2016 AIME II 详解
向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试。
所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
起初 Alex、Betty 和 Charlie 一共有 颗花生。Charlie 的花生最多,Alex 的花生最少。三人各自拥有的花生数成等比数列。Alex 吃掉了 颗,Betty 吃掉了 颗,Charlie 吃掉了 颗。现在三人各自剩下的花生数成等差数列。求 Alex 起初有多少颗花生。
Initially Alex, Betty, and Charlie had a total of peanuts. Charlie had the most peanuts, and Alex had the least. The three numbers of peanuts that each person had form a geometric progression. Alex eats of his peanuts, Betty eats of her peanuts, and Charlie eats of his peanuts. Now the three numbers of peanuts that each person has form an arithmetic progression. Find the number of peanuts Alex had initially.
小提示:
三人都吃完后还剩 颗花生,且成等差数列,所以中间那个人的数量是
After everyone eats, peanuts remain in arithmetic progression, so the middle amount is
大提示:
Betty 起初有 颗。把三人起初的花生数写成 、、,再利用总数 。
Betty began with Write the starting amounts as and use the total
解答:
吃掉花生后,还剩 颗,并且三个数量成等差数列,所以中间项,也就是 Betty 的数量,是 。因此 Betty 起初有 颗花生。
起始数量成等比数列,所以可写成 、 和 ,其中 (因为 Charlie 最多而 Alex 最少)。于是 化简得 ,根为 与 。因为 ,取 。
所以 Alex 起初有 颗花生。(检验:吃完后数量为 、、,公差为 。)
After the eating, peanuts remain, and the three amounts form an arithmetic progression, so the middle amount, Betty’s, is Hence Betty started with peanuts.
The starting amounts form a geometric progression, so they are and with (Charlie had the most and Alex the least). Then which simplifies to with roots and since we take
So Alex initially had peanuts. (Check: after eating, the amounts increase by each.)
2.
星期六下雨的概率是 ,星期天下雨的概率是 。不过,如果星期六下雨,星期天下雨的可能性是星期六不下雨时的两倍。这个周末至少有一天会下雨的概率是 ,其中 与 是互质的正整数。求 。
There is a chance of rain on Saturday and a chance of rain on Sunday. However, it is twice as likely to rain on Sunday if it rains on Saturday than if it does not rain on Saturday. The probability that it rains at least one day this weekend is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
设星期六不下雨时星期天下雨的概率为 ;那么星期六下雨时这个概率为 。使用星期天下雨的总概率 。
Let be the chance of Sunday rain when Saturday is dry; then it is when Saturday is rainy. Use the overall
大提示:
求出 后,整个周末都不下雨的概率是
Once is known, the chance of a completely dry weekend is
解答:
设星期六不下雨时星期天下雨的概率为 ;星期六下雨时,这个概率为 。由星期天下雨的总概率得 所以 ,从而 。
周末完全不下雨,恰好是星期六不下雨且随后星期天也不下雨,其概率为 。因此至少一天下雨的概率是 ,已经是最简分数,所以 。
Let be the probability that it rains on Sunday given a dry Saturday; given a rainy Saturday it is The overall Sunday chance gives so and
The weekend is completely dry exactly when Saturday is dry and then Sunday is dry: So the probability of rain on at least one day is which is in lowest terms, and
3.
设实数 、、 满足方程组 求 的值。
Let and be real numbers satisfying the system Find the value of
小提示:
先去掉每个外层对数:方程变为 、、
Undo each outer logarithm: the equations become
大提示:
令 ,其余两个变量也作类似表示,再把三个方程相加: 只有一个解
Set etc., and add all three equations: has exactly one solution
解答:
对每个方程取指数得 ,另外两个方程同理,所以 令 、、,则 。
三个方程相加得 ,其中 。左边是关于 的严格递增函数,且 可行,因为 ,所以 ,并且 。
于是 ,,,所以 。
Exponentiating each equation gives and similarly for the others, so Write so that
Adding the three equations gives where The left side is strictly increasing in and works since so and
Then and so
4.
