2009 AIME I 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

若一个 33 位数有 33 个互不相同的数字,并且从左到右读这些数字时,它们构成一个等比数列,则称这个三位数为等比数。求最大的等比数与最小的等比数之差。

Call a 33-digit number geometric if it has 33 distinct digits which, when read from left to right, form a geometric sequence. Find the difference between the largest and smallest geometric numbers.

知识点:等比数列数字分类讨论
难度评级:1950
小提示:

将三个数字写成 aaararar2ar^2;只要三个数字都是互不相同的整数,公比 rr 可以是分数。

Write the digits as a,a, ar,ar, ar2;ar^2; the ratio rr may be a fraction as long as all three digits are distinct integers

大提示:

求最大值时,从百位数字 99 开始,并尝试分母为 33 的公比;求最小值时,从 11 和整数公比开始。

For the largest, start with hundreds digit 99 and try ratios with denominator 3;3; for the smallest, start with 11 and an integer ratio

解答:

将三个数字写成 aaararar2ar^2。对于最大的等比数,取 a=9a = 9。若整数公比至少为 22,下一位数字就会超过 99,而 r=1r = 1 会使数字重复,所以 rr 是一个分数,并且它的分母平方必须整除 99r=23r = \frac{2}{3}r=13r = \frac{1}{3} 分别给出 964964931931,最大的是 964964

对于最小的等比数,取百位数字为 11。此时十位数字 rr 必须是至少为 22 的整数(数字互不相同),而 r=2r = 2 给出 124124,比 r=3r = 3 给出的 139139 更小。

差为 964124=840964 - 124 = 840

Write the digits as a,a, ar,ar, ar2.ar^2. For the largest geometric number, take a=9.a = 9. An integer ratio at least 22 would push the next digit past 9,9, and r=1r = 1 repeats digits, so rr is a fraction whose denominator squares into 9:9: the choices r=23r = \frac{2}{3} and r=13r = \frac{1}{3} give 964964 and 931.931. The largest is 964.964.

For the smallest, take hundreds digit 1.1. Then the tens digit rr must be an integer at least 22 (the digits are distinct), and r=2r = 2 gives 124,124, which beats r=3r = 3’s 139.139.

The difference is 964124=840.964 - 124 = 840.

2.

存在一个复数 zz,其虚部为 164164,并且存在一个正整数 nn,使得 zz+n=4i\frac{z}{z + n} = 4i\text{。}nn

There is a complex number zz with imaginary part 164164 and a positive integer nn such that zz+n=4i.\frac{z}{z + n} = 4i. Find n.n.

知识点:复数代数变形
难度评级:2060
小提示:

z=a+164iz = a + 164i,并去掉分母:z=4i(z+n)z = 4i(z + n)

Write z=a+164iz = a + 164i and clear the denominator: z=4i(z+n)z = 4i(z + n)

大提示:

展开 4i(z+n)4i(z + n),分别比较实部和虚部,先求 aa,再求 nn

Expand 4i(z+n)4i(z + n) and match real parts, then imaginary parts, to find aa and then nn

解答:

z=a+164iz = a + 164i。去掉分母,得 z=4i(z+n)z = 4i(z + n),也就是 a+164i=4i(a+n+164i)=656+4(a+n)i \begin{aligned} a + 164i &= 4i\,(a + n + 164i) \\ &= -656 + 4(a + n)i \end{aligned}\text{。}

比较实部得 a=656a = -656,比较虚部得 164=4(a+n)164 = 4(a + n),所以 a+n=41a + n = 41,从而 n=41+656=697n = 41 + 656 = 697

Write z=a+164i.z = a + 164i. Clearing the denominator gives z=4i(z+n),z = 4i(z + n), that is, a+164i=4i(a+n+164i)=656+4(a+n)i. \begin{aligned} a + 164i &= 4i\,(a + n + 164i) \\ &= -656 + 4(a + n)i. \end{aligned}

Real parts give a=656,a = -656, and imaginary parts give 164=4(a+n),164 = 4(a + n), so a+n=41a + n = 41 and n=41+656=697.n = 41 + 656 = 697.

3.

一枚硬币每次独立抛掷时,正面朝上的概率为 p>0p \gt 0,反面朝上的概率为 1p>01 - p \gt 0。将这枚硬币抛掷八次。已知出现三次正面、五次反面的概率,等于出现五次正面、三次反面的概率的 125\frac{1}{25}。设 p=mnp = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A coin that comes up heads with probability p>0p \gt 0 and tails with probability 1p>01 - p \gt 0 independently on each flip is flipped eight times. Suppose the probability of three heads and five tails is equal to 125\frac{1}{25} of the probability of five heads and three tails. Let p=mn,p = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2150
小提示:

列出方程 (83)p3(1p)5=125(85)p5(1p)3\binom{8}{3}p^3(1-p)^5 = \frac{1}{25}\binom{8}{5}p^5(1-p)^3

Set up (83)p3(1p)5=125(85)p5(1p)3\binom{8}{3}p^3(1-p)^5 = \frac{1}{25}\binom{8}{5}p^5(1-p)^3

大提示:

二项式系数会约去,剩下 (1p)2=p225(1-p)^2 = \frac{p^2}{25};两边都为正,所以取平方根。

The binomial coefficients cancel, leaving (1p)2=p225;(1-p)^2 = \frac{p^2}{25}; both sides are positive, so take square roots

解答:

题设说明 (83)p3(1p)5=125(85)p5(1p)3 \begin{aligned} &\binom{8}{3} p^3 (1-p)^5 \\ &= \frac{1}{25} \binom{8}{5} p^5 (1-p)^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 (83)=(85)\binom{8}{3} = \binom{8}{5},且 pp1p1 - p 都为正,除以 p3(1p)3p^3(1-p)^3 后得到 (1p)2=p225(1-p)^2 = \frac{p^2}{25},所以 1p=p51 - p = \frac{p}{5}

因此 p=56p = \frac{5}{6},所以 m+n=5+6=11m + n = 5 + 6 = 11

The condition says (83)p3(1p)5=125(85)p5(1p)3. \begin{aligned} &\binom{8}{3} p^3 (1-p)^5 \\ &= \frac{1}{25} \binom{8}{5} p^5 (1-p)^3. \end{aligned} Since (83)=(85)\binom{8}{3} = \binom{8}{5} and both pp and 1p1 - p are positive, dividing by p3(1p)3p^3(1-p)^3 leaves (1p)2=p225,(1-p)^2 = \frac{p^2}{25}, so 1p=p5.1 - p = \frac{p}{5}.

