2009 AIME I 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
若一个 位数有 个互不相同的数字,并且从左到右读这些数字时,它们构成一个等比数列,则称这个三位数为等比数。求最大的等比数与最小的等比数之差。
Call a -digit number geometric if it has distinct digits which, when read from left to right, form a geometric sequence. Find the difference between the largest and smallest geometric numbers.
小提示:
将三个数字写成 、、;只要三个数字都是互不相同的整数,公比 可以是分数。
Write the digits as the ratio may be a fraction as long as all three digits are distinct integers
大提示:
求最大值时,从百位数字 开始,并尝试分母为 的公比;求最小值时,从 和整数公比开始。
For the largest, start with hundreds digit and try ratios with denominator for the smallest, start with and an integer ratio
解答:
将三个数字写成 、、。对于最大的等比数,取 。若整数公比至少为 ,下一位数字就会超过 ,而 会使数字重复,所以 是一个分数,并且它的分母平方必须整除 。 和 分别给出 和 ,最大的是 。
对于最小的等比数,取百位数字为 。此时十位数字 必须是至少为 的整数(数字互不相同),而 给出 ,比 给出的 更小。
差为 。
Write the digits as For the largest geometric number, take An integer ratio at least would push the next digit past and repeats digits, so is a fraction whose denominator squares into the choices and give and The largest is
For the smallest, take hundreds digit Then the tens digit must be an integer at least (the digits are distinct), and gives which beats ’s
The difference is
2.
存在一个复数 ,其虚部为 ,并且存在一个正整数 ,使得 求 。
There is a complex number with imaginary part and a positive integer such that Find
3.
一枚硬币每次独立抛掷时,正面朝上的概率为 ,反面朝上的概率为 。将这枚硬币抛掷八次。已知出现三次正面、五次反面的概率,等于出现五次正面、三次反面的概率的 。设 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A coin that comes up heads with probability and tails with probability independently on each flip is flipped eight times. Suppose the probability of three heads and five tails is equal to of the probability of five heads and three tails. Let where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
4.
在平行四边形 中,点 在 上,且 。点 在 上,且 。令 为 与 的交点。求 。
In parallelogram point is on so that and point is on so that Let be the point of intersection of and Find
小提示:
将 设为原点,把 、 和 用向量 和 表示。
Set as the origin and express and in terms of the vectors and
大提示:
直线 上的点可写成 ;同时写 ,比较系数后把两个所得方程相加。
Points of line have the form also write match coefficients, and add the two resulting equations
解答:
将 放在原点,令 ,,于是 ,,且 。因为 在 上,写作 ,其中 ;又因为 在直线 上,可写作 ,其中 为某个实数。
因为 和 线性无关,系数必须相等: 且 因此 ,且 ;相加得 。
所以 。
Place at the origin and let and so that and Since lies on write where since also lies on line write for some
Because and are independent, the coefficients must agree: and Thus and adding gives
Therefore
5.
三角形 中,,。点 和 分别在 和 上,且 ,并且 是角 的角平分线。令 为 与 的交点,令 为直线 上的点,使得 是 的中点。若 ,求 。
Triangle has and Points and are located on and respectively so that and is the angle bisector of angle Let be the point of intersection of and and let be the point on line for which is the midpoint of If find
小提示:
,且 是 的中点,说明四边形 的对角线互相平分,所以 是平行四边形。
and the midpoint of mean the diagonals of quadrilateral bisect each other, so is a parallelogram
大提示:
使三角形 与 相似;用角平分线定理求 。
makes triangles and similar; get from the angle bisector theorem
解答:
因为 ,且 是 的中点,四边形 的对角线互相平分,所以 是平行四边形,并且 。又因为 在直线 上,且 、、 都在直线 上,三角形 和 相似。
因此 。由角平分线定理,,所以 。
所以 。
Because and is the midpoint of the diagonals of quadrilateral bisect each other, so is a parallelogram and Since lies on line and all lie on line triangles and are similar.
Thus The angle bisector theorem gives so
Therefore
6.