一个 的长方体由 个单位立方体组成。每个单位立方体被涂成红色、绿色或黄色。平行于长方体 面的 层共有 层,每层恰有 个红色立方体、 个绿色立方体和若干黄色立方体。平行于 面的 层共有 层,每层恰有 个绿色立方体、 个黄色立方体和若干红色立方体。求这个长方体可能的最小体积。
An rectangular box is built from unit cubes. Each unit cube is colored red, green, or yellow. Each of the layers of size parallel to the -faces of the box contains exactly red cubes, exactly green cubes, and some yellow cubes. Each of the layers of size parallel to the -faces of the box contains exactly green cubes, exactly yellow cubes, and some red cubes. Find the smallest possible volume of the box.
小提示:
用两个层方向分别统计整个长方体中每种颜色的数量;例如绿色给出
Count each color over the whole box using both layer directions; for instance green gives
大提示:
计数会推出 和 ,所以体积是 ,其中 同时整除 与
The counts force and so the volume is with dividing both and
解答:
每个 层恰有 个红色和 个绿色立方体,因此恰有 个黄色立方体;每个 层恰有 个绿色和 个黄色立方体,因此恰有 个红色立方体。用两种方式统计整个长方体中的绿色立方体,得 ,所以 。统计黄色立方体得 ,所以 。统计红色立方体得 ,且 ,所以 。
因此 和 是正整数,所以 整除 。体积为 ,当 时最小。此时体积为 ,且 。
这可以实现:把每个 层涂成三行相同的 RRRGGGGYYYYY。于是每个 层有 个红色、 个绿色和 个黄色立方体;每个 层有 个红色、 个绿色和 个黄色立方体。所以最小可能体积是 。
Each layer has exactly red and green cubes, hence exactly yellow; each layer has exactly green and yellow, hence exactly red. Counting green cubes in the whole box both ways gives so Counting yellow both ways gives so Counting red both ways gives and so
Thus and are positive integers, so divides and the volume is smallest when volume with
This is achievable: color every layer with three identical rows RRRGGGGYYYYY. Then each layer has red, green, and yellow cubes, and each layer has red, green, and yellow cubes. So the smallest possible volume is
5.
三角形 在 处为直角。它的三条边长是两两互质的正整数,周长为 。令 为到 的高的垂足;对 ,令 为 中到 的高的垂足。已知 。求 。
Triangle has a right angle at Its side lengths are pairwise relatively prime positive integers, and its perimeter is Let be the foot of the altitude to and for let be the foot of the altitude to in The sum Find
小提示:
每条新高都会产生一个与前一个三角形相似的三角形,所以长度 构成等比数列
Each new altitude creates a triangle similar to the one before, so the lengths form a geometric series
大提示:
设直角边 、,斜边为 ,这个级数和为 。分解 来化简。
With legs hypotenuse the series sums to Factor to simplify.
解答:
设 、、。第一条高给出 ,并且 ,相似比为 。之后每条高都在缩小为原来 的三角形中重复同样构造,所以线段 构成等比数列,并且
因为 ,所以 从而 ,也就是 。把 平方,并使用 ,得 ,因此 。
由于边长两两互质, 且 ,所以 ,并且确实有 。于是 (且 ,检验成立)。
Let and The altitude gives and with ratio Each later altitude repeats this construction in a triangle scaled by so the segments form a geometric series and
Since we get so that is Squaring and using gives hence
Because the side lengths are pairwise relatively prime, and so and indeed Then (and checks).
6.
对多项式 ,定义 那么 ,其中 与 是互质的正整数。求 。
For polynomial define Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
的系数全为正,而 是这类多项式的乘积
The coefficients of are all positive, and is a product of such polynomials
大提示:
所以 正好是
So is just
解答:
代入的各个幂 都是奇次幂,所以 。因为 只有非负系数,所以每个因子 以及乘积 也都只有非负系数。 中 的系数是 ,所以 。
因此 所以 。
Every substituted power is odd, so Since has only nonnegative coefficients, so does each factor and hence so does the product The coefficient of in is so
Therefore and
7.
