2018 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

三角形 ABCABC 的内切圆 ω\omega 与 BC‾\overline{BC} 相切于 XX。设 Y≠XY \neq X 为 AX‾\overline{AX} 与 ω\omega 的另一个交点。点 PP 与 QQ 分别位于 AB‾\overline{AB} 与 AC‾\overline{AC} 上,使得 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 在 YY 处与 ω\omega 相切。已知 AP=3AP = 3、PB=4PB = 4、AC=8AC = 8,且 AQ=mnAQ = \frac{m}{n},其中 mm 与 nn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n。

The incircle ω\omega of triangle ABCABC is tangent to BC‾\overline{BC} at X.X. Let Y≠XY \neq X be the other intersection of AX‾\overline{AX} with ω.\omega. Points PP and QQ lie on AB‾\overline{AB} and AC‾,\overline{AC}, respectively, so that PQ‾\overline{PQ} is tangent to ω\omega at Y.Y. Assume that AP=3,AP = 3, PB=4,PB = 4, AC=8,AC = 8, and AQ=mn,AQ = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:227
知识点:内切圆、内心与内切圆半径切线正弦定理导角
难度评级:3500
小提示:

设内切圆与 ABAB 相切于 ZZ 与 ACAC 相切于 WW。在 YY 与 XX 处用切线-弦定角可得 ∠AYP=∠YXC\angle AYP = \angle YXC;在三角形 APYAPY 与 ABXABX 中使用正弦定理

Let the incircle touch ABAB at ZZ and ACAC at W.W. Tangent-chord angles at YY and XX show ∠AYP=∠YXC;\angle AYP = \angle YXC; use the law of sines in triangles APYAPY and ABXABX

大提示:

AZAZ 是 APAP 与 ABAB 的调和平均数:2AZ=1AP+1AB\frac{2}{AZ} = \frac{1}{AP} + \frac{1}{AB},类似地 2AW=1AQ+1AC\frac{2}{AW} = \frac{1}{AQ} + \frac{1}{AC},且 AW=AZAW = AZ

AZAZ is the harmonic mean of APAP and AB:AB: 2AZ=1AP+1AB,\frac{2}{AZ} = \frac{1}{AP} + \frac{1}{AB}, and likewise 2AW=1AQ+1AC\frac{2}{AW} = \frac{1}{AQ} + \frac{1}{AC} with AW=AZAW = AZ

解答:

设 ω\omega 与 AB‾\overline{AB} 相切于 ZZ 与 AC‾\overline{AC} 相切于 WW,并设 α=∠BAX\alpha = \angle BAX、β=∠AXC\beta = \angle AXC。切线 PQPQ 与弦 XYXY 所成的角等于切线 BCBC 与弦 XYXY 所成的角,所以 ∠QYX=∠YXC=β\angle QYX = \angle YXC = \beta,再由对顶角得 ∠AYP=β\angle AYP = \beta。在三角形 APYAPY 中用正弦定理得 PY=AP sin⁡αsin⁡βPY = AP\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta},又由切线长相等 PZ=PYPZ = PY,所以 AZAP=1+PYAP=1+sin⁡αsin⁡β\frac{AZ}{AP} = 1 + \frac{PY}{AP} = 1 + \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}。在三角形 ABXABX 中,由于 ∠AXB=180∘−β\angle AXB = 180^\circ - \beta,同理 BX=AB sin⁡αsin⁡βBX = AB\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta},且 BZ=BXBZ = BX,于是 AZAB=1−sin⁡αsin⁡β\frac{AZ}{AB} = 1 - \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}。

将两个关系相加,得 AZAP+AZAB=2\frac{AZ}{AP} + \frac{AZ}{AB} = 2。由于 AP=3AP = 3、AB=7AB = 7,得到 AZ(13+17)=2AZ\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{7}\right) = 2,因此 AZ=215AZ = \frac{21}{5}。在边 ACAC 上作同样论证(在三角形 AQYAQY 与 ACXACX 中使用 ∠XAC\angle XAC),得 AWAQ+AWAC=2\frac{AW}{AQ} + \frac{AW}{AC} = 2。又因为从 AA 引出的两条切线等长,AW=AZ=215AW = AZ = \frac{21}{5}。因此 1AQ=1021−18=59168,\frac{1}{AQ} = \frac{10}{21} - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{59}{168}\text{,}所以 AQ=16859AQ = \frac{168}{59},m+n=168+59=227m + n = 168 + 59 = 227。

Let ω\omega touch AB‾\overline{AB} at ZZ and AC‾\overline{AC} at W,W, and set α=∠BAX\alpha = \angle BAX and β=∠AXC.\beta = \angle AXC. The tangent-chord angle between PQPQ and chord XYXY equals the one between BCBC and XY,XY, so ∠QYX=∠YXC=β,\angle QYX = \angle YXC = \beta, and vertical angles give ∠AYP=β.\angle AYP = \beta. In triangle APYAPY the law of sines gives PY=AP sin⁡αsin⁡β,PY = AP\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}, and by equal tangents PZ=PY,PZ = PY, so AZAP=1+PYAP=1+sin⁡αsin⁡β.\frac{AZ}{AP} = 1 + \frac{PY}{AP} = 1 + \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}. In triangle ABX,ABX, since ∠AXB=180∘−β,\angle AXB = 180^\circ - \beta, similarly BX=AB sin⁡αsin⁡β,BX = AB\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}, and BZ=BXBZ = BX gives AZAB=1−sin⁡αsin⁡β.\frac{AZ}{AB} = 1 - \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}.

Adding the two relations, AZAP+AZAB=2,\frac{AZ}{AP} + \frac{AZ}{AB} = 2, so with AP=3AP = 3 and AB=7AB = 7 we get AZ(13+17)=2,AZ\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{7}\right) = 2, hence AZ=215.AZ = \frac{21}{5}. The identical argument on side ACAC (using ∠XAC\angle XAC in triangles AQYAQY and ACXACX) gives AWAQ+AWAC=2,\frac{AW}{AQ} + \frac{AW}{AC} = 2, and AW=AZ=215AW = AZ = \frac{21}{5} by equal tangents from A.A. Therefore 1AQ=1021−18=59168,\frac{1}{AQ} = \frac{10}{21} - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{59}{168}, so AQ=16859AQ = \frac{168}{59} and m+n=168+59=227.m + n = 168 + 59 = 227.

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