心相距 7272,所以它们沿 \ell 方向相差 7272。由对称性,半径 1313 的球心沿 \ell 方向位于它们的中点,且到 \ell 的距离为 13sinθ\frac{13}{\sin\theta}。它与每个大球外切,所以到每个大球心的距离为 4949(36sinθ13sinθ)2+362=492\left(\frac{36}{\sin\theta} - \frac{13}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2\text{,} 因此 (23sinθ)2=492362=1105\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 = 49^2 - 36^2 = 1105。由于 232+242=110523^2 + 24^2 = 1105,可得 sinθ=231105\sin\theta = \frac{23}{\sqrt{1105}}cosθ=241105\cos\theta = \frac{24}{\sqrt{1105}}

所求距离为 13cosθsinθ=132423=31223\frac{13\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{13 \cdot 24}{23} = \frac{312}{23},已经是最简形式,所以 m+n=312+23=335m + n = 312 + 23 = 335

A sphere of radius rr tangent to both planes has its center on the half-plane bisecting the dihedral angle. If the dihedral angle is 2θ,2\theta, the center is at distance rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. In the cross-section through the center perpendicular to ,\ell, the point of ,\ell, the center, and the tangent point on P\mathcal{P} form a right triangle with angle θ\theta at ,\ell, so the tangent point lies at distance rcosθsinθ\frac{r\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} from .\ell.

Measure positions along .\ell. The centers of the two radius-3636 spheres are both at distance 36sinθ\frac{36}{\sin\theta} from \ell and are 7272 apart, so they differ by 7272 along ,\ell, and by symmetry the radius-1313 center sits halfway between them along ,\ell, at distance 13sinθ\frac{13}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. External tangency makes its distance to each big center 49:49: (36sinθ13sinθ)2+362=492,\left(\frac{36}{\sin\theta} - \frac{13}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2, so (23sinθ)2=492362=1105.\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 = 49^2 - 36^2 = 1105. Since 232+242=1105,23^2 + 24^2 = 1105, we get sinθ=231105\sin\theta = \frac{23}{\sqrt{1105}} and cosθ=241105.\cos\theta = \frac{24}{\sqrt{1105}}.

The required distance is 13cosθsinθ=132423=31223,\frac{13\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{13 \cdot 24}{23} = \frac{312}{23}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=312+23=335.m + n = 312 + 23 = 335.

11.

一位老师带着一个由四名完全合乎逻辑的学生组成的班级。老师选择了一个由四个整数组成的集合 SS,并将 SS 中的数分别给每名学生,每人拿到的数互不相同。然后老师向全班宣布:SS 中的数是四个连续的两位正整数,SS 中某个数能被 66 整除,且 SS 中另一个不同的数能被 77 整除。接着老师问是否有学生能推断出 SS 是什么,但所有学生同时回答“不能”。

然而,在听到四名学生都回答不能之后,每名学生都能确定 SS 中的元素。求 SS 的最大元素所有可能值之和。

A teacher was leading a class of four perfectly logical students. The teacher chose a set SS of four integers and gave a different number in SS to each student. Then the teacher announced to the class that the numbers in SS were four consecutive two-digit positive integers, that some number in SS was divisible by 6,6, and a different number in SS was divisible by 7.7. The teacher then asked if any of the students could deduce what SS is, but in unison, all of the students replied no.

However, upon hearing that all four students replied no, each student was able to determine the elements of S.S. Find the sum of all possible values of the greatest element of S.S.

答案:258
难度评级:3060
小提示:

列出包含一个 66 的倍数和另一个不同的 77 的倍数的四个连续两位整数段

List the runs of four consecutive two-digit integers containing a multiple of 66 and a different multiple of 77

大提示:

当且仅当学生拿到的数属于不止一个这样的整数段时,该学生会回答不能;只保留四个数都不唯一的整数段

A student says no exactly when their number lies in more than one such run; keep only the runs whose four numbers are all ambiguous

解答:

称一个包含四个连续两位整数、且包含一个 66 的倍数和另一个不同的 77 的倍数的集合为一个整数段。这些正是老师宣布后 SS 的候选集合。若某个学生手中的数只属于一个整数段,他就能立刻说出 SS,所以四人一致回答“不能”说明 SS 的每个元素都至少属于两个整数段。