正方形 与 有共同的中心,且 。 的面积为 , 的面积是一个较小的正整数。构造正方形 ,使它的每个顶点都在 的一条边上,并且 的每个顶点都在 的一条边上。求 面积的所有可能整数值中,最大值与最小值的差。
Squares and have a common center and The area of is and the area of is a smaller positive integer. Square is constructed so that each of its vertices lies on a side of and each vertex of lies on a side of Find the difference between the largest and smallest possible integer values for the area of
小提示:
一个边长为 的正方形,若顶点在边长为 的正方形边上且倾斜角为 ,则
A square with vertices on the sides of a square of side tilted by has side with
大提示:
同样的关系也连接 与 ,所以面积成等比数列:若 是 的面积,则 的面积为 。
The same relation ties to so the areas form a geometric progression: the area of is where is the area of
解答:
若一个边长为 的正方形,其顶点在一个同心、边长为 的正方形边上,并与外正方形成角 ,则外正方形的每条边被分成长度 与 的两段,所以 。这适用于 (边长 )中的 (边长 ),对应某个角 。由于 ,正方形 (边长 )与 也成同一个角 ,所以还有 。
因此 ,所以三个面积成等比数列:若 是 的面积,则 的面积为 。当 在 中变化时,因子 取遍 中的每个值,所以 取遍 中的每个值( 被排除,因为 小于 )。为了使 是整数, 必须整除 ,这迫使 整除 。
中 的倍数从 到 ,并且每个都能由合适的 取得,此时 的面积是小于 的正整数。差为 。
If a square of side has its vertices on the sides of a concentric square of side and is tilted by angle each side of the outer square is split into pieces and so This applies to (side ) in (side ) with some angle Since square (side ) makes the same angle with so also
Hence so the three areas form a geometric progression: the area of equals where is the area of As ranges over the factor takes every value in so takes every value in ( is excluded because is smaller than ). For to be an integer, must divide which forces to divide
The multiples of in run from to and each is attained by an appropriate with the area of then a positive integer less than The difference is
8.
求满足下列条件的三元素集合 的个数:、、 是三个互不相同的正整数,且它们的乘积等于 、、、、、 的乘积。
Find the number of sets of three distinct positive integers with the property that the product of and is equal to the product of and
小提示:
这个乘积为 。先通过分配每个质因数来计数有序三元组。
The product is First count ordered triples by distributing each prime.
大提示:
若某个值出现两次,则它的平方必须整除这个乘积,所以它只能是 或 。去掉这些三元组后再除以 。
A value that appears twice must have its square divide the product, so it is or Remove those triples and divide by
解答:
先计数满足下式的有序三元组 :六个质数 各出现一次,每个都可分给三个数中的任意一个,有 种。两个因子 可以分配给三个数,有 种。于是共有 个有序三元组。
若三个值中有两个相等,它们的共同值 满足 整除 ,所以 或 。这给出取值集合 与 的三元组,每种有 个顺序,一共 个有序三元组(三个全相等不可能)。剩下的 个有序三元组的元素互不相同,而每个集合 被计数 次。
所以集合个数为 。
Count ordered triples with Each of the six primes appears once and can go to any of the three values: ways. The two factors of can be split among the three values in ways. That gives ordered triples.
If two of the three values were equal, their common value would be such that divides so or This produces the triples with values and each in orders, for ordered triples in all (all three equal is impossible). The remaining ordered triples have distinct entries, and each set is counted times.
So the number of sets is
9.
正整数数列 ,,, 与 ,,, 分别是递增等差数列与递增等比数列。令 。存在一个整数 ,使得 且 。求 。
The sequences of positive integers and are an increasing arithmetic sequence and an increasing geometric sequence, respectively. Let There is an integer such that and Find
小提示:
写成 与 ,其中整数 、,再把两个已知值化为方程
Write and with integers and turn the two given values into equations
大提示:
证明 以及随后 都必须是 的倍数;在 下,只剩六个 需要测试
Show and then must be multiples of with only six pairs remain to test
解答:
写 与 ,其中整数 、。因为 ,所以 ,两个条件变为
相减得 。三个连续整数的乘积能被 整除,所以 整除 ,于是 整除 。再由 可知 整除 ,所以 整除 。界限 与 只留下 、、、、、。
逐一代入 与 ,只有 给出一致的值 。于是 。
Write and with integers and Since we have and the two conditions read
Subtracting, The product of three consecutive integers is divisible by so divides hence divides Then forces to divide so divides The bounds and leave only
Testing each against and only gives a consistent value, Then
10.
