2003 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

设 P(x)=24x24+∑j=123(24−j)(x24−j+x24+j)。 \begin{aligned} &P(x) = 24x^{24} \\ &\quad {}+ \sum_{j=1}^{23} (24 - j)\left(x^{24-j} + x^{24+j}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}设 z1z_1、z2z_2、…\ldots、zrz_r 为 P(x)P(x) 的不同零点,并对 k=1k = 1、22、…\ldots、rr,令 zk2=ak+bkiz_k^2 = a_k + b_k i,其中 i=−1i = \sqrt{-1},且 aka_k 和 bkb_k 为实数。若 ∑k=1r∣bk∣=m+np,\sum_{k=1}^{r} |b_k| = m + n\sqrt{p}\text{,}其中 mm、nn、pp 是整数,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 m+n+pm + n + p。

Let P(x)=24x24+∑j=123(24−j)(x24−j+x24+j). \begin{aligned} &P(x) = 24x^{24} \\ &\quad {}+ \sum_{j=1}^{23} (24 - j)\left(x^{24-j} + x^{24+j}\right). \end{aligned} Let z1,z_1, z2,z_2, …,\ldots, zrz_r be the distinct zeros of P(x),P(x), and let zk2=ak+bkiz_k^2 = a_k + b_k i for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, …,\ldots, r,r, where i=−1,i = \sqrt{-1}, and aka_k and bkb_k are real numbers. Let ∑k=1r∣bk∣=m+np,\sum_{k=1}^{r} |b_k| = m + n\sqrt{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:15
知识点:单位根裂项相消棣莫弗定理
难度评级:3160
小提示:

乘以 1−x1 - x:系数会裂项相消,留下 (x+x2+⋯+x24)(1−x24)(x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24})(1 - x^{24})

Multiply by 1−x:1 - x: the coefficients telescope, leaving (x+x2+⋯+x24)(1−x24)(x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24})(1 - x^{24})

大提示:

不同零点是 00 和除 11 外的 2424 次单位根,因此每个平方为 cos⁡30k∘+isin⁡30k∘\cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ,且 ∣bk∣=∣sin⁡30k∘∣|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|

The distinct zeros are 00 and the 2424th roots of unity other than 1,1, so each square is cos⁡30k∘+isin⁡30k∘\cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ and ∣bk∣=∣sin⁡30k∘∣|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|

解答:

P(x)P(x) 中 xkx^k 的系数在 1≤k≤471 \le k \le 47 时为 24−∣24−k∣24 - |24 - k|;到 x24x^{24} 为止,相邻系数之差为 +1+1,之后为 −1-1。因此乘以 1−x1 - x 会裂项相消:(1−x)P(x)=(x+x2+⋯+x24)−(x25+⋯+x48)=(x+x2+⋯+x24)⋅(1−x24), \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)P(x) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}- (x^{25} + \cdots + x^{48}) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 - x^{24}) \end{aligned}\text{,}所以当 x≠1x \ne 1 时,P(x)=x(x24−1x−1)2。P(x) = x\left(\frac{x^{24} - 1}{x - 1}\right)^2\text{。}

因此 PP 的不同零点为 00 以及除 11 外的 2424 次单位根:zk=cos⁡15k∘+isin⁡15k∘z_k = \cos 15k^\circ + i \sin 15k^\circ,其中 k=1,…,23k = 1, \ldots, 23。零点 00 没有贡献,且 zk2=cos⁡30k∘+isin⁡30k∘z_k^2 = \cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ,所以 ∣bk∣=∣sin⁡30k∘∣|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|。

当 kk 从 11 到 1212 时,∣sin⁡30k∘∣|\sin 30k^\circ| 的值为 12\frac{1}{2}、32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}、11、32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}、12\frac{1}{2}、00,如此重复两次,和为 4+234 + 2\sqrt{3};k=13,…,23k = 13, \ldots, 23 的项重复 k=1,…,11k = 1, \ldots, 11 的项,再增加 4+234 + 2\sqrt{3}。总和为 8+438 + 4\sqrt{3},所以 m+n+p=8+4+3=15m + n + p = 8 + 4 + 3 = 15。

The coefficient of xkx^k in P(x)P(x) is 24−∣24−k∣24 - |24 - k| for 1≤k≤47,1 \le k \le 47, and consecutive coefficients differ by +1+1 up through x24x^{24} and by −1-1 afterwards. Multiplying by 1−x1 - x therefore telescopes: (1−x)P(x)=(x+x2+⋯+x24)−(x25+⋯+x48)=(x+x2+⋯+x24)⋅(1−x24), \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)P(x) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}- (x^{25} + \cdots + x^{48}) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 - x^{24}), \end{aligned} so for x≠1,x \ne 1, P(x)=x(x24−1x−1)2.P(x) = x\left(\frac{x^{24} - 1}{x - 1}\right)^2.

The distinct zeros of PP are therefore 00 together with the 2424th roots of unity other than 1:1: zk=cos⁡15k∘+isin⁡15k∘z_k = \cos 15k^\circ + i \sin 15k^\circ for k=1,…,23.k = 1, \ldots, 23. The zero 00 contributes nothing, and zk2=cos⁡30k∘+isin⁡30k∘,z_k^2 = \cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ, so ∣bk∣=∣sin⁡30k∘∣.|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|.

As kk runs from 11 to 12,12, the values ∣sin⁡30k∘∣|\sin 30k^\circ| are 12,\frac{1}{2}, 32,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, 1,1, 32,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, 12,\frac{1}{2}, 00 repeated twice, summing to 4+23;4 + 2\sqrt{3}; the terms for k=13,…,23k = 13, \ldots, 23 repeat those for k=1,…,11k = 1, \ldots, 11 and add another 4+23.4 + 2\sqrt{3}. The total is 8+43,8 + 4\sqrt{3}, so m+n+p=8+4+3=15.m + n + p = 8 + 4 + 3 = 15.

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