一个数只有在附近整数段重叠时才会属于两个不同的整数段,而这发生在一个 66 的倍数和一个 77 的倍数为相邻两位数时:(35,36)(35, 36)(48,49)(48, 49)(77,78)(77, 78)(90,91)(90, 91)。检查每个聚簇,四个元素都不唯一的整数段恰好是这些相邻倍数位于中间两个位置的整数段: {34,35,36,37},{47,48,49,50},{76,77,78,79},{89,90,91,92} \begin{aligned} &\{34, 35, 36, 37\}, \\ &\{47, 48, 49, 50\}, \\ &\{76, 77, 78, 79\}, \\ &\{89, 90, 91, 92\} \end{aligned}\text{。} 这四个集合两两不交,所以在四个“不能”回答之后,每名学生都能用自己的数唯一确定其中一个集合,这与所有人随后都能确定 SS 相符。

可能的最大元素为 3737505079799292,其和为 258258

Call a run any set of four consecutive two-digit integers containing a multiple of 66 and a different multiple of 7;7; the runs are exactly the candidates for SS allowed by the announcement. A student holding a number that lies in exactly one run could name SS immediately, so the unanimous “no” reveals that every element of SS lies in at least two runs.

A number belongs to two different runs only when nearby runs overlap, which happens when a multiple of 66 and a multiple of 77 are consecutive integers, both two-digit: the pairs (35,36),(35, 36), (48,49),(48, 49), (77,78),(77, 78), and (90,91).(90, 91). Checking each cluster, the runs all four of whose elements are ambiguous are exactly the ones with such a pair in the two middle positions: {34,35,36,37},{47,48,49,50},{76,77,78,79},{89,90,91,92}. \begin{aligned} &\{34, 35, 36, 37\}, \\ &\{47, 48, 49, 50\}, \\ &\{76, 77, 78, 79\}, \\ &\{89, 90, 91, 92\}. \end{aligned} These four sets are pairwise disjoint, so after the four “no” replies each student’s own number singles out one of them, consistent with everyone then deducing S.S.

The possible greatest elements are 37,37, 50,50, 79,79, and 92,92, with sum 258.258.

12.

一个凸四边形的面积为 3030,边长依次为 55669977。记该四边形两条对角线所成锐角的度数为 θ\theta。则 tanθ\tan \theta 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A convex quadrilateral has area 3030 and side lengths 5,5, 6,6, 9,9, and 7,7, in that order. Denote by θ\theta the measure of the acute angle formed by the diagonals of the quadrilateral. Then tanθ\tan \theta can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:47
难度评级:2920
小提示:

若两条对角线长分别为 ppqq,夹角为 θ\theta,则四边形面积为 12pqsinθ\frac{1}{2}pq\sin\theta

If the diagonals have lengths pp and qq and meet at angle θ,\theta, the area of the quadrilateral is 12pqsinθ\frac{1}{2}pq\sin\theta

大提示:

四个角落三角形中使用余弦定理,得到 BC2+DA2AB2CD2BC^2 + DA^2 - AB^2 - CD^2 =2pqcos(APB)= 2pq\cos(\angle APB),其中 PP 是对角线交点

The law of cosines in the four corner triangles gives BC2+DA2AB2CD2BC^2 + DA^2 - AB^2 - CD^2 =2pqcos(APB),= 2pq\cos(\angle APB), where PP is the diagonals’ intersection

解答:

将四边形标记为 ABCDABCD,其中 AB=5AB = 5BC=6BC = 6CD=9CD = 9DA=7DA = 7,设对角线交于 PP,把 AC\overline{AC} 分为 p1,p2p_1, p_2,把 BD\overline{BD} 分为 q1,q2q_1, q_2。令 φ=APB\varphi = \angle APB,在四个角落三角形中使用余弦定理(它们在 PP 处的角在 φ\varphi180φ180^\circ - \varphi 之间交替),得到 BC2+DA2AB2CD2=2(p1q1+p1q2+p2q1+p2q2)cosφ=2ACBDcosφ \begin{aligned} &BC^2 + DA^2 - AB^2 - CD^2 \\ &= 2(p_1q_1 + p_1q_2 + p_2q_1 + p_2q_2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \cos\varphi \\ &= 2\,AC \cdot BD \cos\varphi \end{aligned}\text{。}

左边为 36+492581=2136 + 49 - 25 - 81 = -21,所以 ACBDcosφ=212AC \cdot BD\,|\cos\varphi| = \frac{21}{2},而两条对角线所成的锐角 θ\theta 满足 ACBDcosθ=212AC \cdot BD \cos\theta = \frac{21}{2}。同时,四个角落三角形给出面积 12ACBDsinθ=30\frac{1}{2} AC \cdot BD \sin\theta = 30,所以 ACBDsinθ=60AC \cdot BD \sin\theta = 60

