1999 AIME 第 14 题

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14.

点 PP 位于三角形 ABCABC 内部,使得角 PABPAB、PBCPBC 和 PCAPCA 全都相等。三角形三边长为 AB=13AB = 13、BC=14BC = 14 和 CA=15CA = 15,且角 PABPAB 的正切为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n。

Point PP is located inside triangle ABCABC so that angles PAB,PAB, PBC,PBC, and PCAPCA are all congruent. The sides of the triangle have lengths AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and CA=15,CA = 15, and the tangent of angle PABPAB is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:463
知识点:正弦定理三角恒等式三角形面积
难度评级:2990
小提示:

设公共角为 ω\omega,并用正弦定理分别计算 BPBP:一次在三角形 ABPABP 中,一次在三角形 BCPBCP 中

Call the common angle ω\omega and compute BPBP two ways, from triangles ABPABP and BCP,BCP, with the law of sines

大提示:

比较后会化简为 cot⁡ω=cot⁡A+cot⁡B+cot⁡C\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C,而每个余切都可用边长和面积表示

The comparison simplifies to cot⁡ω=cot⁡A+cot⁡B+cot⁡C,\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C, and each cotangent can be written in terms of the side lengths and the area

解答:

令 ω=∠PAB=∠PBC=∠PCA\omega = \angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA。在三角形 ABPABP 中,AA 和 BB 处的角分别为 ω\omega 和 B−ωB - \omega,所以 ∠APB=180∘−B\angle APB = 180^\circ - B,由正弦定理得 BP=csin⁡ωsin⁡BBP = \frac{c \sin\omega}{\sin B}。在三角形 BCPBCP 中,BB 和 CC 处的角分别为 ω\omega 和 C−ωC - \omega,所以 ∠BPC=180∘−C\angle BPC = 180^\circ - C,且 BP=asin⁡(C−ω)sin⁡CBP = \frac{a \sin(C - \omega)}{\sin C}。

两式相等并代入 a=2Rsin⁡Aa = 2R\sin A、c=2Rsin⁡Cc = 2R\sin C,得 sin⁡2Csin⁡ω\sin^2 C \sin\omega =sin⁡Asin⁡Bsin⁡(C−ω)= \sin A \sin B \sin(C - \omega)。展开 sin⁡(C−ω)\sin(C - \omega),再除以 sin⁡Asin⁡Bsin⁡Csin⁡ω\sin A \sin B \sin C \sin\omega,得到 sin⁡Csin⁡Asin⁡B=cot⁡ω−cot⁡C。\frac{\sin C}{\sin A \sin B} = \cot\omega - \cot C\text{。}又因为 sin⁡C\sin C =sin⁡(A+B)= \sin(A + B) =sin⁡Acos⁡B= \sin A \cos B +cos⁡Asin⁡B+ \cos A \sin B,左边等于 cot⁡A+cot⁡B\cot A + \cot B。因此 cot⁡ω=cot⁡A+cot⁡B+cot⁡C\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C。

使用 cot⁡A=b2+c2−a24K\cot A = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{4K} 及其类似公式,其中 KK 是面积。1313-1414-1515 三角形的面积为 8484,所以 cot⁡ω=a2+b2+c24K=169+196+2254⋅84=590336=295168。 \begin{aligned} \cot\omega &= \frac{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}{4K} \\ &= \frac{169 + 196 + 225}{4 \cdot 84} \\ &= \frac{590}{336} \\ &= \frac{295}{168} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 tan⁡ω=168295\tan\omega = \frac{168}{295},这是最简分数,且 m+n=168+295=463m + n = 168 + 295 = 463。

Let ω=∠PAB=∠PBC=∠PCA.\omega = \angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA. In triangle ABP,ABP, the angles at AA and BB are ω\omega and B−ω,B - \omega, so ∠APB=180∘−B\angle APB = 180^\circ - B and the law of sines gives BP=csin⁡ωsin⁡B.BP = \frac{c \sin\omega}{\sin B}. In triangle BCP,BCP, the angles at BB and CC are ω\omega and C−ω,C - \omega, so ∠BPC=180∘−C\angle BPC = 180^\circ - C and BP=asin⁡(C−ω)sin⁡C.BP = \frac{a \sin(C - \omega)}{\sin C}.

Equating and substituting a=2Rsin⁡A,a = 2R\sin A, c=2Rsin⁡Cc = 2R\sin C yields sin⁡2Csin⁡ω\sin^2 C \sin\omega =sin⁡Asin⁡Bsin⁡(C−ω).= \sin A \sin B \sin(C - \omega). Expanding sin⁡(C−ω)\sin(C - \omega) and dividing by sin⁡Asin⁡Bsin⁡Csin⁡ω,\sin A \sin B \sin C \sin\omega, sin⁡Csin⁡Asin⁡B=cot⁡ω−cot⁡C,\frac{\sin C}{\sin A \sin B} = \cot\omega - \cot C, and since sin⁡C\sin C =sin⁡(A+B)= \sin(A + B) =sin⁡Acos⁡B= \sin A \cos B +cos⁡Asin⁡B,+ \cos A \sin B, the left side is cot⁡A+cot⁡B.\cot A + \cot B. Hence cot⁡ω=cot⁡A+cot⁡B+cot⁡C.\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C.

Using cot⁡A=b2+c2−a24K\cot A = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{4K} and its analogues, where KK is the area, cot⁡ω=a2+b2+c24K=169+196+2254⋅84=590336=295168, \begin{aligned} \cot\omega &= \frac{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}{4K} \\ &= \frac{169 + 196 + 225}{4 \cdot 84} \\ &= \frac{590}{336} \\ &= \frac{295}{168}, \end{aligned} since the 1313-1414-1515 triangle has area 84.84. So tan⁡ω=168295,\tan\omega = \frac{168}{295}, which is in lowest terms, and m+n=168+295=463.m + n = 168 + 295 = 463.

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