三角形 内接于圆 。点 与 在边 上,且 。射线 与 分别再次交 于 与 (不同于 )。若 、、、、,则 ,其中 与 是互质的正整数。求 。
Triangle is inscribed in circle Points and are on side with Rays and meet again at and (other than ), respectively. If and then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
把 延长过 到 ,使 。则 ,所以 、、、 共圆。
Extend past to with Then so lie on a circle.
大提示:
在两个圆中追角,可得 ,所以
Chase angles through both circles to get so
解答:
由 对圆 的幂, 。将 向 外延长到点 ,使 ,于是 ,且 。由点幂定理的逆定理,、、、 共圆。
在圆 中,;在 中,(它们都对弧 )。此外 共圆,所以这个四边形在 处的外角等于对面的内角:。因此 。
因此 ,所以 ,从而 。
By Power of a Point at in Extend beyond to the point with so that and By the converse of Power of a Point, and are concyclic.
In circle and in (both subtend arc ). Also is cyclic, so the exterior angle of the quadrilateral at equals the opposite interior angle: Hence
Therefore so and
11.
对正整数 与 ,若存在正整数 ,使得 恰有 个正因数,则称 为 -nice。求小于 且既不是 -nice 也不是 -nice 的正整数个数。
For positive integers and define to be -nice if there exists a positive integer such that has exactly positive divisors. Find the number of positive integers less than that are neither -nice nor -nice.
小提示:
若 ,则 有 个因数,每个因子都比 的倍数多
If then has divisors, which is more than a multiple of
大提示:
每个 也都可行(取 )。用容斥计数 以下同余于 模 和模 的数。
Every works too (take ). Count residues mod and mod below by inclusion-exclusion.
解答:
若 ,则 有 个正因数,且每个因子都 ,所以乘积也如此。反过来,若 ,取 ,则 恰有 个因数。因此 是 -nice 当且仅当 。
在 中,有 个整数 (即 ),有 个整数 (即 )。因为 ,所以有 个整数 (即 )。由容斥,有 个数是 -nice 或 -nice。
因此,小于 且两者都不是的正整数有 个。
If then has positive divisors, and each factor is so the product is too. Conversely, if then gives with exactly divisors. So is -nice exactly when
Among there are integers (namely ) and integers (namely ). Since there are integers (namely ). By inclusion-exclusion, of them are -nice or -nice.
Hence positive integers less than are neither.
12.
下图是墙上一个由六个小区域组成的待涂圆环。你有四种油漆颜色可用,并将每个小区域涂成一种纯色。如果相邻的两个区域不能涂成同一种颜色,求涂色方案的数量。
The figure below shows a ring made of six small sections which you are to paint on a wall. You have four paint colors available and will paint each of the six sections a solid color. Find the number of ways you can choose to paint the sections if no two adjacent sections can be painted with the same color.
小提示:
一排 个区域若相邻颜色不同,可以用 种方式涂色;按两端颜色是否相同拆分
A row of sections with adjacent colors different can be painted in ways; split these by whether the two end colors match
大提示:
若 计数环形涂色,则 ,从 开始
If counts ring colorings, then starting from
解答:
令 为 个区域构成的环的合法涂色数。把环在两个相邻区域之间剪开,可知环的涂色正好对应于一排 个区域的涂色,其中相邻颜色不同,并且两个端点颜色也不同。一排 个区域若相邻颜色不同,可用 种方式涂色;而两个端点颜色相同的行涂色,通过把两个端点区域合并为一个区域,对应于 个区域的环涂色。因此
三个两两相邻的区域给出 ,所以 ,接着 ,最后 。
Let be the number of valid paintings of a ring of sections. Cutting a ring open between two adjacent sections shows that ring paintings correspond exactly to rows of sections with adjacent colors different and the two end colors different. A row of sections with adjacent colors different can be painted in ways, and the rows whose end colors match correspond, by merging the two end sections into one, to ring paintings of sections. Hence
Three mutually adjacent sections give so then and finally
13.