相除得 tanθ=60212=407\tan\theta = \frac{60}{\frac{21}{2}} = \frac{40}{7},所以 m+n=40+7=47m + n = 40 + 7 = 47

Label the quadrilateral ABCDABCD with AB=5,AB = 5, BC=6,BC = 6, CD=9,CD = 9, DA=7,DA = 7, and let the diagonals meet at P,P, cutting AC\overline{AC} into p1,p2p_1, p_2 and BD\overline{BD} into q1,q2.q_1, q_2. With φ=APB,\varphi = \angle APB, the law of cosines in the four corner triangles (whose angles at PP alternate between φ\varphi and 180φ180^\circ - \varphi) gives BC2+DA2AB2CD2=2(p1q1+p1q2+p2q1+p2q2)cosφ=2ACBDcosφ. \begin{aligned} &BC^2 + DA^2 - AB^2 - CD^2 \\ &= 2(p_1q_1 + p_1q_2 + p_2q_1 + p_2q_2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \cos\varphi \\ &= 2\,AC \cdot BD \cos\varphi. \end{aligned}

The left side is 36+492581=21,36 + 49 - 25 - 81 = -21, so ACBDcosφ=212,AC \cdot BD\,|\cos\varphi| = \frac{21}{2}, and the acute angle θ\theta between the diagonals satisfies ACBDcosθ=212.AC \cdot BD \cos\theta = \frac{21}{2}. Meanwhile the four corner triangles give the area 12ACBDsinθ=30,\frac{1}{2} AC \cdot BD \sin\theta = 30, so ACBDsinθ=60.AC \cdot BD \sin\theta = 60.

Dividing, tanθ=60212=407,\tan\theta = \frac{60}{\frac{21}{2}} = \frac{40}{7}, so m+n=40+7=47.m + n = 40 + 7 = 47.

13.

求最小正整数 nn,使得 2n+5nn2^n + 5^n - n10001000 的倍数。

Find the least positive integer nn for which 2n+5nn2^n + 5^n - n is a multiple of 1000.1000.

答案:797
难度评级:3160
小提示:

分解 1000=81251000 = 8 \cdot 125:当 n3n \ge 3 时,需要 n5n(mod8)n \equiv 5^n \pmod 8n2n(mod125)n \equiv 2^n \pmod{125}

Split 1000=8125:1000 = 8 \cdot 125: for n3n \ge 3 you need n5n(mod8)n \equiv 5^n \pmod 8 and n2n(mod125)n \equiv 2^n \pmod{125}

大提示:

2nmod1252^n \bmod 125 只取决于 nmod100n \bmod 100。先强制模 55 的一致性,再强制模 2525 的一致性,从而确定 nmod100n \bmod 100,最后用中国剩余定理。

2nmod1252^n \bmod 125 depends only on nmod100.n \bmod 100. Force consistency modulo 5,5, then 25,25, to pin down nmod100,n \bmod 100, and finish with CRT.

解答:

在模 88125125 下考虑。当 n3n \ge 3 时,2n0(mod8)2^n \equiv 0 \pmod 8,所以需要 n5n(mod8)n \equiv 5^n \pmod 8。若 nn 为偶数,则 5n15^n \equiv 1 会迫使偶数 nn 也满足 1(mod8)\equiv 1 \pmod 8,不可能;所以 nn 为奇数,5n55^n \equiv 5,且 n5(mod8)n \equiv 5 \pmod 8。另外 n3n \ge 35n0(mod125)5^n \equiv 0 \pmod{125},所以需要 n2n(mod125)n \equiv 2^n \pmod{125}

2255、模 2525、模 125125 的阶分别为 442020100100。由于 n5(mod8)n \equiv 5 \pmod 8 给出 n1(mod4)n \equiv 1 \pmod 4,所以 2n2(mod5)2^n \equiv 2 \pmod 5,故 n2(mod5)n \equiv 2 \pmod 5,进而 n17(mod20)n \equiv 17 \pmod{20}。于是 2n217=210272^n \equiv 2^{17} = 2^{10} \cdot 2^7 (1)(3)22(mod25)\equiv (-1)(3) \equiv 22 \pmod{25},所以 n22(mod25)n \equiv 22 \pmod{25}n1(mod4)n \equiv 1 \pmod 4 合并,得 n97(mod100)n \equiv 97 \pmod{100}。最后 210242^{10} \equiv 24220762^{20} \equiv 76240262^{40} \equiv 2628051(mod125)2^{80} \equiv 51 \pmod{125},所以 2n297=280210275124347(mod125) \begin{aligned} &2^n \equiv 2^{97} = 2^{80} \cdot 2^{10} \cdot 2^7 \\ &\equiv 51 \cdot 24 \cdot 3 \equiv 47 \pmod{125} \end{aligned}\text{,}n47(mod125)n \equiv 47 \pmod{125}