Hence p=56,p = \frac{5}{6}, and m+n=5+6=11.m + n = 5 + 6 = 11.

4.

在平行四边形 ABCDABCD 中,点 MMAB\overline{AB} 上,且 AMAB=171000\frac{AM}{AB} = \frac{17}{1000}。点 NNAD\overline{AD} 上,且 ANAD=172009\frac{AN}{AD} = \frac{17}{2009}。令 PPAC\overline{AC}MN\overline{MN} 的交点。求 ACAP\frac{AC}{AP}

In parallelogram ABCD,ABCD, point MM is on AB\overline{AB} so that AMAB=171000,\frac{AM}{AB} = \frac{17}{1000}, and point NN is on AD\overline{AD} so that ANAD=172009.\frac{AN}{AD} = \frac{17}{2009}. Let PP be the point of intersection of AC\overline{AC} and MN.\overline{MN}. Find ACAP.\frac{AC}{AP}.

难度评级:2400
小提示:

AA 设为原点,把 MMNNCC 用向量 AB\overrightarrow{AB}AD\overrightarrow{AD} 表示。

Set AA as the origin and express M,M, N,N, and CC in terms of the vectors AB\overrightarrow{AB} and AD\overrightarrow{AD}

大提示:

直线 MNMN 上的点可写成 tM+(1t)NtM + (1-t)N;同时写 P=s(AB+AD)P = s\,(\overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{AD}),比较系数后把两个所得方程相加。

Points of line MNMN have the form tM+(1t)N;tM + (1-t)N; also write P=s(AB+AD),P = s\,(\overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{AD}), match coefficients, and add the two resulting equations

解答:

AA 放在原点,令 b=AB\mathbf{b} = \overrightarrow{AB}d=AD\mathbf{d} = \overrightarrow{AD},于是 C=b+dC = \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{d}M=171000bM = \frac{17}{1000}\mathbf{b},且 N=172009dN = \frac{17}{2009}\mathbf{d}。因为 PPAC\overline{AC} 上,写作 P=s(b+d)P = s\,(\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{d}),其中 s=APACs = \frac{AP}{AC};又因为 PP 在直线 MNMN 上,可写作 P=tM+(1t)NP = tM + (1 - t)N,其中 tt 为某个实数。

因为 b\mathbf{b}d\mathbf{d} 线性无关,系数必须相等:s=17t1000s = \frac{17t}{1000}s=17(1t)2009s = \frac{17(1-t)}{2009}\text{。}因此 t=1000s17t = \frac{1000s}{17},且 1t=2009s171 - t = \frac{2009s}{17};相加得 1=3009s171 = \frac{3009s}{17}

所以 ACAP=1s=300917=177\frac{AC}{AP} = \frac{1}{s} = \frac{3009}{17} = 177

Place AA at the origin and let b=AB\mathbf{b} = \overrightarrow{AB} and d=AD,\mathbf{d} = \overrightarrow{AD}, so that C=b+d,C = \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{d}, M=171000b,M = \frac{17}{1000}\mathbf{b}, and N=172009d.N = \frac{17}{2009}\mathbf{d}. Since PP lies on AC,\overline{AC}, write P=s(b+d)P = s\,(\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{d}) where s=APAC;s = \frac{AP}{AC}; since PP also lies on line MN,MN, write P=tM+(1t)NP = tM + (1 - t)N for some t.t.

Because b\mathbf{b} and d\mathbf{d} are independent, the coefficients must agree: s=17t1000s = \frac{17t}{1000} and s=17(1t)2009.s = \frac{17(1-t)}{2009}. Thus t=1000s17t = \frac{1000s}{17} and 1t=2009s17;1 - t = \frac{2009s}{17}; adding gives 1=3009s17.1 = \frac{3009s}{17}.

Therefore ACAP=1s=300917=177.\frac{AC}{AP} = \frac{1}{s} = \frac{3009}{17} = 177.

5.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AC=450AC = 450BC=300BC = 300。点 KKLL 分别在 AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB} 上,且 AK=CKAK = CK,并且 CL\overline{CL} 是角 CC 的角平分线。令 PPBK\overline{BK}CL\overline{CL} 的交点,令 MM 为直线 BKBK 上的点,使得 KKPM\overline{PM} 的中点。若 AM=180AM = 180,求 LPLP

Triangle ABCABC has AC=450AC = 450 and BC=300.BC = 300. Points KK and LL are located on AC\overline{AC} and AB\overline{AB} respectively so that AK=CK,AK = CK, and CL\overline{CL} is the angle bisector of angle C.C. Let PP be the point of intersection of BK\overline{BK} and CL,\overline{CL}, and let MM be the point on line BKBK for which KK is the midpoint of PM.\overline{PM}. If AM=180,AM = 180, find LP.LP.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

AK=CKAK = CK,且 KKPM\overline{PM} 的中点,说明四边形 APCMAPCM 的对角线互相平分,所以 APCMAPCM 是平行四边形。

AK=CKAK = CK and KK the midpoint of PM\overline{PM} mean the diagonals of quadrilateral APCMAPCM bisect each other, so APCMAPCM is a parallelogram

大提示:

AMCPAM \parallel CP 使三角形 BLPBLPBAMBAM 相似;用角平分线定理求 BLBA\frac{BL}{BA}

AMCPAM \parallel CP makes triangles BLPBLP and BAMBAM similar; get BLBA\frac{BL}{BA} from the angle bisector theorem

解答:

因为 AK=CKAK = CK,且 KKPM\overline{PM} 的中点,四边形 APCMAPCM 的对角线互相平分,所以 APCMAPCM 是平行四边形,并且 AMCPAM \parallel CP。又因为 PP 在直线 CLCL 上,且 BBPPMM 都在直线 BKBK 上,三角形 BLPBLPBAMBAM 相似。

因此 LPAM=BLBA\frac{LP}{AM} = \frac{BL}{BA}。由角平分线定理,ALLB=ACBC=450300=32\frac{AL}{LB} = \frac{AC}{BC} = \frac{450}{300} = \frac{3}{2},所以 BLBA=22+3=25\frac{BL}{BA} = \frac{2}{2 + 3} = \frac{2}{5}

所以 LP=25AM=25180=72LP = \frac{2}{5} \cdot AM = \frac{2}{5} \cdot 180 = 72

Because AK=CKAK = CK and KK is the midpoint of PM,\overline{PM}, the diagonals of quadrilateral APCMAPCM bisect each other, so APCMAPCM is a parallelogram and AMCP.AM \parallel CP. Since PP lies on line CLCL and B,B, P,P, MM all lie on line BK,BK, triangles BLPBLP and BAMBAM are similar.

