2010 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=12AB = 12BC=13BC = 13AC=15AC = 15,设 MMAC\overline{AC} 上一点,使得 ABM\triangle ABMBCM\triangle BCM 的内切圆半径相等。设 ppqq 是互质的正整数,满足 AMCM=pq\frac{AM}{CM} = \frac{p}{q}。求 p+qp + q

In ABC\triangle ABC with AB=12,AB = 12, BC=13,BC = 13, and AC=15,AC = 15, let MM be a point on AC\overline{AC} such that the incircles of ABM\triangle ABM and BCM\triangle BCM have equal radii. Let pp and qq be positive relatively prime integers such that AMCM=pq.\frac{AM}{CM} = \frac{p}{q}. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:45
知识点:内切圆、内心与内切圆半径斯特瓦尔特定理面积比
难度评级:3370
小提示:

将面积记为 KK,则 r=Ksr = \frac{K}{s}。因此内切圆半径相等意味着两个三角形的面积比和周长比相同,而且这两个比都等于 AMCM\frac{AM}{CM}

Writing the area as K,K, we have r=Ks.r = \frac{K}{s}. Thus equal inradii mean the two triangles’ areas and perimeters are in the same ratio, and both ratios equal AMCM\frac{AM}{CM}

大提示:

k=AMCMk = \frac{AM}{CM};周长条件给出 BM=13k121kBM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k},而对塞瓦线 BMBM 使用 Stewart 定理会给出 BM2BM^2 的另一个表达式

Set k=AMCM;k = \frac{AM}{CM}; the perimeter condition gives BM=13k121k,BM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}, and Stewart’s theorem on cevian BMBM gives a second expression for BM2BM^2

解答:

k=AMCMk = \frac{AM}{CM}。三角形 ABMABMCBMCBM 共用从 BB 作出的高,所以 [ABM][CBM]=k\frac{[ABM]}{[CBM]} = k。因为三角形的内切圆半径等于面积除以半周长,内切圆半径相等迫使 12+AM+BM13+CM+BM=k\frac{12 + AM + BM}{13 + CM + BM} = k。由 AM+CM=15AM + CM = 15,得 AM=15kk+1AM = \frac{15k}{k+1}CM=15k+1CM = \frac{15}{k+1};由于 AM=kCMAM = k \cdot CM,周长方程化简为 BM(1k)=13k12BM(1 - k) = 13k - 12,所以 BM=13k121kBM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}\text{,}BM>0BM \gt 0 迫使 1213<k<1\frac{12}{13} \lt k \lt 1

对塞瓦线 BM\overline{BM} 使用 Stewart 定理,给出 AB2CM+BC2AMAB^2 \cdot CM + BC^2 \cdot AM =AC(BM2+AMCM)= AC\left(BM^2 + AM \cdot CM\right),所以 BM2=144+169kk+1225k(k+1)2 \begin{aligned} BM^2 &= \frac{144 + 169k}{k + 1} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{225k}{(k+1)^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}令它等于 (13k12)2(1k)2\frac{(13k-12)^2}{(1-k)^2},并清除分母,得到 (169k2+88k+144)(1k)2(169k^2 + 88k + 144)(1-k)^2 =(13k12)2(k+1)2= (13k-12)^2(k+1)^2,化简为 4k(69k2112k+44)=04k\left(69k^2 - 112k + 44\right) = 0

根为 k=0k = 0k=23k = \frac{2}{3},和 k=2223k = \frac{22}{23},其中只有 k=2223k = \frac{22}{23} 大于 1213\frac{12}{13}(此时 AM=223AM = \frac{22}{3}CM=233CM = \frac{23}{3}BM=10BM = 10)。因此 p+q=22+23=45p + q = 22 + 23 = 45

Let k=AMCM.k = \frac{AM}{CM}. Triangles ABMABM and CBMCBM share the altitude from B,B, so [ABM][CBM]=k.\frac{[ABM]}{[CBM]} = k. Since the inradius of a triangle is its area divided by its semiperimeter, equal inradii force 12+AM+BM13+CM+BM=k\frac{12 + AM + BM}{13 + CM + BM} = k as well. From AM+CM=15AM + CM = 15 we get AM=15kk+1AM = \frac{15k}{k+1} and CM=15k+1;CM = \frac{15}{k+1}; since AM=kCM,AM = k \cdot CM, the perimeter equation simplifies to BM(1k)=13k12,BM(1 - k) = 13k - 12, so BM=13k121k,BM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}, and BM>0BM \gt 0 forces 1213<k<1.\frac{12}{13} \lt k \lt 1.

Stewart’s theorem on cevian BM\overline{BM} gives AB2CM+BC2AMAB^2 \cdot CM + BC^2 \cdot AM =AC(BM2+AMCM),= AC\left(BM^2 + AM \cdot CM\right), so BM2=144+169kk+1225k(k+1)2. \begin{aligned} BM^2 &= \frac{144 + 169k}{k + 1} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{225k}{(k+1)^2}. \end{aligned} Setting this equal to (13k12)2(1k)2\frac{(13k-12)^2}{(1-k)^2} and clearing denominators yields (169k2+88k+144)(1k)2(169k^2 + 88k + 144)(1-k)^2 =(13k12)2(k+1)2,= (13k-12)^2(k+1)^2, which simplifies to 4k(69k2112k+44)=0.4k\left(69k^2 - 112k + 44\right) = 0.

The roots are k=0,k = 0, k=23,k = \frac{2}{3}, and k=2223,k = \frac{22}{23}, and only k=2223k = \frac{22}{23} exceeds 1213\frac{12}{13} (then AM=223,AM = \frac{22}{3}, CM=233,CM = \frac{23}{3}, BM=10BM = 10). Hence p+q=22+23=45.p + q = 22 + 23 = 45.

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