合并 n47(mod125)n \equiv 47 \pmod{125}n5(mod8)n \equiv 5 \pmod 8,得到 n797(mod1000)n \equiv 797 \pmod{1000},而 n=1,2n = 1, 2 直接检验不满足,所以最小的这样的 nn797797

Work modulo 88 and 125.125. For n3n \ge 3 we have 2n0(mod8),2^n \equiv 0 \pmod 8, so we need n5n(mod8).n \equiv 5^n \pmod 8. If nn is even then 5n1,5^n \equiv 1, forcing the even number nn to be 1(mod8),\equiv 1 \pmod 8, impossible; so nn is odd, 5n5,5^n \equiv 5, and n5(mod8).n \equiv 5 \pmod 8. Also 5n0(mod125)5^n \equiv 0 \pmod{125} for n3,n \ge 3, so we need n2n(mod125).n \equiv 2^n \pmod{125}.

The order of 22 is 44 modulo 5,5, 2020 modulo 25,25, and 100100 modulo 125.125. Since n5(mod8)n \equiv 5 \pmod 8 gives n1(mod4),n \equiv 1 \pmod 4, we get 2n2(mod5),2^n \equiv 2 \pmod 5, so n2(mod5)n \equiv 2 \pmod 5 and hence n17(mod20).n \equiv 17 \pmod{20}. Then 2n217=210272^n \equiv 2^{17} = 2^{10} \cdot 2^7 (1)(3)22(mod25),\equiv (-1)(3) \equiv 22 \pmod{25}, so n22(mod25),n \equiv 22 \pmod{25}, which with n1(mod4)n \equiv 1 \pmod 4 gives n97(mod100).n \equiv 97 \pmod{100}. Finally 21024,2^{10} \equiv 24, 22076,2^{20} \equiv 76, 24026,2^{40} \equiv 26, 28051(mod125),2^{80} \equiv 51 \pmod{125}, so 2n297=280210275124347(mod125), \begin{aligned} &2^n \equiv 2^{97} = 2^{80} \cdot 2^{10} \cdot 2^7 \\ &\equiv 51 \cdot 24 \cdot 3 \equiv 47 \pmod{125}, \end{aligned} giving n47(mod125).n \equiv 47 \pmod{125}.

Combining n47(mod125)n \equiv 47 \pmod{125} with n5(mod8)n \equiv 5 \pmod 8 yields n797(mod1000),n \equiv 797 \pmod{1000}, and n=1,2n = 1, 2 fail by direct check, so the least such nn is 797.797.

14.

ABC\triangle ABC 是一个锐角三角形,外心为 OO,重心为 GG。令 XXABC\triangle ABC 外接圆在 AA 处的切线与过 GG 且垂直于 GOGO 的直线的交点。令 YY 为直线 XGXGBCBC 的交点。已知 ABC\angle ABCBCA\angle BCAXOY\angle XOY 的度数之比为 13:2:1713 : 2 : 17,则 BAC\angle BAC 的度数可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter OO and centroid G.G. Let XX be the intersection of the line tangent to the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC at AA and the line perpendicular to GOGO at G.G. Let YY be the intersection of lines XGXG and BC.BC. Given that the measures of ABC,\angle ABC, BCA,\angle BCA, and XOY\angle XOY are in the ratio 13:2:17,13 : 2 : 17, the degree measure of BAC\angle BAC can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:592
难度评级:3370
小提示:

AAGG 处的直角使 OAXGOAXG 共圆;GGMMBC\overline{BC} 的中点)处的直角使 OGYMOGYM 共圆

Right angles at AA and GG make OAXGOAXG cyclic; right angles at GG and MM (the midpoint of BC\overline{BC}) make OGYMOGYM cyclic

大提示:

在这两个圆中,同弦 OGOG 所对的角相等,给出 XOY=AOM\angle XOY = \angle AOM,而中心角可以用原三角形的角表示

Equal angles on chord OGOG in those circles give XOY=AOM,\angle XOY = \angle AOM, which central angles express in terms of the triangle’s angles