有多少个正整数 小于 ,并且使方程 有解 ?(记号 表示小于或等于 的最大整数。)
How many positive integers less than are there such that the equation has a solution for (The notation denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to )
小提示:
若 ,则当 在 中变化时, 恰好覆盖从 到 的整数。
If then as runs over the value covers exactly the integers from to
大提示:
将 在 、、 和 时的值相加;当 时,取值已经超过 。
Sum the counts for and for the values already exceed
解答:
设 ,其中 为正整数。当 在 中变化时, 从 连续递增并趋近于 ,所以可达到的整数 恰好满足 :一共有 个,而且不同 对应的区间互不重叠。若 ,则 ,这个值已经可以达到。若 ,则 为负数;指数为奇数时,所得值为负数,指数为偶数时,所得值严格介于 与 之间。因此 不会产生新的正整数。
对 、、 和 ,数量分别为 、、 和 ,且这些 都至多为 。当 时,最小值为 。
总数为 。
Suppose for a positive integer As runs over the value increases continuously from toward so the attainable integers are exactly those with there are of them, and these ranges are disjoint for different If then which is already attained. If then is negative; an odd exponent gives a negative value, while an even exponent gives a value strictly between and Thus no produces a new positive integer.
For and the counts are and and every such is at most For the smallest value is
The total is
7.
数列 满足 ,且满足 ,其中 。令 为大于 的最小整数,使得 是整数。求 。
The sequence satisfies and for Let be the least integer greater than for which is an integer. Find
小提示:
将关系改写为 ,再把连续的等式相乘,使中间因子逐项约去。
Rewrite the relation as and multiply successive instances to telescope
大提示:
闭式为 ,所以需要 是 的幂。
The closed form is so you need to be a power of
解答:
该关系给出 。将 、、、 的这些等式相乘,中间因子逐项约去:所以
因此 为整数当且仅当 是 的幂。由于 ,只有奇数指数 才能给出形如 的数。幂 给出 被排除;下一个 ,给出 。
The relation says Multiplying these equations for telescopes: so
Thus is an integer exactly when is a power of Since only odd exponents give numbers of the form The power gives which is excluded, and the next, gives
8.
令 。考虑 中两两元素的所有正差。令 为所有这些差的和。求 除以 的余数。
Let Consider all possible positive differences of pairs of elements of Let be the sum of all of these differences. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
在所有正差的和中,数出每个 被加了多少次、被减了多少次。
In the sum of all positive differences, count how many times each is added and how many times it is subtracted
大提示:
;用 和等比数列求值,再模 。
evaluate with and a geometric series, then reduce mod
解答:
在所有正差的和中,元素 会对每个更小的元素被加一次(共 次),并对每个更大的元素被减一次(共 次)。因此
标准求和为 ,以及 ,所以
除以 的余数是 。
In the sum of all positive differences, the element is added once for each smaller element ( times) and subtracted once for each larger element ( times). Hence
The standard sums are and so
The remainder upon division by is
9.
一个游戏节目向参赛者提供三件奖品 、 和 ,每件奖品的价格都是整数,且介于 与 之间(含端点)。参赛者按 、、 的顺序正确猜出每件奖品的价格即可获奖。作为提示,会给出这三个价格的所有数字。在某一天,给出的数字是 、、、、、、。求与这个提示一致的三件奖品价格的所有可能猜法总数。
A game show offers a contestant three prizes and each of which is worth a whole number of dollars from to inclusive. The contestant wins the prizes by correctly guessing the price of each prize in the order As a hint, the digits of the three prices are given. On a particular day, the digits given were Find the total number of possible guesses for all three prizes consistent with the hint.
小提示:
按顺序把三个价格拼接起来,会得到这七个数字的一种排列;先数排列数,再数把一个排列切成三个价格的方法。
Concatenating the three prices in order gives an arrangement of the seven digits; count arrangements, then the ways to cut one into three prices
大提示:
每个排列要切成三个非空且长度不超过 的段:段长是 、 或 的排列。
Each arrangement is cut into three nonempty blocks of at most digits: the block lengths are permutations of or
解答:
按顺序把三个猜测的价格拼接起来,会得到给定七个数字的一种排列;反过来,一个排列加上一种把它切成三个连续非空段的方法,也唯一确定一种猜法,并且每段长度至多为四位(价格从 到 ,且这里没有价格会以 开头,因为所有数字都是 或 )。共有 种排列,它们由四个 和三个 组成。
有序段长就是把 写成三个介于 与 之间的正整数之和的方法:、 和 的排列,给出 种切法。
总数为 。
Concatenating the three guessed prices in order produces an arrangement of the seven given digits, and each guess is recovered uniquely from an arrangement together with a way to cut it into three consecutive nonempty blocks of at most four digits each (prices run from to and no price can start with here since every digit is or ). There are arrangements of four s and three s.
The ordered block lengths are the ways to write as an ordered sum of three parts between and the permutations of and giving cuts for each arrangement.
The total is
10.
