2009 AIME I Problem 3

Below is the professionally curated solution for Problem 3 of the 2009 AIME I, from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2009 AIME I solutions, or check the answer key.

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Concepts:binomial probabilityalgebraic manipulation

Difficulty rating: 2150

3.

A coin that comes up heads with probability p>0p \gt 0 and tails with probability 1p>01 - p \gt 0 independently on each flip is flipped eight times. Suppose the probability of three heads and five tails is equal to 125\frac{1}{25} of the probability of five heads and three tails. Let p=mn,p = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

Solution:

The condition says (83)p3(1p)5=125(85)p5(1p)3.\binom{8}{3} p^3 (1-p)^5 = \frac{1}{25} \binom{8}{5} p^5 (1-p)^3. Since (83)=(85)\binom{8}{3} = \binom{8}{5} and both pp and 1p1 - p are positive, dividing by p3(1p)3p^3(1-p)^3 leaves (1p)2=p225,(1-p)^2 = \frac{p^2}{25}, so 1p=p5.1 - p = \frac{p}{5}.

Hence p=56,p = \frac{5}{6}, and m+n=5+6=11.m + n = 5 + 6 = 11.

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