Thus LPAM=BLBA.\frac{LP}{AM} = \frac{BL}{BA}. The angle bisector theorem gives ALLB=ACBC=450300=32,\frac{AL}{LB} = \frac{AC}{BC} = \frac{450}{300} = \frac{3}{2}, so BLBA=22+3=25.\frac{BL}{BA} = \frac{2}{2 + 3} = \frac{2}{5}.

Therefore LP=25AM=25180=72.LP = \frac{2}{5} \cdot AM = \frac{2}{5} \cdot 180 = 72.

6.

有多少个正整数 NN 小于 10001000,并且使方程 xx=Nx^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = N 有解 xx?(记号 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。)

How many positive integers NN less than 10001000 are there such that the equation xx=Nx^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = N has a solution for x?x? (The notation x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.x.)

难度评级:2390
小提示:

x=k\lfloor x \rfloor = k,则当 xx[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 中变化时,xkx^k 恰好覆盖从 kkk^k(k+1)k1(k+1)^k - 1 的整数。

If x=k,\lfloor x \rfloor = k, then as xx runs over [k,k+1)[k, k+1) the value xkx^k covers exactly the integers from kkk^k to (k+1)k1(k+1)^k - 1

大提示:

(k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^kk=1k = 1223344 时的值相加;当 k=5k = 5 时,取值已经超过 10001000

Sum the counts (k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^k for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4;4; for k=5k = 5 the values already exceed 10001000

解答:

x=k\lfloor x \rfloor = k,其中 kk 为正整数。当 xx[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 中变化时,xkx^kkkk^k 连续递增并趋近于 (k+1)k(k+1)^k,所以可达到的整数 NN 恰好满足 kkN(k+1)k1k^k \le N \le (k+1)^k - 1:一共有 (k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^k 个,而且不同 kk 对应的区间互不重叠。若 0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1,则 xx=x0=1x^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = x^0 = 1,这个值已经可以达到。若 x<0x \lt 0,则 x\lfloor x \rfloor 为负数;指数为奇数时,所得值为负数,指数为偶数时,所得值严格介于 0011 之间。因此 x<1x \lt 1 不会产生新的正整数。

k=1k = 1223344,数量分别为 21=12 - 1 = 194=59 - 4 = 56427=3764 - 27 = 37625256=369625 - 256 = 369,且这些 NN 都至多为 624<1000624 \lt 1000。当 k=5k = 5 时,最小值为 55=3125>10005^5 = 3125 \gt 1000

总数为 1+5+37+369=4121 + 5 + 37 + 369 = 412

Suppose x=k\lfloor x \rfloor = k for a positive integer k.k. As xx runs over [k,k+1),[k, k+1), the value xkx^k increases continuously from kkk^k toward (k+1)k,(k+1)^k, so the attainable integers NN are exactly those with kkN(k+1)k1:k^k \le N \le (k+1)^k - 1: there are (k+1)kkk(k+1)^k - k^k of them, and these ranges are disjoint for different k.k. If 0<x<1,0 \lt x \lt 1, then xx=x0=1,x^{\lfloor x \rfloor} = x^0 = 1, which is already attained. If x<0,x \lt 0, then x\lfloor x \rfloor is negative; an odd exponent gives a negative value, while an even exponent gives a value strictly between 00 and 1.1. Thus no x<1x \lt 1 produces a new positive integer.

For k=1,k = 1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4,4, the counts are 21=1,2 - 1 = 1, 94=5,9 - 4 = 5, 6427=37,64 - 27 = 37, and 625256=369,625 - 256 = 369, and every such NN is at most 624<1000.624 \lt 1000. For k=5k = 5 the smallest value is 55=3125>1000.5^5 = 3125 \gt 1000.

The total is 1+5+37+369=412.1 + 5 + 37 + 369 = 412.

7.

数列 (an)(a_n) 满足 a1=1a_1 = 1,且满足 5(an+1an)1=1n+235^{(a_{n+1} - a_n)} - 1 = \frac{1}{n + \frac{2}{3}},其中 n1n \ge 1。令 kk 为大于 11 的最小整数,使得 aka_k 是整数。求 kk

The sequence (an)(a_n) satisfies a1=1a_1 = 1 and 5(an+1an)1=1n+235^{(a_{n+1} - a_n)} - 1 = \frac{1}{n + \frac{2}{3}} for n1.n \ge 1. Let kk be the least integer greater than 11 for which aka_k is an integer. Find k.k.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

将关系改写为 5an+1an=3n+53n+25^{a_{n+1} - a_n} = \frac{3n+5}{3n+2},再把连续的等式相乘,使中间因子逐项约去。

Rewrite the relation as 5an+1an=3n+53n+25^{a_{n+1} - a_n} = \frac{3n+5}{3n+2} and multiply successive instances to telescope

大提示:

闭式为 ak=log5(3k+2)a_k = \log_5(3k+2),所以需要 3k+23k + 255 的幂。

The closed form is ak=log5(3k+2),a_k = \log_5(3k+2), so you need 3k+23k + 2 to be a power of 55

解答:

该关系给出 5an+1an=1+33n+2=3n+53n+25^{a_{n+1} - a_n} = 1 + \frac{3}{3n + 2} = \frac{3n+5}{3n+2}。将 n=1n = 122\ldotsk1k - 1 的这些等式相乘,中间因子逐项约去:5aka1=3k+255^{a_k - a_1} = \frac{3k + 2}{5}\text{,}所以 ak=1+log53k+25=log5(3k+2) \begin{aligned} a_k &= 1 + \log_5 \frac{3k+2}{5} \\ &= \log_5 (3k + 2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 aka_k 为整数当且仅当 3k+23k + 255 的幂。由于 5j2j(mod3)5^j \equiv 2^j \pmod 3,只有奇数指数 jj 才能给出形如 3k+23k + 2 的数。幂 51=55^1 = 5 给出 k=1k = 1 被排除;下一个 53=125=341+25^3 = 125 = 3 \cdot 41 + 2,给出 k=41k = 41

