2009 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

t=1t = 1223344,定义 St=i=1350aitS_t = \sum_{i=1}^{350} a_i^t,其中 ai{1,2,3,4}a_i \in \{1, 2, 3, 4\}。若 S1=513S_1 = 513S4=4745S_4 = 4745,求 S2S_2 的最小可能值。

For t=1,t = 1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, define St=i=1350ait,S_t = \sum_{i=1}^{350} a_i^t, where ai{1,2,3,4}.a_i \in \{1, 2, 3, 4\}. If S1=513S_1 = 513 and S4=4745,S_4 = 4745, find the minimum possible value for S2.S_2.

答案:905
知识点:方程组丢番图方程最优化
难度评级:3060
小提示:

mjm_j 表示 aia_i 中取值为 jj 的项数;给定数据会给出关于 m1m_1m2m_2m3m_3m4m_4 的线性方程。

Let mjm_j count how many aia_i equal j;j; the given data are linear equations in m1,m_1, m2,m_2, m3,m_3, m4m_4

大提示:

先消去 m1m_1,再消去 m2m_2,得到 5m3+21m4=1955m_3 + 21m_4 = 195,所以 m4m_40055;比较对应的两个 S2S_2 值。

Eliminating m1m_1 and then m2m_2 leaves 5m3+21m4=195,5m_3 + 21m_4 = 195, so m4m_4 is 00 or 5;5; compare the two resulting values of S2S_2

解答:

j=1,2,3,4j = 1, 2, 3, 4,令 mjm_jaia_i 中等于 jj 的项数。则 m1+m2+m3+m4=350,m1+2m2+3m3+4m4=513,m1+16m2+81m3+256m4=4745 \begin{aligned} &m_1 + m_2 + m_3 + m_4 = 350, \\ &m_1 + 2m_2 + 3m_3 + 4m_4 = 513, \\ &m_1 + 16m_2 + 81m_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 256m_4 = 4745 \end{aligned}\text{。}

用后两个方程分别减去第一个方程,得到 m2+2m3+3m4=163m_2 + 2m_3 + 3m_4 = 16315m2+80m3+255m4=439515m_2 + 80m_3 + 255m_4 = 4395;后者再减去前者的 1515 倍,得到 50m3+210m4=195050m_3 + 210m_4 = 1950,即 5m3+21m4=1955m_3 + 21m_4 = 195。因此 m4m_4 是非负的 55 的倍数,且只有 m4=0m_4 = 0m4=5m_4 = 5 能使所有变量非负,分别给出 (m1,m2,m3,m4)(m_1, m_2, m_3, m_4) =(226,85,39,0)= (226, 85, 39, 0)(215,112,18,5)(215, 112, 18, 5)

它们分别给出 S2=m1+4m2S_2 = m_1 + 4m_2 +9m3+16m4+ 9m_3 + 16m_4 =917= 917905905,所以最小值为 905905

For j=1,2,3,4,j = 1, 2, 3, 4, let mjm_j be the number of aia_i equal to j.j. Then m1+m2+m3+m4=350,m1+2m2+3m3+4m4=513,m1+16m2+81m3+256m4=4745. \begin{aligned} &m_1 + m_2 + m_3 + m_4 = 350, \\ &m_1 + 2m_2 + 3m_3 + 4m_4 = 513, \\ &m_1 + 16m_2 + 81m_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 256m_4 = 4745. \end{aligned}

Subtracting the first equation from the other two gives m2+2m3+3m4=163m_2 + 2m_3 + 3m_4 = 163 and 15m2+80m3+255m4=4395;15m_2 + 80m_3 + 255m_4 = 4395; subtracting 1515 times the former from the latter leaves 50m3+210m4=1950,50m_3 + 210m_4 = 1950, that is, 5m3+21m4=195.5m_3 + 21m_4 = 195. Hence m4m_4 is a nonnegative multiple of 5,5, and only m4=0m_4 = 0 and m4=5m_4 = 5 keep everything nonnegative, giving (m1,m2,m3,m4)(m_1, m_2, m_3, m_4) =(226,85,39,0)= (226, 85, 39, 0) or (215,112,18,5).(215, 112, 18, 5).

These yield S2=m1+4m2S_2 = m_1 + 4m_2 +9m3+16m4+ 9m_3 + 16m_4 =917= 917 and 905905 respectively, so the minimum is 905.905.

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