Beatrix 要在一个 棋盘上放置六个车,棋盘的行和列都标为 到 ;放置时任意两个车都不在同一行或同一列。一个格子的值定义为它的行号与列号之和。一种摆放的得分定义为所有被占格子中的最小值。所有合法摆放的平均得分为 ,其中 与 是互质的正整数。求 。
Beatrix is going to place six rooks on a chessboard where both the rows and columns are labeled to the rooks are placed so that no two rooks are in the same row or the same column. The value of a square is the sum of its row number and column number. The score of an arrangement of rooks is the least value of any occupied square. The average score over all valid configurations is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
通过计数 ,即得分至少为 的摆放数,来求得分总和:总和是
Sum the scores by counting the arrangements with score at least the total is
大提示:
得分 会禁止行号与列号之和 的格子;逐行放置车,例如
Score bans the squares with row + column place rooks row by row, e.g.
解答:
共有 种摆放,并且每个得分都在 与 之间。令 为得分至少为 的摆放数。因为每个得分 满足 ,所以所有 个得分的总和为
得分 意味着没有车占据行号与列号之和 的格子。逐行放置。对 ,只有 被禁用,共有 种。对 ,第 行有 个可用列,然后第 行有 个可用列(列 和已使用列被排除),共有 种。类似地,,,且 (所有车都在反对角线上)。
总和为 ,所以平均值为 ,从而 。
There are arrangements, and every score lies between and Let be the number of arrangements with score at least Since each score satisfies the total of all scores is
Score means no rook occupies a square with row + column Place the rooks row by row. For only is banned: For row has allowed columns, then row has (column and the used column are excluded): Similarly and (all rooks on the anti-diagonal).
The total is so the average is and
14.
等边三角形 的边长为 。点 与 在 所在平面外,并位于该平面的相对两侧。此外,,且 ,并且 所在平面与 所在平面形成 的二面角(两个平面之间的角)。存在一点 ,它到 、、、、 的距离都为 。求 。
Equilateral has side length Points and lie outside the plane of and are on opposite sides of the plane. Furthermore, and and the planes of and form a dihedral angle (the angle between the two planes). There is a point whose distance from each of and is Find
小提示:
、、 都在过 中心且垂直于其平面的直线上,并且 是 的中点
and all lie on the line through the center of perpendicular to its plane, and is the midpoint of
大提示:
因为 ,所以有 ,从而 。再结合 中点处的正切加法公式。
Since so Combine with the tangent addition formula at the midpoint of
解答:
因为 且 ,点 与 都在过 的中心 且垂直于其平面的直线上,并位于两侧。任意到 、、 等距的点也在这条直线上,所以 在这条直线上;又 ,所以 是 的中点,且 。令 为 的中点,并设 ;则 ,。因为 且 ,二面角为 ;设 、,于是 。
直角三角形 与 给出 和 ,所以 因为 ,点 在以 为直径的圆上,所以 ,且 是从 到斜边 的高的垂足。因此 ,得到 。
由正切加法公式, ,所以 。于是 ,因此 。
Since and both and lie on the line through the center of perpendicular to its plane, on opposite sides. Any point equidistant from also lies on that line, so is on it, and makes the midpoint of with Let be the midpoint of and then and Since and the dihedral angle is write and so
Right triangles and give and so Since point lies on the circle with diameter so and is the foot of the altitude from to the hypotenuse Thus which gives
By the tangent addition formula, so Then so
15.
对 ,令 ,并令 。设 ,,, 是正实数,满足 以及 是其最大可能值,其中 与 是互质的正整数。求 。
For let and Let be positive real numbers such that and The maximum possible value of where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
使用 ,把条件化为
Use to turn the condition into
大提示:
因为 ,柯西-施瓦茨不等式在这里成为等号情形,迫使 与 成比例
Since Cauchy-Schwarz makes this an equality case, forcing proportional to
解答:
因为 ,所以 。将题设等式乘以两倍并整理,所以
现在 ,所以 。由柯西-施瓦茨不等式,
等号成立,所以 与 成比例,迫使 。因此 唯一可能、也就是最大可能的值为 ,所以 。
Since we have Doubling the given equation and rearranging, so
Now so By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality,
Equality holds, so is proportional to forcing The only, hence maximum, possible value of is and