2003 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

设 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) 且 B=(b,2)B = (b, 2) 是坐标平面上的点。设 ABCDEFABCDEF 是一个凸等边六边形,满足 ∠FAB=120∘\angle FAB = 120^\circ,AB‾∥DE‾\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{DE},BC‾∥EF‾\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{EF},CD‾∥FA‾\overline{CD} \parallel \overline{FA},并且其顶点的 yy-坐标是集合 {0,2,4,6,8,10}\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\} 中互不相同的元素。该六边形的面积可写成 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n。

Let A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and B=(b,2)B = (b, 2) be points on the coordinate plane. Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a convex equilateral hexagon such that ∠FAB=120∘,\angle FAB = 120^\circ, AB‾∥DE‾,\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{DE}, BC‾∥EF‾,\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{EF}, CD‾∥FA‾,\overline{CD} \parallel \overline{FA}, and the yy-coordinates of its vertices are distinct elements of the set {0,2,4,6,8,10}.\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\}. The area of the hexagon can be written in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:51
知识点:坐标几何向量对称性
难度评级:3060
小提示:

相等且平行的对边使六边形中心对称,因此所有相对顶点的 yy-坐标之和相同

Equal, parallel opposite sides make the hexagon centrally symmetric, so the yy-coordinates of opposite vertices all have the same sum

大提示:

按顺序的 yy-坐标为 00、22、66、1010、88、44。将 ∠FAB=120∘\angle FAB = 120^\circ 写成点积并求边长

The yy-coordinates in order are 0,0, 2,2, 6,6, 10,10, 8,8, 4.4. Express ∠FAB=120∘\angle FAB = 120^\circ as a dot product and solve for the side length

解答:

每组对边都平行且等长;把每组中的第二条边反向后,对应向量相等,即 AB→=ED→\overrightarrow{AB} = \overrightarrow{ED}、BC→=FE→\overrightarrow{BC} = \overrightarrow{FE}、CD→=AF→\overrightarrow{CD} = \overrightarrow{AF}。因此这个六边形中心对称,相对顶点的 yy-坐标有共同的和,即 0+2+⋯+103=10\frac{0 + 2 + \cdots + 10}{3} = 10。由 yA=0y_A = 0 和 yB=2y_B = 2 得到 yD=10y_D = 10、yE=8y_E = 8,凸性又给出 yC=6y_C = 6、yF=4y_F = 4。写 AB→=(b,2)\overrightarrow{AB} = (b, 2)、BC→=(p,4)\overrightarrow{BC} = (p, 4)、CD→=(q,4)\overrightarrow{CD} = (q, 4)。边长相等给出 s2=b2+4s^2 = b^2 + 4 =p2+16= p^2 + 16 =q2+16= q^2 + 16,所以 p=±qp = \pm q;若 p=qp = q,则 BB、CC、DD 共线,因此 p=−qp = -q。

因为 AF→=CD→\overrightarrow{AF} = \overrightarrow{CD},所以 F=(q,4)F = (q, 4),且 ∠FAB=120∘\angle FAB = 120^\circ 给出 AB→⋅AF→=bq+8=−s22=−b2+42。 \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} &= bq + 8 \\ &= -\frac{s^2}{2} = -\frac{b^2 + 4}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}取 b>0b \gt 0 会迫使 q<0q \lt 0,所以 q=−b2−12q = -\sqrt{b^2 - 12},方程变为 bb2−12=b2+202b\sqrt{b^2 - 12} = \frac{b^2 + 20}{2}。平方得到 3b4−88b2−400=03b^4 - 88b^2 - 400 = 0,所以 b2=1003b^2 = \frac{100}{3},进而 b=103b = \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}},q=−83q = -\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}},p=83p = \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}。

各顶点为 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)、B=(103,2)B = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 2\right)、C=(63,6)C = (6\sqrt{3}, 6)、D=(103,10)D = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 10\right)、E=(0,8)E = (0, 8)、F=(−83,4)F = \left(-\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, 4\right)。该六边形可分成平行四边形 ABDEABDE 和两个全等三角形 BCDBCD 与 EFAEFA。平行四边形的竖直边 AE=8AE = 8,水平偏移为 bb,面积为 8b8b;每个三角形的竖直底为 88,水平高为 83\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}。总面积为 8⋅103+2⋅12⋅8⋅83=1443=483, \begin{aligned} &8 \cdot \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 8 \cdot \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{3}} = 48\sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=48+3=51m + n = 48 + 3 = 51。

Opposite sides are parallel, equal in length, and traversed in opposite directions, so AB→=ED→,\overrightarrow{AB} = \overrightarrow{ED}, BC→=FE→,\overrightarrow{BC} = \overrightarrow{FE}, CD→=AF→:\overrightarrow{CD} = \overrightarrow{AF}: the hexagon is centrally symmetric, and opposite vertices’ yy-coordinates share a common sum, namely 0+2+⋯+103=10.\frac{0 + 2 + \cdots + 10}{3} = 10. From yA=0y_A = 0 and yB=2y_B = 2 we get yD=10,y_D = 10, yE=8,y_E = 8, and convexity puts yC=6,y_C = 6, yF=4.y_F = 4. Write AB→=(b,2),\overrightarrow{AB} = (b, 2), BC→=(p,4),\overrightarrow{BC} = (p, 4), CD→=(q,4).\overrightarrow{CD} = (q, 4). Equal side lengths give s2=b2+4s^2 = b^2 + 4 =p2+16= p^2 + 16 =q2+16,= q^2 + 16, so p=±q;p = \pm q; since p=qp = q would make B,B, C,C, DD collinear, p=−q.p = -q.

Since AF→=CD→,\overrightarrow{AF} = \overrightarrow{CD}, we have F=(q,4),F = (q, 4), and ∠FAB=120∘\angle FAB = 120^\circ gives AB→⋅AF→=bq+8=−s22=−b2+42. \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} &= bq + 8 \\ &= -\frac{s^2}{2} = -\frac{b^2 + 4}{2}. \end{aligned} Taking b>0b \gt 0 forces q<0,q \lt 0, so q=−b2−12,q = -\sqrt{b^2 - 12}, and the equation becomes bb2−12=b2+202.b\sqrt{b^2 - 12} = \frac{b^2 + 20}{2}. Squaring yields 3b4−88b2−400=0,3b^4 - 88b^2 - 400 = 0, so b2=1003,b^2 = \frac{100}{3}, giving b=103,b = \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, q=−83,q = -\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, p=83.p = \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}.

The vertices are A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(103,2),B = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 2\right), C=(63,6),C = (6\sqrt{3}, 6), D=(103,10),D = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 10\right), E=(0,8),E = (0, 8), F=(−83,4).F = \left(-\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, 4\right). The hexagon splits into the parallelogram ABDE,ABDE, with vertical side AE=8AE = 8 and horizontal offset bb (area 8b8b), plus the two congruent triangles BCDBCD and EFA,EFA, each with vertical base 88 and horizontal height 83.\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}. The total area is 8⋅103+2⋅12⋅8⋅83=1443=483, \begin{aligned} &8 \cdot \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 8 \cdot \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{3}} = 48\sqrt{3}, \end{aligned} so m+n=48+3=51.m + n = 48 + 3 = 51.

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