解答:

MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点,则 AAGGMM 在同一条中线上,而 XXGGYY 按定义共线。由于 OAAXOA \perp AX(切线与半径垂直)且 OGGXOG \perp GX,四边形 OAXGOAXGOX\overline{OX} 为直径共圆。又因为 OGGYOG \perp GY,且 OMMYOM \perp MY(圆心到弦中点的线段垂直于弦),四边形 OGYMOGYMOY\overline{OY} 为直径共圆。

在每个圆中,弦 OG\overline{OG} 所对的角相等,所以 OXY=OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =OAG=OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM,并且 OYX=OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =OMG=OMA= \angle OMG = \angle OMA。因此三角形 OXYOXYOAMOAM 的底角和相同,得到 XOY=180OXYOYX=180OAMOMA=AOM \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM \end{aligned}\text{。}

ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13kBCA=2k\angle BCA = 2k,则 BAC=18015k\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k。中心角给出 AOB=2BCA=4k\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k,而 OM\overline{OM} 平分 BOC=2BAC\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC,所以在靠近 BB 的一侧(因为 ABC>BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA,也就是靠近 AA 所对弧的一侧), AOM=AOB+BOM=4k+(18015k)=18011k \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k \end{aligned}\text{。}18011k=XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k,得 k=457k = \frac{45}{7},所以 BAC=18015457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} 度,且三个角都为锐角。因此 m+n=585+7=592m + n = 585 + 7 = 592

Let MM be the midpoint of BC,\overline{BC}, so A,A, G,G, MM are collinear along the median, while X,X, G,G, YY are collinear by definition. Since OAAXOA \perp AX (tangent and radius) and OGGX,OG \perp GX, quadrilateral OAXGOAXG is cyclic with diameter OX.\overline{OX}. Since OGGYOG \perp GY and OMMYOM \perp MY (the segment from the center to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to it), quadrilateral OGYMOGYM is cyclic with diameter OY.\overline{OY}.

In each circle the chord OG\overline{OG} subtends equal angles, so OXY=OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =OAG=OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM and OYX=OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =OMG=OMA.= \angle OMG = \angle OMA. Triangles OXYOXY and OAMOAM therefore have the same angle sums at their bases, giving XOY=180OXYOYX=180OAMOMA=AOM. \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM. \end{aligned}

Write ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13k and BCA=2k,\angle BCA = 2k, so BAC=18015k.\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k. Central angles give AOB=2BCA=4k,\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k, and OM\overline{OM} bisects BOC=2BAC,\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC, so on the side of BB (nearer to AA’s arc since ABC>BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA), AOM=AOB+BOM=4k+(18015k)=18011k. \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k. \end{aligned} Setting 18011k=XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k gives k=457,k = \frac{45}{7}, so BAC=18015457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} degrees, and all three angles are acute as required. Then m+n=585+7=592.m + n = 585 + 7 = 592.

15.

对正整数 nn,函数 f(n)f(n)g(n)g(n) 满足 f(n)={n若 n 是整数1+f(n+1)否则 \begin{aligned} &f(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{若 } \sqrt{n} \text{ 是} \\ \text{整数}} \\ 1 + f(n+1) & \text{否则} \end{cases} \end{aligned} 以及 g(n)={n若 n 是整数2+g(n+2)否则 \begin{aligned} &g(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{若 } \sqrt{n} \text{ 是} \\ \text{整数}} \\ 2 + g(n+2) & \text{否则} \end{cases} \end{aligned}\text{。} 求满足 f(n)g(n)=47\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7} 的最小正整数 nn

Let f(n)f(n) and g(n)g(n) be functions satisfying f(n)={nif n isan integer1+f(n+1)otherwise \begin{aligned} &f(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 1 + f(n+1) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned} and g(n)={nif n isan integer2+g(n+2)otherwise \begin{aligned} &g(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 2 + g(n+2) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned} for positive integers n.n. Find the least positive integer nn such that f(n)g(n)=47.\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7}.