The relation says 5an+1an=1+33n+2=3n+53n+2.5^{a_{n+1} - a_n} = 1 + \frac{3}{3n + 2} = \frac{3n+5}{3n+2}. Multiplying these equations for n=1,n = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, k1k - 1 telescopes: 5aka1=3k+25,5^{a_k - a_1} = \frac{3k + 2}{5}, so ak=1+log53k+25=log5(3k+2). \begin{aligned} a_k &= 1 + \log_5 \frac{3k+2}{5} \\ &= \log_5 (3k + 2). \end{aligned}

Thus aka_k is an integer exactly when 3k+23k + 2 is a power of 5.5. Since 5j2j(mod3),5^j \equiv 2^j \pmod 3, only odd exponents jj give numbers of the form 3k+2.3k + 2. The power 51=55^1 = 5 gives k=1,k = 1, which is excluded, and the next, 53=125=341+2,5^3 = 125 = 3 \cdot 41 + 2, gives k=41.k = 41.

8.

S={20,21,22,,210}S = \{2^0, 2^1, 2^2, \ldots, 2^{10}\}。考虑 SS 中两两元素的所有正差。令 NN 为所有这些差的和。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let S={20,21,22,,210}.S = \{2^0, 2^1, 2^2, \ldots, 2^{10}\}. Consider all possible positive differences of pairs of elements of S.S. Let NN be the sum of all of these differences. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

在所有正差的和中,数出每个 2k2^k 被加了多少次、被减了多少次。

In the sum of all positive differences, count how many times each 2k2^k is added and how many times it is subtracted

大提示:

N=k=010(2k10)2kN = \sum_{k=0}^{10}(2k - 10)\,2^k;用 k2k\sum k\,2^k 和等比数列求值,再模 10001000

N=k=010(2k10)2k;N = \sum_{k=0}^{10}(2k - 10)\,2^k; evaluate with k2k\sum k\,2^k and a geometric series, then reduce mod 10001000

解答:

在所有正差的和中,元素 2k2^k 会对每个更小的元素被加一次(共 kk 次),并对每个更大的元素被减一次(共 10k10 - k 次)。因此 N=k=010(2k10)2k=2k=010k2k10k=0102k \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=0}^{10} (2k - 10)\,2^k \\ &= 2\sum_{k=0}^{10} k\,2^k - 10\sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^k \end{aligned}\text{。}

标准求和为 k=010k2k=9211+2=18434\sum_{k=0}^{10} k\,2^k = 9 \cdot 2^{11} + 2 = 18434,以及 k=0102k=2111=2047\sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^k = 2^{11} - 1 = 2047,所以 N=218434102047=3686820470=16398 \begin{aligned} N &= 2 \cdot 18434 - 10 \cdot 2047 \\ &= 36868 - 20470 = 16398 \end{aligned}\text{。}

除以 10001000 的余数是 398398

In the sum of all positive differences, the element 2k2^k is added once for each smaller element (kk times) and subtracted once for each larger element (10k10 - k times). Hence N=k=010(2k10)2k=2k=010k2k10k=0102k. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=0}^{10} (2k - 10)\,2^k \\ &= 2\sum_{k=0}^{10} k\,2^k - 10\sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^k. \end{aligned}

The standard sums are k=010k2k=9211+2=18434\sum_{k=0}^{10} k\,2^k = 9 \cdot 2^{11} + 2 = 18434 and k=0102k=2111=2047,\sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^k = 2^{11} - 1 = 2047, so N=218434102047=3686820470=16398. \begin{aligned} N &= 2 \cdot 18434 - 10 \cdot 2047 \\ &= 36868 - 20470 = 16398. \end{aligned}

The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 398.398.

9.

一个游戏节目向参赛者提供三件奖品 AABBCC,每件奖品的价格都是整数,且介于 $1\$1$9999\$9999 之间(含端点)。参赛者按 AABBCC 的顺序正确猜出每件奖品的价格即可获奖。作为提示,会给出这三个价格的所有数字。在某一天,给出的数字是 11111111333333。求与这个提示一致的三件奖品价格的所有可能猜法总数。

A game show offers a contestant three prizes A,A, BB and C,C, each of which is worth a whole number of dollars from $1\$1 to $9999\$9999 inclusive. The contestant wins the prizes by correctly guessing the price of each prize in the order A,A, B,B, C.C. As a hint, the digits of the three prices are given. On a particular day, the digits given were 1,1, 1,1, 1,1, 1,1, 3,3, 3,3, 3.3. Find the total number of possible guesses for all three prizes consistent with the hint.

难度评级:2600
小提示:

按顺序把三个价格拼接起来,会得到这七个数字的一种排列;先数排列数,再数把一个排列切成三个价格的方法。

Concatenating the three prices in order gives an arrangement of the seven digits; count arrangements, then the ways to cut one into three prices

大提示:

每个排列要切成三个非空且长度不超过 44 的段:段长是 1,2,41,2,42,2,32,2,31,3,31,3,3 的排列。

Each arrangement is cut into three nonempty blocks of at most 44 digits: the block lengths are permutations of 1,2,4;1,2,4; 2,2,3;2,2,3; or 1,3,31,3,3

解答:

按顺序把三个猜测的价格拼接起来,会得到给定七个数字的一种排列;反过来,一个排列加上一种把它切成三个连续非空段的方法,也唯一确定一种猜法,并且每段长度至多为四位(价格从 $1\$1$9999\$9999,且这里没有价格会以 00 开头,因为所有数字都是 1133)。共有 7!4!3!=35\frac{7!}{4!\,3!} = 35 种排列,它们由四个 11 和三个 33 组成。

有序段长就是把 77 写成三个介于 1144 之间的正整数之和的方法:(1,2,4)(1, 2, 4)(2,2,3)(2, 2, 3)(1,3,3)(1, 3, 3) 的排列,给出 6+3+3=126 + 3 + 3 = 12 种切法。

总数为 3512=42035 \cdot 12 = 420

Concatenating the three guessed prices in order produces an arrangement of the seven given digits, and each guess is recovered uniquely from an arrangement together with a way to cut it into three consecutive nonempty blocks of at most four digits each (prices run from $1\$1 to $9999,\$9999, and no price can start with 00 here since every digit is 11 or 33). There are 7!4!3!=35\frac{7!}{4!\,3!} = 35 arrangements of four 11s and three 33s.

