2022 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

设 xx、yy、zz 为正实数,满足方程组 2x−xy+2y−xy=1\sqrt{2x - xy} + \sqrt{2y - xy} = 1 2y−yz+2z−yz=2\sqrt{2y - yz} + \sqrt{2z - yz} = \sqrt{2} 2z−zx+2x−zx=3。\sqrt{2z - zx} + \sqrt{2x - zx} = \sqrt{3}\text{。} 则 [(1−x)(1−y)(1−z)]2\left[(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)\right]^2 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 与 nn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n。

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be positive real numbers satisfying the system of equations 2x−xy+2y−xy=1\sqrt{2x - xy} + \sqrt{2y - xy} = 1 2y−yz+2z−yz=2\sqrt{2y - yz} + \sqrt{2z - yz} = \sqrt{2} 2z−zx+2x−zx=3.\sqrt{2z - zx} + \sqrt{2x - zx} = \sqrt{3}. Then [(1−x)(1−y)(1−z)]2\left[(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)\right]^2 can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:33
知识点:方程组三角恒等式换元法
难度评级:3270
小提示:

将每个根式分解为 x(2−y)\sqrt{x(2 - y)},并代换 x=2sin⁡2αx = 2\sin^2\alpha、y=2sin⁡2βy = 2\sin^2\beta、z=2sin⁡2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma

Factor each radical as x(2−y)\sqrt{x(2 - y)} and substitute x=2sin⁡2α,x = 2\sin^2\alpha, y=2sin⁡2β,y = 2\sin^2\beta, z=2sin⁡2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma

大提示:

每个方程都由和角公式化为 2sin⁡(α+β)=12\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1 等形式;解这个小型角度线性方程组,再使用 1−2sin⁡2θ=cos⁡2θ1 - 2\sin^2\theta = \cos 2\theta

Each equation collapses by the addition formula to 2sin⁡(α+β)=1,2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1, etc.; solve the little linear system for the angles and use 1−2sin⁡2θ=cos⁡2θ1 - 2\sin^2\theta = \cos 2\theta

解答:

每个被开方数都可分解:2x−xy=x(2−y)2x - xy = x(2 - y),其余同理,所以 0<x,y,z≤20 \lt x, y, z \le 2。令 x=2sin⁡2αx = 2\sin^2\alpha,y=2sin⁡2βy = 2\sin^2\beta,z=2sin⁡2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma,其中 α,β,γ∈(0∘,90∘]\alpha, \beta, \gamma \in \left(0^\circ, 90^\circ\right]。则 x(2−y)=4sin⁡2αcos⁡2β\sqrt{x(2 - y)} = \sqrt{4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\beta} =2sin⁡αcos⁡β= 2\sin\alpha\cos\beta,每个方程都由正弦和角公式化为 2sin⁡(α+β)=1,2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1\text{,}2sin⁡(β+γ)=2,2\sin(\beta + \gamma) = \sqrt{2}\text{,}2sin⁡(γ+α)=3。2\sin(\gamma + \alpha) = \sqrt{3}\text{。}

一个可行选择是 α+β=30∘\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ,β+γ=45∘\beta + \gamma = 45^\circ,γ+α=60∘\gamma + \alpha = 60^\circ,得到 α=22.5∘\alpha = 22.5^\circ,β=7.5∘\beta = 7.5^\circ,γ=37.5∘\gamma = 37.5^\circ。与 0∘<α,β,γ≤90∘0^\circ \lt \alpha,\beta,\gamma \le 90^\circ 一致的另一个分支使用两两之和 150∘,135∘,120∘150^\circ,135^\circ,120^\circ,得到 α=67.5∘\alpha = 67.5^\circ,β=82.5∘\beta = 82.5^\circ,γ=52.5∘\gamma = 52.5^\circ;其下述乘积是第一个分支乘积的相反数,所以所求平方相同。对第一个分支,倍角公式给出 1−x=cos⁡2α=cos⁡45∘1 - x = \cos 2\alpha = \cos 45^\circ,1−y=cos⁡15∘1 - y = \cos 15^\circ,且 1−z=cos⁡75∘1 - z = \cos 75^\circ。

因此 (1−x)(1−y)(1−z)=22cos⁡15∘⋅sin⁡15∘=22⋅sin⁡30∘2=28, \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos 15^\circ \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin 15^\circ \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin 30^\circ}{2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{8} \end{aligned}\text{,}其平方为 264=132\frac{2}{64} = \frac{1}{32}。所以 m+n=1+32=33m + n = 1 + 32 = 33。

Each radicand factors: 2x−xy=x(2−y),2x - xy = x(2 - y), and so on, so 0<x,y,z≤2.0 \lt x, y, z \le 2. Substitute x=2sin⁡2α,x = 2\sin^2\alpha, y=2sin⁡2β,y = 2\sin^2\beta, z=2sin⁡2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma with α,β,γ∈(0∘,90∘].\alpha, \beta, \gamma \in \left(0^\circ, 90^\circ\right]. Then x(2−y)=4sin⁡2αcos⁡2β\sqrt{x(2 - y)} = \sqrt{4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\beta} =2sin⁡αcos⁡β,= 2\sin\alpha\cos\beta, and each equation collapses by the sine addition formula: 2sin⁡(α+β)=1,2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1, 2sin⁡(β+γ)=2,2\sin(\beta + \gamma) = \sqrt{2}, 2sin⁡(γ+α)=3.2\sin(\gamma + \alpha) = \sqrt{3}.

One admissible choice is α+β=30∘,\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ, β+γ=45∘,\beta + \gamma = 45^\circ, γ+α=60∘,\gamma + \alpha = 60^\circ, which gives α=22.5∘,\alpha = 22.5^\circ, β=7.5∘,\beta = 7.5^\circ, γ=37.5∘.\gamma = 37.5^\circ. The only other branch consistent with 0∘<α,β,γ≤90∘0^\circ \lt \alpha,\beta,\gamma \le 90^\circ uses pairwise sums 150∘,135∘,120∘,150^\circ,135^\circ,120^\circ, giving α=67.5∘,\alpha = 67.5^\circ, β=82.5∘,\beta = 82.5^\circ, γ=52.5∘;\gamma = 52.5^\circ; its product below is the negative of the first branch’s product, so the requested square is identical. For the first branch, the double-angle identity gives 1−x=cos⁡2α=cos⁡45∘,1 - x = \cos 2\alpha = \cos 45^\circ, 1−y=cos⁡15∘,1 - y = \cos 15^\circ, and 1−z=cos⁡75∘.1 - z = \cos 75^\circ.

Therefore (1−x)(1−y)(1−z)=22cos⁡15∘⋅sin⁡15∘=22⋅sin⁡30∘2=28, \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos 15^\circ \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin 15^\circ \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin 30^\circ}{2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}, \end{aligned} whose square is 264=132.\frac{2}{64} = \frac{1}{32}. Thus m+n=1+32=33.m + n = 1 + 32 = 33.

第 14 题#14
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