2023 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

求最大的素数 p<1000p \lt 1000,使得存在一个复数 zz 满足

zz 的实部和虚部都是整数;

z=p|z| = \sqrt{p},并且

• 存在一个三角形,它的三条边长分别为 ppz3z^3 的实部、以及 z3z^3 的虚部。

Find the largest prime number p<1000p \lt 1000 for which there exists a complex number zz satisfying

• the real and imaginary part of zz are both integers;

z=p,|z| = \sqrt{p}, and

• there exists a triangle whose three side lengths are p,p, the real part of z3,z^3, and the imaginary part of z3.z^3.

答案:349
知识点:复数质数三角不等式因式分解
难度评级:3370
小提示:

z=a+biz = a + bi,其中 a2+b2=pa^2 + b^2 = p;在改变符号和交换顺序后,三角形需要 Rez3Imz3<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re} z^3| - |\operatorname{Im} z^3|\bigr| \lt p

Write z=a+biz = a + bi with a2+b2=p;a^2 + b^2 = p; up to signs and swapping, the triangle needs Rez3Imz3<p.\bigl||\operatorname{Re} z^3| - |\operatorname{Im} z^3|\bigr| \lt p.

大提示:

Rez3Imz3\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 =(a+b)(a2+b24ab)= (a + b)(a^2 + b^2 - 4ab),所以 4ab4ab 必须在 ppp\sqrt{p} 范围内。

Rez3Imz3\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 =(a+b)(a2+b24ab),= (a + b)(a^2 + b^2 - 4ab), so 4ab4ab must be within p\sqrt{p} of p.p.

解答:

z=a+biz = a + bi,其中 a2+b2=pa^2 + b^2 = p。素数 p=2p = 2 确实可行:取 z=1+iz = -1 + i,就有 z3=2+2iz^3 = 2 + 2i,但它不可能是最大答案。因此只需考虑奇素数 pp,此时 p1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4,而数对 {a,b}\{|a|, |b|\} 唯一确定。把 zz 替换为 ±z\pm z±zˉ\pm\bar{z}±iz\pm iz±izˉ\pm i\bar{z},只会改变 z3z^3 实部与虚部的符号或交换两者,所以可设 a>b>0a \gt b \gt 0。两个候选边长是 Rez3|\operatorname{Re} z^3|Imz3|\operatorname{Im} z^3|。展开 z3=(a33ab2)+(3a2bb3)iz^3 = (a^3 - 3ab^2) + (3a^2b - b^3)i 并因式分解,得 Rez3+Imz3=(ab)(p+4ab),Rez3Imz3=(a+b)(p4ab) \begin{aligned} &\operatorname{Re} z^3 + \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a - b)(p + 4ab), \qquad \\ &\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a + b)(p - 4ab) \end{aligned}\text{。}当且仅当 ReIm<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re}| - |\operatorname{Im}|\bigr| \lt p <Re+Im\lt |\operatorname{Re}| + |\operatorname{Im}| 时,这三个长度能构成三角形;后两个量与上面两个表达式的绝对值一一对应。因为 a>ba \gt b 导致 (ab)(p+4ab)>p(a - b)(p + 4ab) \gt p,所以全部条件等价于 (a+b)p4ab<p(a + b)\,|p - 4ab| \lt p

因为 a+b>a2+b2=pa+b\gt\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt p,所以必须有 Δ=p4ab<p\Delta=|p-4ab|\lt\sqrt p。由 p=a2+b2<1000p=a^2+b^2\lt10001b<a311\le b\lt a\le31;而且 b21b \le 21,因为 b22b \ge 22 会迫使 a23a \ge 23,从而 p222+232>1000p \ge 22^2 + 23^2 \gt 1000。把 p=a2+b2p=a^2+b^2 代入 (a2+b24ab)2<a2+b2 (a^2+b^2-4ab)^2\lt a^2+b^2 并检查这些有限范围内的整数,可得可能值的完整列表 p{10,17,53,68,130,153,212,241,272,349,386,520,565,725,778,905,964} \begin{aligned} p \in \{&10,17,53,68,130,153, \\ &212,241,272,349,386,520, \\ &565,725,778,905,964\} \end{aligned}\text{。}其中只有四个值是素数,对应于 (a,b,p,Δ)=(4,1,17,1),(7,2,53,3),(15,4,241,1),(18,5,349,11) \begin{aligned} (a,b,p,\Delta)&=(4,1,17,1), \\ &\quad (7,2,53,3), \\ &\quad (15,4,241,1), \\ &\quad (18,5,349,11) \end{aligned}\text{。}相应的 (a+b)Δ(a+b)\Delta 依次是 5,27,19,2535,27,19,253,都小于 pp,所以这四个值也都满足完整的三角形不等式。因此最大的可能素数是 349349