The ordered block lengths are the ways to write 77 as an ordered sum of three parts between 11 and 4:4: the permutations of (1,2,4),(1, 2, 4), (2,2,3),(2, 2, 3), and (1,3,3),(1, 3, 3), giving 6+3+3=126 + 3 + 3 = 12 cuts for each arrangement.

The total is 3512=420.35 \cdot 12 = 420.

10.

年度星际数学考试(AIME)由五名火星人、五名金星人和五名地球人组成的委员会编写。开会时,委员们围坐在圆桌旁,座位按顺时针顺序编号为 111515。委员会规定,火星人必须坐在 11 号椅,地球人必须坐在 1515 号椅。此外,地球人不能紧坐在火星人的左边,火星人不能紧坐在金星人的左边,金星人不能紧坐在地球人的左边。委员会可能的座位安排数为 N(5!)3N \cdot (5!)^3。求 NN

The Annual Interplanetary Mathematics Examination (AIME) is written by a committee of five Martians, five Venusians, and five Earthlings. At meetings, committee members sit at a round table with chairs numbered from 11 to 1515 in clockwise order. Committee rules state that a Martian must occupy chair 11 and an Earthling must occupy chair 15.15. Furthermore, no Earthling can sit immediately to the left of a Martian, no Martian can sit immediately to the left of a Venusian, and no Venusian can sit immediately to the left of an Earthling. The number of possible seating arrangements for the committee is N(5!)3.N \cdot (5!)^3. Find N.N.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

先数每把椅子对应哪个星球的模式;规则迫使火星人、金星人、地球人的连续块按这个顺时针顺序重复。

Count planet-to-chair patterns first; the rules force blocks of Martians, Venusians, and Earthlings to repeat in that clockwise order

大提示:

如果循环 MVEMVE 重复 kk 次,每个星球的 55 名成员被分成 kk 个有序非空组,有 (4k1)\binom{4}{k-1} 种;将这个数的三次方对 kk 求和。

If the cycle MVEMVE repeats kk times, each planet’s 55 members split into kk ordered nonempty groups in (4k1)\binom{4}{k-1} ways; cube and sum over kk

解答:

先选择每把椅子上坐哪个星球的人;之后每个星球的具体成员都可以用 5!5! 种方式分配到本星球的椅子上,所以 NN 数的是星球模式。相邻规则等价于:按顺时针读取时,每段相邻的火星人座位后面必须接一段金星人座位,再接一段地球人座位,然后火星人才可以再次出现。因为 11 号椅坐火星人,1515 号椅坐地球人,所以从 111515 号椅依次由“火星人块、金星人块、地球人块”这一模式重复 kk 次组成,其中 1k51 \le k \le 5

对于给定的 kk,每个星球的五名成员被按顺序分配到 kk 个非空块中,而把 55 写成 kk 个正整数的有序和的方法数为 (4k1)\binom{4}{k-1}。三个星球的块大小相互独立,所以 N=k=15(4k1)3=13+43+63+43+13=346 \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{5} \binom{4}{k-1}^3 \\ &= 1^3 + 4^3 + 6^3 + 4^3 + 1^3 \\ &= 346 \end{aligned}\text{。}

First choose which planet sits in each chair; the individuals from each planet can then be assigned to their chairs in 5!5! ways apiece, so NN counts the planet patterns. The adjacency rules say exactly that, reading clockwise, each maximal block of Martians must be followed by a block of Venusians and then a block of Earthlings before Martians can appear again. Since chair 11 holds a Martian and chair 1515 holds an Earthling, the chairs from 11 to 1515 consist of the pattern (Martian block, Venusian block, Earthling block) repeated kk times, for some 1k5.1 \le k \le 5.

For a given k,k, each planet’s five members are distributed into kk nonempty blocks in order, and the number of ways to write 55 as an ordered sum of kk positive integers is (4k1).\binom{4}{k-1}. The three planets’ block sizes are independent, so N=k=15(4k1)3=13+43+63+43+13=346. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{5} \binom{4}{k-1}^3 \\ &= 1^3 + 4^3 + 6^3 + 4^3 + 1^3 \\ &= 346. \end{aligned}

11.

考虑所有三角形 OPQOPQ,其中 OO 是原点,PPQQ 是平面上互不相同的点,且坐标为非负整数 (x,y)(x, y),满足 41x+y=200941x + y = 2009。求这些不同三角形中,面积为正整数的个数。

Consider the set of all triangles OPQOPQ where OO is the origin and PP and QQ are distinct points in the plane with nonnegative integer coordinates (x,y)(x, y) such that 41x+y=2009.41x + y = 2009. Find the number of such distinct triangles whose area is a positive integer.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

直线上的格点为 (i,200941i)(i,\, 2009 - 41i),其中 i=0i = 011\ldots4949

The lattice points on the line are (i,200941i)(i,\, 2009 - 41i) for i=0,i = 0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 4949

大提示:

由编号为 iijj 的点组成的三角形面积为 20092ij\frac{2009}{2}\,|i - j|,它是整数当且仅当 iijj 同奇偶。

The triangle on points ii and jj has area 20092ij,\frac{2009}{2}\,|i - j|, an integer exactly when ii and jj have the same parity

解答:

直线上非负整数坐标的点为 Pi=(i,200941i)P_i = (i,\, 2009 - 41i),其中 i=0i = 011\ldots4949,共五十个点。若 P=PiP = P_iQ=PjQ = P_j,用鞋带公式得 [OPQ]=12i(200941j)j(200941i)=20092ij \begin{aligned} [OPQ] &= \small \frac{1}{2}\left|\,i(2009 - 41j) - j(2009 - 41i)\,\right| \\ &= \frac{2009}{2}\,|i - j| \end{aligned}\text{。}

