2016 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

等边三角形 △ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 600600。点 PP 与 QQ 在 △ABC\triangle ABC 所在平面外,并位于该平面的相对两侧。此外,PA=PB=PCPA = PB = PC,且 QA=QB=QCQA = QB = QC,并且 △PAB\triangle PAB 所在平面与 △QAB\triangle QAB 所在平面形成 120∘120^\circ 的二面角(两个平面之间的角)。存在一点 OO,它到 AA、BB、CC、PP、QQ 的距离都为 dd。求 dd。

Equilateral △ABC\triangle ABC has side length 600.600. Points PP and QQ lie outside the plane of △ABC\triangle ABC and are on opposite sides of the plane. Furthermore, PA=PB=PC,PA = PB = PC, and QA=QB=QC,QA = QB = QC, and the planes of △PAB\triangle PAB and △QAB\triangle QAB form a 120∘120^\circ dihedral angle (the angle between the two planes). There is a point OO whose distance from each of A,A, B,B, C,C, P,P, and QQ is d.d. Find d.d.

答案:450
知识点:立体几何三角恒等式圆周角对称性
难度评级:3370
小提示:

PP、QQ、OO 都在过 △ABC\triangle ABC 中心且垂直于其平面的直线上,并且 OO 是 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 的中点

P,P, Q,Q, and OO all lie on the line through the center of △ABC\triangle ABC perpendicular to its plane, and OO is the midpoint of PQ‾\overline{PQ}

大提示:

因为 OC=OP=OQOC = OP = OQ,所以有 ∠PCQ=90∘\angle PCQ = 90^\circ,从而 CH2=PH⋅QHCH^2 = PH \cdot QH。再结合 AB‾\overline{AB} 中点处的正切加法公式。

Since OC=OP=OQ,OC = OP = OQ, ∠PCQ=90∘,\angle PCQ = 90^\circ, so CH2=PH⋅QH.CH^2 = PH \cdot QH. Combine with the tangent addition formula at the midpoint of AB‾.\overline{AB}.

解答:

因为 PA=PB=PCPA = PB = PC 且 QA=QB=QCQA = QB = QC,点 PP 与 QQ 都在过 △ABC\triangle ABC 的中心 HH 且垂直于其平面的直线上,并位于两侧。任意到 AA、BB、CC 等距的点也在这条直线上,所以 OO 在这条直线上;又 OP=OQ=dOP = OQ = d,所以 OO 是 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 的中点,且 PQ=2dPQ = 2d。令 DD 为 AB‾\overline{AB} 的中点,并设 a=600a = 600;则 DH=a36DH = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6},CH=a33CH = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{3}。因为 PD‾⊥AB‾\overline{PD} \perp \overline{AB} 且 QD‾⊥AB‾\overline{QD} \perp \overline{AB},二面角为 ∠PDQ=120∘\angle PDQ = 120^\circ;设 x=∠PDHx = \angle PDH、y=∠QDHy = \angle QDH,于是 x+y=120∘x + y = 120^\circ。

直角三角形 PDHPDH 与 QDHQDH 给出 PH=DHtan⁡xPH = DH \tan x 和 QH=DHtan⁡yQH = DH \tan y,所以 2d=PQ=PH+QH=a36⋅(tan⁡x+tan⁡y)。 \begin{aligned} 2d = PQ &= PH \\ &\quad {}+ QH \\ &= \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (\tan x + \tan y) \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 OC=OP=OQ=dOC = OP = OQ = d,点 CC 在以 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 为直径的圆上,所以 ∠PCQ=90∘\angle PCQ = 90^\circ,且 HH 是从 CC 到斜边 PQ‾\overline{PQ} 的高的垂足。因此 CH2=PH⋅QHCH^2 = PH \cdot QH,得到 tan⁡xtan⁡y=CH2DH2=4\tan x \tan y = \frac{CH^2}{DH^2} = 4。

由正切加法公式,−3=tan⁡120∘-\sqrt{3} = \tan 120^\circ =tan⁡x+tan⁡y1−tan⁡xtan⁡y= \frac{\tan x + \tan y}{1 - \tan x \tan y} =tan⁡x+tan⁡y−3= \frac{\tan x + \tan y}{-3},所以 tan⁡x+tan⁡y=33\tan x + \tan y = 3\sqrt{3}。于是 2d=a36⋅33=3a22d = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6} \cdot 3\sqrt{3} = \frac{3a}{2},因此 d=3a4=450d = \frac{3a}{4} = 450。

Since PA=PB=PCPA = PB = PC and QA=QB=QC,QA = QB = QC, both PP and QQ lie on the line through the center HH of △ABC\triangle ABC perpendicular to its plane, on opposite sides. Any point equidistant from A,A, B,B, CC also lies on that line, so OO is on it, and OP=OQ=dOP = OQ = d makes OO the midpoint of PQ‾,\overline{PQ}, with PQ=2d.PQ = 2d. Let DD be the midpoint of AB‾\overline{AB} and a=600;a = 600; then DH=a36DH = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6} and CH=a33.CH = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{3}. Since PD‾⊥AB‾\overline{PD} \perp \overline{AB} and QD‾⊥AB‾,\overline{QD} \perp \overline{AB}, the dihedral angle is ∠PDQ=120∘;\angle PDQ = 120^\circ; write x=∠PDHx = \angle PDH and y=∠QDH,y = \angle QDH, so x+y=120∘.x + y = 120^\circ.

Right triangles PDHPDH and QDHQDH give PH=DHtan⁡xPH = DH \tan x and QH=DHtan⁡y,QH = DH \tan y, so 2d=PQ=PH+QH=a36⋅(tan⁡x+tan⁡y). \begin{aligned} 2d = PQ &= PH \\ &\quad {}+ QH \\ &= \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (\tan x + \tan y). \end{aligned} Since OC=OP=OQ=d,OC = OP = OQ = d, point CC lies on the circle with diameter PQ‾,\overline{PQ}, so ∠PCQ=90∘,\angle PCQ = 90^\circ, and HH is the foot of the altitude from CC to the hypotenuse PQ‾.\overline{PQ}. Thus CH2=PH⋅QH,CH^2 = PH \cdot QH, which gives tan⁡xtan⁡y=CH2DH2=4.\tan x \tan y = \frac{CH^2}{DH^2} = 4.

By the tangent addition formula, −3=tan⁡120∘-\sqrt{3} = \tan 120^\circ =tan⁡x+tan⁡y1−tan⁡xtan⁡y= \frac{\tan x + \tan y}{1 - \tan x \tan y} =tan⁡x+tan⁡y−3,= \frac{\tan x + \tan y}{-3}, so tan⁡x+tan⁡y=33.\tan x + \tan y = 3\sqrt{3}. Then 2d=a36⋅33=3a2,2d = \frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6} \cdot 3\sqrt{3} = \frac{3a}{2}, so d=3a4=450.d = \frac{3a}{4} = 450.

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