2021 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

设 △ABC\triangle ABC 是一个锐角三角形,外心为 OO,重心为 GG。令 XX 为 △ABC\triangle ABC 外接圆在 AA 处的切线与过 GG 且垂直于 GOGO 的直线的交点。令 YY 为直线 XGXG 与 BCBC 的交点。已知 ∠ABC\angle ABC、∠BCA\angle BCA 与 ∠XOY\angle XOY 的度数之比为 13:2:1713 : 2 : 17,则 ∠BAC\angle BAC 的度数可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n。

Let △ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter OO and centroid G.G. Let XX be the intersection of the line tangent to the circumcircle of △ABC\triangle ABC at AA and the line perpendicular to GOGO at G.G. Let YY be the intersection of lines XGXG and BC.BC. Given that the measures of ∠ABC,\angle ABC, ∠BCA,\angle BCA, and ∠XOY\angle XOY are in the ratio 13:2:17,13 : 2 : 17, the degree measure of ∠BAC\angle BAC can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:592
知识点:外接圆、外心与外接圆半径圆内接四边形导角重心
难度评级:3370
小提示:

AA 和 GG 处的直角使 OAXGOAXG 共圆;GG 和 MM(BC‾\overline{BC} 的中点)处的直角使 OGYMOGYM 共圆

Right angles at AA and GG make OAXGOAXG cyclic; right angles at GG and MM (the midpoint of BC‾\overline{BC}) make OGYMOGYM cyclic

大提示:

在这两个圆中,同弦 OGOG 所对的角相等,给出 ∠XOY=∠AOM\angle XOY = \angle AOM,而中心角可以用原三角形的角表示

Equal angles on chord OGOG in those circles give ∠XOY=∠AOM,\angle XOY = \angle AOM, which central angles express in terms of the triangle’s angles

解答:

令 MM 为 BC‾\overline{BC} 的中点,则 AA,GG,MM 在同一条中线上,而 XX,GG,YY 按定义共线。由于 OA⊥AXOA \perp AX(切线与半径垂直)且 OG⊥GXOG \perp GX,四边形 OAXGOAXG 以 OX‾\overline{OX} 为直径共圆。又因为 OG⊥GYOG \perp GY,且 OM⊥MYOM \perp MY(圆心到弦中点的线段垂直于弦),四边形 OGYMOGYM 以 OY‾\overline{OY} 为直径共圆。

在每个圆中,弦 OG‾\overline{OG} 所对的角相等,所以 ∠OXY=∠OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =∠OAG=∠OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM,并且 ∠OYX=∠OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =∠OMG=∠OMA= \angle OMG = \angle OMA。因此三角形 OXYOXY 与 OAMOAM 的底角和相同,得到 ∠XOY=180∘−∠OXY−∠OYX=180∘−∠OAM−∠OMA=∠AOM。 \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM \end{aligned}\text{。}

设 ∠ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13k、∠BCA=2k\angle BCA = 2k,则 ∠BAC=180∘−15k\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k。中心角给出 ∠AOB=2∠BCA=4k\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k,而 OM‾\overline{OM} 平分 ∠BOC=2∠BAC\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC,所以在靠近 BB 的一侧(因为 ∠ABC>∠BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA,也就是靠近 AA 所对弧的一侧), ∠AOM=∠AOB+∠BOM=4k+(180∘−15k)=180∘−11k。 \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k \end{aligned}\text{。} 令 180∘−11k=∠XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k,得 k=457k = \frac{45}{7},所以 ∠BAC=180∘−15⋅457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} 度,且三个角都为锐角。因此 m+n=585+7=592m + n = 585 + 7 = 592。

Let MM be the midpoint of BC‾,\overline{BC}, so A,A, G,G, MM are collinear along the median, while X,X, G,G, YY are collinear by definition. Since OA⊥AXOA \perp AX (tangent and radius) and OG⊥GX,OG \perp GX, quadrilateral OAXGOAXG is cyclic with diameter OX‾.\overline{OX}. Since OG⊥GYOG \perp GY and OM⊥MYOM \perp MY (the segment from the center to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to it), quadrilateral OGYMOGYM is cyclic with diameter OY‾.\overline{OY}.

In each circle the chord OG‾\overline{OG} subtends equal angles, so ∠OXY=∠OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =∠OAG=∠OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM and ∠OYX=∠OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =∠OMG=∠OMA.= \angle OMG = \angle OMA. Triangles OXYOXY and OAMOAM therefore have the same angle sums at their bases, giving ∠XOY=180∘−∠OXY−∠OYX=180∘−∠OAM−∠OMA=∠AOM. \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM. \end{aligned}

Write ∠ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13k and ∠BCA=2k,\angle BCA = 2k, so ∠BAC=180∘−15k.\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k. Central angles give ∠AOB=2∠BCA=4k,\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k, and OM‾\overline{OM} bisects ∠BOC=2∠BAC,\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC, so on the side of BB (nearer to AA’s arc since ∠ABC>∠BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA), ∠AOM=∠AOB+∠BOM=4k+(180∘−15k)=180∘−11k. \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k. \end{aligned} Setting 180∘−11k=∠XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k gives k=457,k = \frac{45}{7}, so ∠BAC=180∘−15⋅457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} degrees, and all three angles are acute as required. Then m+n=585+7=592.m + n = 585 + 7 = 592.

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