答案:258
难度评级:3160
小提示:

kk 是满足 k2nk^2 \ge n 的最小整数,则 f(n)=k+k2nf(n) = k + k^2 - n,而 gg 会每次增加 22 一直走到与 nn 同奇偶性的最小平方数

If kk is the least integer with k2n,k^2 \ge n, then f(n)=k+k2n,f(n) = k + k^2 - n, and gg climbs by 22s to the least square of the same parity as nn

大提示:

只有当 kknn 奇偶性相反时,比值才不等于 11;此时 gf=2k+2g - f = 2k + 2,所以 7f=4g7f = 4g 迫使 3f=8(k+1)3f = 8(k + 1)

The ratio differs from 11 only when kk and nn have opposite parity; then gf=2k+2,g - f = 2k + 2, so 7f=4g7f = 4g forces 3f=8(k+1)3f = 8(k + 1)

解答:

kk 为满足 k2nk^2 \ge n 的最小整数。函数 ff 每次前进一步直到下一个完全平方数,所以 f(n)=k+(k2n)f(n) = k + (k^2 - n)。函数 gg 每次前进 22 步,保持自变量的奇偶性,而 j2j(mod2)j^2 \equiv j \pmod 2,所以 g(n)=j+(j2n)g(n) = j + (j^2 - n),其中 jj 是满足 j2nj^2 \ge njn(mod2)j \equiv n \pmod 2 的最小整数。若 kn(mod2)k \equiv n \pmod 2,则 j=kj = k,比值为 11;所以需要 k≢n(mod2)k \not\equiv n \pmod 2,此时 j=k+1j = k + 1,且 g(n)f(n)=(k+1)2k2+1g(n) - f(n) = (k+1)^2 - k^2 + 1 =2k+2= 2k + 2

于是 7f=4g=4f+4(2k+2)7f = 4g = 4f + 4(2k + 2),得 f=8(k+1)3f = \frac{8(k+1)}{3},所以 k2(mod3)k \equiv 2 \pmod 3,并且 n=k2+k8(k+1)3n = k^2 + k - \frac{8(k+1)}{3}\text{,} 还需满足 (k1)2<nk2(k-1)^2 \lt n \le k^2n≢k(mod2)n \not\equiv k \pmod 2

k=2,5,8,11k = 2, 5, 8, 11,公式分别给出 n=2,14,48,100n = -2, 14, 48, 100,都不满足 n>(k1)2n \gt (k-1)^2;对 k=14k = 14n=170n = 170 在范围内,但与 kk 奇偶性相同。对 k=17k = 17n=289+1748=258n = 289 + 17 - 48 = 258,满足 256<258289256 \lt 258 \le 289,且所得数为偶数,而 kk 为奇数。确实,f(258)=17+31=48f(258) = 17 + 31 = 48g(258)=18+66=84g(258) = 18 + 66 = 84,且 4884=47\frac{48}{84} = \frac{4}{7},所以最小的 nn258258

Let kk be the least integer with k2n.k^2 \ge n. The function ff climbs one step at a time to the next perfect square, so f(n)=k+(k2n).f(n) = k + (k^2 - n). The function gg climbs by 22s, preserving the parity of its argument, and j2j(mod2),j^2 \equiv j \pmod 2, so g(n)=j+(j2n)g(n) = j + (j^2 - n) where jj is the least integer with j2nj^2 \ge n and jn(mod2).j \equiv n \pmod 2. If kn(mod2)k \equiv n \pmod 2 then j=kj = k and the ratio is 1;1; so we need k≢n(mod2),k \not\equiv n \pmod 2, in which case j=k+1j = k + 1 and g(n)f(n)=(k+1)2k2+1g(n) - f(n) = (k+1)^2 - k^2 + 1 =2k+2.= 2k + 2.

Then 7f=4g=4f+4(2k+2)7f = 4g = 4f + 4(2k + 2) gives f=8(k+1)3,f = \frac{8(k+1)}{3}, so k2(mod3)k \equiv 2 \pmod 3 and n=k2+k8(k+1)3,n = k^2 + k - \frac{8(k+1)}{3}, subject to (k1)2<nk2(k-1)^2 \lt n \le k^2 and n≢k(mod2).n \not\equiv k \pmod 2.

For k=2,5,8,11k = 2, 5, 8, 11 the formula gives n=2,14,48,100,n = -2, 14, 48, 100, each failing n>(k1)2;n \gt (k-1)^2; for k=14,k = 14, n=170n = 170 is in range but has the same parity as k.k. For k=17,k = 17, n=289+1748=258,n = 289 + 17 - 48 = 258, which satisfies 256<258289256 \lt 258 \le 289 and is even while kk is odd. Indeed f(258)=17+31=48f(258) = 17 + 31 = 48 and g(258)=18+66=84,g(258) = 18 + 66 = 84, with 4884=47,\frac{48}{84} = \frac{4}{7}, so the least nn is 258.258.