2022 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

给定 △ABC\triangle ABC 以及其一条边上的点 PP。若直线 ℓ\ell 经过 PP,并把 △ABC\triangle ABC 分成两个周长相等的多边形,则称 ℓ\ell 为 △ABC\triangle ABC 经过 PP 的 分割线。设 △ABC\triangle ABC 是一个三角形,其中 BC=219BC = 219,且 ABAB 和 ACAC 都是正整数。令 MM 和 NN 分别为 AB‾\overline{AB} 和 AC‾\overline{AC} 的中点,并且 △ABC\triangle ABC 经过 MM 和 NN 的两条分割线相交成 30∘30^\circ。求 △ABC\triangle ABC 的周长。

Given △ABC\triangle ABC and a point PP on one of its sides, call line ℓ\ell the splitting line of △ABC\triangle ABC through PP if ℓ\ell passes through PP and divides △ABC\triangle ABC into two polygons of equal perimeter. Let △ABC\triangle ABC be a triangle where BC=219BC = 219 and ABAB and ACAC are positive integers. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of AB‾\overline{AB} and AC‾,\overline{AC}, respectively, and suppose that the splitting lines of △ABC\triangle ABC through MM and NN intersect at 30∘.30^\circ. Find the perimeter of △ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:459
知识点:角平分线余弦定理丢番图方程
难度评级:3500
小提示:

证明经过 MM 的分割线平行于从 CC 出发的角平分线:它与 BC‾\overline{BC} 交于 XX,且 BX=s−c2BX = s - \frac{c}{2},并有 ∠BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}

Show the splitting line through MM is parallel to the angle bisector from C:C: it meets BC‾\overline{BC} at XX with BX=s−c2,BX = s - \frac{c}{2}, and ∠BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}

大提示:

从 BB 和 CC 出发的角平分线相交成 90∘+A290^\circ + \frac{A}{2},所以 30∘30^\circ 条件迫使 ∠A=120∘\angle A = 120^\circ;接着使 4⋅2192−3(b+c)24 \cdot 219^2 - 3(b+c)^2 成为完全平方数

The bisectors from BB and CC cross at 90∘+A2,90^\circ + \frac{A}{2}, so the 30∘30^\circ condition forces ∠A=120∘;\angle A = 120^\circ; then make 4⋅2192−3(b+c)24 \cdot 219^2 - 3(b+c)^2 a perfect square

解答:

记 a=BC=219a = BC = 219、b=CAb = CA、c=ABc = AB,并令 ss 为半周长。经过 MM 的分割线与 BC‾\overline{BC} 交于点 XX。令两部分的周长相等,并消去两边共有的线段 MX‾\overline{MX},得到 c2+BX=c2+b+(a−BX),\frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX)\text{,}所以 BX=a+b2=s−c2BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2}。在三角形 BMXBMX 中,正弦定理说明 ∠BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}:这需要 csin⁡(B+C2)=(a+b)sin⁡C2c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2},而它可由 a+b=2R(sin⁡A+sin⁡B)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4Rcos⁡C2cos⁡A−B2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} 以及 c=4Rsin⁡C2cos⁡C2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} 化简为 sin⁡(B+C2)=cos⁡A−B2\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2}。这个等式成立,因为这两个角互余。因此经过 MM 的分割线平行于从 CC 出发的角平分线;类似地,经过 NN 的分割线平行于从 BB 出发的角平分线。

从 BB 和 CC 出发的内角平分线相交成 90∘+A2>90∘90^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ,所以两条分割线的锐角夹角为 90∘−A2=30∘90^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ,从而 ∠A=120∘\angle A = 120^\circ。由余弦定理,2192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2−bc。\begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc \end{aligned}\text{。}设 p=b+cp = b + c,则 bc=p2−2192bc = p^2 - 219^2,且 bb、cc 是 t2−pt+(p2−2192)t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2) 的根,因此要求 4⋅2192−3p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 是完全平方数 k2k^2。于是 33 整除 kk 且 33 整除 pp;写 p=3rp = 3r、k=3mk = 3m,条件变为 m2+3r2=1462m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2。三角形不等式 p>219p \gt 219 与 4⋅2192≥3p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 将范围限制为 74≤r≤8474 \le r \le 84,检查后只有 r=80r = 80 可行,此时 m=46m = 46。

所以 b+c=240b + c = 240,且 bc=2402−47961=9639bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639,给出 {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\},这是一个有效三角形。周长为 219+240=459219 + 240 = 459。

Write a=BC=219,a = BC = 219, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB,c = AB, and ss for the semiperimeter. The splitting line through MM meets BC‾\overline{BC} at the point X.X. Equating the two piece perimeters and cancelling their common segment MX‾\overline{MX} gives c2+BX=c2+b+(a−BX), \frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX), so BX=a+b2=s−c2.BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2}. In triangle BMX,BMX, the law of sines shows ∠BXM=C2:\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}: this needs csin⁡(B+C2)=(a+b)sin⁡C2,c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2}, which reduces via a+b=2R(sin⁡A+sin⁡B)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4Rcos⁡C2cos⁡A−B2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} and c=4Rsin⁡C2cos⁡C2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} to sin⁡(B+C2)=cos⁡A−B2,\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2}, true because those angles are complementary. Hence the splitting line through MM is parallel to the angle bisector from C,C, and likewise the one through NN is parallel to the bisector from B.B.

The internal bisectors from BB and CC meet at 90∘+A2>90∘,90^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ, so the acute angle between the two splitting lines is 90∘−A2=30∘,90^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ, forcing ∠A=120∘.\angle A = 120^\circ. The law of cosines gives 2192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2−bc. \begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc. \end{aligned} Set p=b+c,p = b + c, so bc=p2−2192bc = p^2 - 219^2 and bb and cc are roots of t2−pt+(p2−2192),t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2), requiring 4⋅2192−3p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 to be a perfect square k2.k^2. Then 33 divides kk and 33 divides p;p; writing p=3rp = 3r and k=3mk = 3m turns the condition into m2+3r2=1462.m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2. The triangle inequality p>219p \gt 219 and 4⋅2192≥3p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 restrict 74≤r≤84,74 \le r \le 84, and checking these, only r=80r = 80 works, with m=46.m = 46.

So b+c=240b + c = 240 and bc=2402−47961=9639,bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639, giving {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\} — a valid triangle. The perimeter is 219+240=459.219 + 240 = 459.

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