确实,取 z=18+5iz = 18 + 5i,得 z3=4482+4735iz^3 = 4482 + 4735i,而 3493494482448247354735 能构成一个三角形。答案是 349349

Write z=a+biz = a + bi with a2+b2=p.a^2 + b^2 = p. The prime p=2p = 2 does qualify: for z=1+iz = -1 + i we have z3=2+2i,z^3 = 2 + 2i, but it cannot be the largest answer. Hence consider an odd prime p,p, so p1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4 and the pair {a,b}\{|a|, |b|\} is unique. Replacing zz by ±z,\pm z, ±zˉ,\pm\bar{z}, ±iz,\pm iz, ±izˉ\pm i\bar{z} only changes the real and imaginary parts of z3z^3 by signs and swaps, so we may take a>b>0,a \gt b \gt 0, and the two candidate side lengths are Rez3|\operatorname{Re} z^3| and Imz3.|\operatorname{Im} z^3|. Expanding z3=(a33ab2)+(3a2bb3)iz^3 = (a^3 - 3ab^2) + (3a^2b - b^3)i and factoring, Rez3+Imz3=(ab)(p+4ab),Rez3Imz3=(a+b)(p4ab). \begin{aligned} &\operatorname{Re} z^3 + \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a - b)(p + 4ab), \qquad \\ &\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a + b)(p - 4ab). \end{aligned} The triangle exists exactly when ReIm<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re}| - |\operatorname{Im}|\bigr| \lt p <Re+Im,\lt |\operatorname{Re}| + |\operatorname{Im}|, and those two quantities are, in some order, the absolute values above. Since a>ba \gt b forces (ab)(p+4ab)>p,(a - b)(p + 4ab) \gt p, the whole condition reduces to (a+b)p4ab<p.(a + b)\,|p - 4ab| \lt p.

Because a+b>a2+b2=p,a+b\gt\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt p, this requires Δ=p4ab<p.\Delta=|p-4ab|\lt\sqrt p. The bound p=a2+b2<1000p=a^2+b^2\lt1000 gives 1b<a31;1\le b\lt a\le31; moreover b21,b \le 21, because b22b \ge 22 would force a23a \ge 23 and p222+232>1000.p \ge 22^2 + 23^2 \gt 1000. Substituting p=a2+b2p=a^2+b^2 into (a2+b24ab)2<a2+b2 (a^2+b^2-4ab)^2\lt a^2+b^2 and checking these bounded integers gives the complete list of possible values p{10,17,53,68,130,153,212,241,272,349,386,520,565,725,778,905,964}. \begin{aligned} p \in \{&10,17,53,68,130,153, \\ &212,241,272,349,386,520, \\ &565,725,778,905,964\}. \end{aligned} Only four values in this list are prime, at (a,b,p,Δ)=(4,1,17,1),(7,2,53,3),(15,4,241,1),(18,5,349,11). \begin{aligned} (a,b,p,\Delta)&=(4,1,17,1), \\ &\quad (7,2,53,3), \\ &\quad (15,4,241,1), \\ &\quad (18,5,349,11). \end{aligned} The corresponding values of (a+b)Δ(a+b)\Delta are 5,27,19,253,5,27,19,253, respectively, all below p,p, so all four also pass the full triangle inequality. Thus the largest possible prime is 349.349.

Indeed for z=18+5iz = 18 + 5i we get z3=4482+4735i,z^3 = 4482 + 4735i, and the lengths 349,349, 4482,4482, 47354735 form a valid triangle. The answer is 349.349.

第 14 题#14
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