年度星际数学考试(AIME)由五名火星人、五名金星人和五名地球人组成的委员会编写。开会时,委员们围坐在圆桌旁,座位按顺时针顺序编号为 到 。委员会规定,火星人必须坐在 号椅,地球人必须坐在 号椅。此外,地球人不能紧坐在火星人的左边,火星人不能紧坐在金星人的左边,金星人不能紧坐在地球人的左边。委员会可能的座位安排数为 。求 。
The Annual Interplanetary Mathematics Examination (AIME) is written by a committee of five Martians, five Venusians, and five Earthlings. At meetings, committee members sit at a round table with chairs numbered from to in clockwise order. Committee rules state that a Martian must occupy chair and an Earthling must occupy chair Furthermore, no Earthling can sit immediately to the left of a Martian, no Martian can sit immediately to the left of a Venusian, and no Venusian can sit immediately to the left of an Earthling. The number of possible seating arrangements for the committee is Find
小提示:
先数每把椅子对应哪个星球的模式;规则迫使火星人、金星人、地球人的连续块按这个顺时针顺序重复。
Count planet-to-chair patterns first; the rules force blocks of Martians, Venusians, and Earthlings to repeat in that clockwise order
大提示:
如果循环 重复 次,每个星球的 名成员被分成 个有序非空组,有 种;将这个数的三次方对 求和。
If the cycle repeats times, each planet’s members split into ordered nonempty groups in ways; cube and sum over
解答:
先选择每把椅子上坐哪个星球的人;之后每个星球的具体成员都可以用 种方式分配到本星球的椅子上,所以 数的是星球模式。相邻规则等价于:按顺时针读取时,每段相邻的火星人座位后面必须接一段金星人座位,再接一段地球人座位,然后火星人才可以再次出现。因为 号椅坐火星人, 号椅坐地球人,所以从 到 号椅依次由“火星人块、金星人块、地球人块”这一模式重复 次组成,其中 。
对于给定的 ,每个星球的五名成员被按顺序分配到 个非空块中,而把 写成 个正整数的有序和的方法数为 。三个星球的块大小相互独立,所以
First choose which planet sits in each chair; the individuals from each planet can then be assigned to their chairs in ways apiece, so counts the planet patterns. The adjacency rules say exactly that, reading clockwise, each maximal block of Martians must be followed by a block of Venusians and then a block of Earthlings before Martians can appear again. Since chair holds a Martian and chair holds an Earthling, the chairs from to consist of the pattern (Martian block, Venusian block, Earthling block) repeated times, for some
For a given each planet’s five members are distributed into nonempty blocks in order, and the number of ways to write as an ordered sum of positive integers is The three planets’ block sizes are independent, so
11.
考虑所有三角形 ,其中 是原点, 和 是平面上互不相同的点,且坐标为非负整数 ,满足 。求这些不同三角形中,面积为正整数的个数。
Consider the set of all triangles where is the origin and and are distinct points in the plane with nonnegative integer coordinates such that Find the number of such distinct triangles whose area is a positive integer.
小提示:
直线上的格点为 ,其中 、、、。
The lattice points on the line are for
大提示:
由编号为 和 的点组成的三角形面积为 ,它是整数当且仅当 与 同奇偶。
The triangle on points and has area an integer exactly when and have the same parity
解答:
直线上非负整数坐标的点为 ,其中 、、、,共五十个点。若 ,,用鞋带公式得
对互不相同的点,面积自动为正;又因为 是奇数,它是整数当且仅当 为偶数,也就是 和 同奇偶。偶数编号有 个,奇数编号也有 个,所以三角形个数为 。
The points on the line with nonnegative integer coordinates are for — fifty points in all. For and the shoelace formula gives
This is automatically positive for distinct points, and since is odd, it is an integer exactly when is even, that is, when and have the same parity. There are even and odd indices, so the number of triangles is
12.
在直角 中,斜边为 ,,,且 是到 的高。令 为以 为直径的圆。令 为 外的一点,使得 和 都与圆 相切。 的周长与 的长度之比可写成 的形式,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In right with hypotenuse and is the altitude to Let be the circle having as a diameter. Let be a point outside such that and are both tangent to circle The ratio of the perimeter of to the length can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:11
小提示:
与 相切于 ,所以 是三角形 的内切圆。
is tangent to at so is the inscribed circle of triangle
大提示:
令 为从 引出的切线长,并用两种方法计算三角形 的面积:用 ,其中 ,以及海伦公式。
Let be the tangent length from and compute the area of two ways: with and Heron’s formula
解答:
因为 ,且 是直径的一个端点,所以 与 相切于 。再加上切线 和 , 就是三角形 的内切圆。写 ,,并令 为从 引出的切线长。直角三角形高的性质给出 ,所以 的内切圆半径为 。
半周长 ,切线长分别为 、 和 ,因此 的面积既等于 ,也由海伦公式等于 。两者相等并平方,所以 进而 。
周长为 ,所以它与 的比为 (与给定直角边无关),于是 。
Because and is an endpoint of the diameter, is tangent to at Together with the tangent lines and this makes the inscribed circle of triangle Write and let be the tangent length from The right-triangle altitude satisfies so the inradius of is
With semiperimeter the tangent lengths are exactly and so the area of equals both and, by Heron’s formula, Equating and squaring, so which gives
The perimeter is so its ratio to is (independent of the given legs), and
13.