对互不相同的点,面积自动为正;又因为 20092009 是奇数,它是整数当且仅当 iji - j 为偶数,也就是 iijj 同奇偶。偶数编号有 2525 个,奇数编号也有 2525 个,所以三角形个数为 (252)+(252)=300+300=600\binom{25}{2} + \binom{25}{2} = 300 + 300 = 600

The points on the line with nonnegative integer coordinates are Pi=(i,200941i)P_i = (i,\, 2009 - 41i) for i=0,i = 0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 4949 — fifty points in all. For P=PiP = P_i and Q=Pj,Q = P_j, the shoelace formula gives [OPQ]=12i(200941j)j(200941i)=20092ij. \begin{aligned} [OPQ] &= \small \frac{1}{2}\left|\,i(2009 - 41j) - j(2009 - 41i)\,\right| \\ &= \frac{2009}{2}\,|i - j|. \end{aligned}

This is automatically positive for distinct points, and since 20092009 is odd, it is an integer exactly when iji - j is even, that is, when ii and jj have the same parity. There are 2525 even and 2525 odd indices, so the number of triangles is (252)+(252)=300+300=600.\binom{25}{2} + \binom{25}{2} = 300 + 300 = 600.

12.

在直角 ABC\triangle ABC 中,斜边为 AB\overline{AB}AC=12AC = 12BC=35BC = 35,且 CD\overline{CD} 是到 AB\overline{AB} 的高。令 ω\omega 为以 CD\overline{CD} 为直径的圆。令 IIABC\triangle ABC 外的一点,使得 AI\overline{AI}BI\overline{BI} 都与圆 ω\omega 相切。ABI\triangle ABI 的周长与 ABAB 的长度之比可写成 mn\frac{m}{n} 的形式,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

In right ABC\triangle ABC with hypotenuse AB,\overline{AB}, AC=12,AC = 12, BC=35,BC = 35, and CD\overline{CD} is the altitude to AB.\overline{AB}. Let ω\omega be the circle having CD\overline{CD} as a diameter. Let II be a point outside ABC\triangle ABC such that AI\overline{AI} and BI\overline{BI} are both tangent to circle ω.\omega. The ratio of the perimeter of ABI\triangle ABI to the length ABAB can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

ABABω\omega 相切于 DD,所以 ω\omega 是三角形 ABIABI 的内切圆。

ABAB is tangent to ω\omega at D,D, so ω\omega is the inscribed circle of triangle ABIABI

大提示:

xx 为从 II 引出的切线长,并用两种方法计算三角形 ABIABI 的面积:用 rsrs,其中 r=12ADBDr = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{AD \cdot BD},以及海伦公式。

Let xx be the tangent length from II and compute the area of ABIABI two ways: rsrs with r=12ADBD,r = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{AD \cdot BD}, and Heron’s formula

解答:

因为 CDAB\overline{CD} \perp \overline{AB},且 DD 是直径的一个端点,所以 ABABω\omega 相切于 DD。再加上切线 AIAIBIBIω\omega 就是三角形 ABIABI 的内切圆。写 AD=yAD = yBD=zBD = z,并令 xx 为从 II 引出的切线长。直角三角形高的性质给出 CD2=ADBDCD^2 = AD \cdot BD,所以 ABIABI 的内切圆半径为 r=12yzr = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{yz}

半周长 s=x+y+zs = x + y + z,切线长分别为 sAB=xs - AB = xsBI=ys - BI = ysAI=zs - AI = z,因此 ABIABI 的面积既等于 rsrs,也由海伦公式等于 sxyz\sqrt{s \cdot xyz}。两者相等并平方,s2yz4=sxyz\frac{s^2\,yz}{4} = s\,xyz\text{,}所以 s=4xs = 4x\text{,}进而 AB=y+z=sx=3xAB = y + z = s - x = 3x

周长为 2s=8x2s = 8x,所以它与 ABAB 的比为 8x3x=83\frac{8x}{3x} = \frac{8}{3} (与给定直角边无关),于是 m+n=8+3=11m + n = 8 + 3 = 11

Because CDAB\overline{CD} \perp \overline{AB} and DD is an endpoint of the diameter, ABAB is tangent to ω\omega at D.D. Together with the tangent lines AIAI and BI,BI, this makes ω\omega the inscribed circle of triangle ABI.ABI. Write AD=y,AD = y, BD=z,BD = z, and let xx be the tangent length from I.I. The right-triangle altitude satisfies CD2=ADBD,CD^2 = AD \cdot BD, so the inradius of ABIABI is r=12yz.r = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{yz}.

With semiperimeter s=x+y+z,s = x + y + z, the tangent lengths are exactly sAB=x,s - AB = x, sBI=y,s - BI = y, and sAI=z,s - AI = z, so the area of ABIABI equals both rsrs and, by Heron’s formula, sxyz.\sqrt{s \cdot xyz}. Equating and squaring, s2yz4=sxyz,\frac{s^2\,yz}{4} = s\,xyz, so s=4x,s = 4x, which gives AB=y+z=sx=3x.AB = y + z = s - x = 3x.

The perimeter is 2s=8x,2s = 8x, so its ratio to ABAB is 8x3x=83\frac{8x}{3x} = \frac{8}{3} (independent of the given legs), and m+n=8+3=11.m + n = 8 + 3 = 11.

13.

数列 (ai)(a_i) 由递推式 an+2=an+20091+an+1a_{n+2} = \frac{a_n + 2009}{1 + a_{n+1}} 定义,其中 n1n \ge 1,且各项都是正整数。求 a1+a2a_1 + a_2 的最小可能值。

The terms of the sequence (ai)(a_i) defined by an+2=an+20091+an+1a_{n+2} = \frac{a_n + 2009}{1 + a_{n+1}} for n1n \ge 1 are positive integers. Find the minimum possible value of a1+a2.a_1 + a_2.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

清除分母:an+2(1+an+1)=an+2009a_{n+2}(1 + a_{n+1}) = a_n + 2009,再把相邻两式相减。

Clear denominators: an+2(1+an+1)=an+2009,a_{n+2}(1 + a_{n+1}) = a_n + 2009, then subtract consecutive instances

大提示:

除非总有 an+2=ana_{n+2} = a_n,否则差 an+2an|a_{n+2} - a_n| 会无限严格递减,这是不可能的;所得的二周期情形迫使 a1a2=2009a_1 a_2 = 2009

Unless an+2=ana_{n+2} = a_n always, the differences an+2an|a_{n+2} - a_n| strictly decrease forever, which is impossible; the resulting two-periodic case forces a1a2=2009a_1 a_2 = 2009

解答:

清除分母得 an+2(1+an+1)=an+2009a_{n+2}(1 + a_{n+1}) = a_n + 2009,对所有 n1n \ge 1 成立。将每个式子与下一个式子相减,得到 an+2an=(an+2+1)(an+3an+1) \begin{aligned} &a_{n+2} - a_n \\ &= (a_{n+2} + 1)(a_{n+3} - a_{n+1}) \end{aligned}\text{。}

如果某个差 an+2ana_{n+2} - a_n 非零,那么之后每一个这样的差也都非零;又因为每个 an+2+12a_{n+2} + 1 \ge 2,上式会迫使 a3a1|a_3 - a_1| >a4a2\gt |a_4 - a_2| >a5a3\gt |a_5 - a_3| >\gt \cdots,形成一个无限严格递减的正整数序列,矛盾。因此 an+2=ana_{n+2} = a_n 对所有 nn 都成立:奇数项全相等,偶数项全相等。

此时递推式变为 a1(1+a2)=a1+2009a_1(1 + a_2) = a_1 + 2009,所以 a1a2=2009=7241a_1 a_2 = 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41。在 20092009 的因数对中,和最小的是 414941 \cdot 49,得 41+49=9041 + 49 = 90

Clearing denominators, an+2(1+an+1)=an+2009a_{n+2}(1 + a_{n+1}) = a_n + 2009 for all n1.n \ge 1. Subtracting each instance from the next gives an+2an=(an+2+1)(an+3an+1). \begin{aligned} &a_{n+2} - a_n \\ &= (a_{n+2} + 1)(a_{n+3} - a_{n+1}). \end{aligned}

If some difference an+2ana_{n+2} - a_n were nonzero, then every later difference would be nonzero as well, and since each an+2+12,a_{n+2} + 1 \ge 2, the identity would force a3a1|a_3 - a_1| >a4a2\gt |a_4 - a_2| >a5a3\gt |a_5 - a_3| >,\gt \cdots, an infinite strictly decreasing sequence of positive integers — impossible. Hence an+2=ana_{n+2} = a_n for all n:n: the odd-indexed terms are all equal and the even-indexed terms are all equal.

The recursion then reads a1(1+a2)=a1+2009,a_1(1 + a_2) = a_1 + 2009, so a1a2=2009=7241.a_1 a_2 = 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41. Among the factor pairs of 2009,2009, the sum is smallest for 4149,41 \cdot 49, giving 41+49=90.41 + 49 = 90.

14.

t=1t = 1223344,定义 St=i=1350aitS_t = \sum_{i=1}^{350} a_i^t,其中 ai{1,2,3,4}a_i \in \{1, 2, 3, 4\}。若 S1=513S_1 = 513S4=4745S_4 = 4745,求 S2S_2 的最小可能值。

For t=1,t = 1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, define St=i=1350ait,S_t = \sum_{i=1}^{350} a_i^t, where ai{1,2,3,4}.a_i \in \{1, 2, 3, 4\}. If S1=513S_1 = 513 and S4=4745,S_4 = 4745, find the minimum possible value for S2.S_2.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

mjm_j 表示 aia_i 中取值为 jj 的项数;给定数据会给出关于 m1m_1m2m_2m3m_3m4m_4 的线性方程。

Let mjm_j count how many aia_i equal j;j; the given data are linear equations in m1,m_1, m2,m_2, m3,m_3, m4m_4

大提示:

先消去 m1m_1,再消去 m2m_2,得到 5m3+21m4=1955m_3 + 21m_4 = 195,所以 m4m_40055;比较对应的两个 S2S_2 值。

Eliminating m1m_1 and then m2m_2 leaves 5m3+21m4=195,5m_3 + 21m_4 = 195, so m4m_4 is 00 or 5;5; compare the two resulting values of S2S_2

解答:

j=1,2,3,4j = 1, 2, 3, 4,令 mjm_jaia_i 中等于 jj 的项数。则 m1+m2+m3+m4=350,m1+2m2+3m3+4m4=513,m1+16m2+81m3+256m4=4745 \begin{aligned} &m_1 + m_2 + m_3 + m_4 = 350, \\ &m_1 + 2m_2 + 3m_3 + 4m_4 = 513, \\ &m_1 + 16m_2 + 81m_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 256m_4 = 4745 \end{aligned}\text{。}

用后两个方程分别减去第一个方程,得到 m2+2m3+3m4=163m_2 + 2m_3 + 3m_4 = 16315m2+80m3+255m4=439515m_2 + 80m_3 + 255m_4 = 4395;后者再减去前者的 1515 倍,得到 50m3+210m4=195050m_3 + 210m_4 = 1950,即 5m3+21m4=1955m_3 + 21m_4 = 195。因此 m4m_4 是非负的 55 的倍数,且只有 m4=0m_4 = 0m4=5m_4 = 5 能使所有变量非负,分别给出 (m1,m2,m3,m4)(m_1, m_2, m_3, m_4) =(226,85,39,0)= (226, 85, 39, 0)(215,112,18,5)(215, 112, 18, 5)

它们分别给出 S2=m1+4m2S_2 = m_1 + 4m_2 +9m3+16m4+ 9m_3 + 16m_4 =917= 917905905,所以最小值为 905905

For j=1,2,3,4,j = 1, 2, 3, 4, let mjm_j be the number of aia_i equal to j.j. Then m1+m2+m3+m4=350,m1+2m2+3m3+4m4=513,m1+16m2+81m3+256m4=4745. \begin{aligned} &m_1 + m_2 + m_3 + m_4 = 350, \\ &m_1 + 2m_2 + 3m_3 + 4m_4 = 513, \\ &m_1 + 16m_2 + 81m_3 \\ &\quad {}+ 256m_4 = 4745. \end{aligned}

Subtracting the first equation from the other two gives m2+2m3+3m4=163m_2 + 2m_3 + 3m_4 = 163 and 15m2+80m3+255m4=4395;15m_2 + 80m_3 + 255m_4 = 4395; subtracting 1515 times the former from the latter leaves 50m3+210m4=1950,50m_3 + 210m_4 = 1950, that is, 5m3+21m4=195.5m_3 + 21m_4 = 195. Hence m4m_4 is a nonnegative multiple of 5,5, and only m4=0m_4 = 0 and m4=5m_4 = 5 keep everything nonnegative, giving (m1,m2,m3,m4)(m_1, m_2, m_3, m_4) =(226,85,39,0)= (226, 85, 39, 0) or (215,112,18,5).(215, 112, 18, 5).