数列 由递推式 定义,其中 ,且各项都是正整数。求 的最小可能值。
The terms of the sequence defined by for are positive integers. Find the minimum possible value of
小提示:
清除分母:,再把相邻两式相减。
Clear denominators: then subtract consecutive instances
大提示:
除非总有 ,否则差 会无限严格递减,这是不可能的;所得的二周期情形迫使 。
Unless always, the differences strictly decrease forever, which is impossible; the resulting two-periodic case forces
解答:
清除分母得 ,对所有 成立。将每个式子与下一个式子相减,得到
如果某个差 非零,那么之后每一个这样的差也都非零;又因为每个 ,上式会迫使 ,形成一个无限严格递减的正整数序列,矛盾。因此 对所有 都成立:奇数项全相等,偶数项全相等。
此时递推式变为 ,所以 。在 的因数对中,和最小的是 ,得 。
Clearing denominators, for all Subtracting each instance from the next gives
If some difference were nonzero, then every later difference would be nonzero as well, and since each the identity would force an infinite strictly decreasing sequence of positive integers — impossible. Hence for all the odd-indexed terms are all equal and the even-indexed terms are all equal.
The recursion then reads so Among the factor pairs of the sum is smallest for giving
14.
对 ,,,,定义 ,其中 。若 且 ,求 的最小可能值。
For define where If and find the minimum possible value for
小提示:
令 表示 中取值为 的项数;给定数据会给出关于 、、、 的线性方程。
Let count how many equal the given data are linear equations in
大提示:
先消去 ,再消去 ,得到 ,所以 为 或 ;比较对应的两个 值。
Eliminating and then leaves so is or compare the two resulting values of
解答:
对 ,令 为 中等于 的项数。则
用后两个方程分别减去第一个方程,得到 和 ;后者再减去前者的 倍,得到 ,即 。因此 是非负的 的倍数,且只有 和 能使所有变量非负,分别给出 或 。
它们分别给出 和 ,所以最小值为 。
For let be the number of equal to Then
Subtracting the first equation from the other two gives and subtracting times the former from the latter leaves that is, Hence is a nonnegative multiple of and only and keep everything nonnegative, giving or
These yield and respectively, so the minimum is
15.
在三角形 中,,,。令 为 内部的一点。令 和 分别表示三角形 和 的内心。三角形 和 的外接圆相交于两个不同的点 和 。 的最大可能面积可写成 的形式,其中 、 和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
In triangle and Let be a point in the interior of Let and denote the incenters of triangles and respectively. The circumcircles of triangles and meet at distinct points and The maximum possible area of can be expressed in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
答案:150
小提示:
使用 及其对应关系,并通过圆内接四边形把这些角转移到 。
Use and its mirror image, and transfer these angles to via the cyclic quadrilaterals
大提示:
与 无关,所以 在经过 和 的固定圆弧上;面积在圆弧中点处最大。
is independent of so lies on a fixed arc through and the area is maximized at the arc midpoint
解答:
在三角形 中,内心满足 ,同理 ,所以这两个角之和为 。余弦定理给出 ,所以 ,角和为 。
第二个交点 位于 的与内心相反的一侧(若它在同侧,两个圆内接四边形会迫使 )。于是 和 是凸的圆内接四边形,所以 与 无关。因此 沿着经过 和 的一条固定圆弧移动。
三角形 的面积在圆弧中点处最大,此时 。余弦定理给出 ,所以 ,面积为 。因此 。
In triangle the incenter satisfies and likewise so these two angles sum to The law of cosines gives so and the sum is
The second intersection point lies on the opposite side of from the incenters (were it on the same side, the two cyclic quadrilaterals would force ). Then and are convex cyclic quadrilaterals, so independent of Hence moves along a fixed circular arc through and
The area of triangle is maximized at the midpoint of the arc, where The law of cosines gives so and the area is Thus