These yield S2=m1+4m2S_2 = m_1 + 4m_2 +9m3+16m4+ 9m_3 + 16m_4 =917= 917 and 905905 respectively, so the minimum is 905.905.

15.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=10AB = 10BC=14BC = 14CA=16CA = 16。令 DDBC\overline{BC} 内部的一点。令 IBI_BICI_C 分别表示三角形 ABDABDACDACD 的内心。三角形 BIBDBI_BDCICDCI_CD 的外接圆相交于两个不同的点 PPDDBPC\triangle BPC 的最大可能面积可写成 abca - b\sqrt{c} 的形式,其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=10,AB = 10, BC=14,BC = 14, and CA=16.CA = 16. Let DD be a point in the interior of BC.\overline{BC}. Let IBI_B and ICI_C denote the incenters of triangles ABDABD and ACD,ACD, respectively. The circumcircles of triangles BIBDBI_BD and CICDCI_CD meet at distinct points PP and D.D. The maximum possible area of BPC\triangle BPC can be expressed in the form abc,a - b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

使用 BIBD=90+BAD2\angle B I_B D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle BAD}{2} 及其对应关系,并通过圆内接四边形把这些角转移到 PP

Use BIBD=90+BAD2\angle B I_B D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle BAD}{2} and its mirror image, and transfer these angles to PP via the cyclic quadrilaterals

大提示:

BPC=180BAC2\angle BPC = 180^\circ - \frac{\angle BAC}{2}DD 无关,所以 PP 在经过 BBCC 的固定圆弧上;面积在圆弧中点处最大。

BPC=180BAC2\angle BPC = 180^\circ - \frac{\angle BAC}{2} is independent of D,D, so PP lies on a fixed arc through BB and C;C; the area is maximized at the arc midpoint

解答:

在三角形 ABDABD 中,内心满足 BIBD=90+BAD2\angle B I_B D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle BAD}{2},同理 CICD=90+DAC2\angle C I_C D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle DAC}{2},所以这两个角之和为 180+BAC2180^\circ + \frac{\angle BAC}{2}。余弦定理给出 cosBAC=102+16214221016=12\cos \angle BAC = \frac{10^2 + 16^2 - 14^2}{2 \cdot 10 \cdot 16} = \frac{1}{2},所以 BAC=60\angle BAC = 60^\circ,角和为 210210^\circ

第二个交点 PP 位于 BC\overline{BC} 的与内心相反的一侧(若它在同侧,两个圆内接四边形会迫使 BPC=210>180\angle BPC = 210^\circ \gt 180^\circ)。于是 BIBDPBI_BDPCICDPCI_CDP 是凸的圆内接四边形,所以 BPC=BPD+DPC=(180BIBD)+(180CICD)=360210=150 \begin{aligned} \angle BPC &= \angle BPD + \angle DPC \\ &= \left(180^\circ - \angle BI_BD\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \left(180^\circ - \angle CI_CD\right) \\ &= 360^\circ - 210^\circ = 150^\circ \end{aligned}\text{,}DD 无关。因此 PP 沿着经过 BBCC 的一条固定圆弧移动。

三角形 BPCBPC 的面积在圆弧中点处最大,此时 BP=PC=xBP = PC = x。余弦定理给出 142=2x2+3x214^2 = 2x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x^2,所以 x2=1962+3=196(23)x^2 = \frac{196}{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 196\left(2 - \sqrt{3}\right),面积为 12x2sin150=49(23)\frac{1}{2}x^2 \sin 150^\circ = 49\left(2 - \sqrt{3}\right) =98493= 98 - 49\sqrt{3}。因此 a+b+c=98+49+3=150a + b + c = 98 + 49 + 3 = 150

In triangle ABDABD the incenter satisfies BIBD=90+BAD2,\angle B I_B D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle BAD}{2}, and likewise CICD=90+DAC2,\angle C I_C D = 90^\circ + \frac{\angle DAC}{2}, so these two angles sum to 180+BAC2.180^\circ + \frac{\angle BAC}{2}. The law of cosines gives cosBAC=102+16214221016=12,\cos \angle BAC = \frac{10^2 + 16^2 - 14^2}{2 \cdot 10 \cdot 16} = \frac{1}{2}, so BAC=60\angle BAC = 60^\circ and the sum is 210.210^\circ.

The second intersection point PP lies on the opposite side of BC\overline{BC} from the incenters (were it on the same side, the two cyclic quadrilaterals would force BPC=210>180\angle BPC = 210^\circ \gt 180^\circ). Then BIBDPBI_BDP and CICDPCI_CDP are convex cyclic quadrilaterals, so BPC=BPD+DPC=(180BIBD)+(180CICD)=360210=150, \begin{aligned} \angle BPC &= \angle BPD + \angle DPC \\ &= \left(180^\circ - \angle BI_BD\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \left(180^\circ - \angle CI_CD\right) \\ &= 360^\circ - 210^\circ = 150^\circ, \end{aligned} independent of D.D. Hence PP moves along a fixed circular arc through BB and C.C.

The area of triangle BPCBPC is maximized at the midpoint of the arc, where BP=PC=x.BP = PC = x. The law of cosines gives 142=2x2+3x2,14^2 = 2x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x^2, so x2=1962+3=196(23),x^2 = \frac{196}{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 196\left(2 - \sqrt{3}\right), and the area is 12x2sin150=49(23)\frac{1}{2}x^2 \sin 150^\circ = 49\left(2 - \sqrt{3}\right) =98493.= 98 - 49\sqrt{3}. Thus a+b+c=98+49+3=150.a + b + c = 98 + 49 + 3 = 150.