2023 AIME II 第 3 题

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3.

设 △ABC\triangle ABC 是等腰三角形,且 ∠A=90∘\angle A = 90^\circ。存在一点 PP 位于 △ABC\triangle ABC 内,使得 ∠PAB=∠PBC=∠PCA\angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA,且 AP=10AP = 10。求 △ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。

Let △ABC\triangle ABC be an isosceles triangle with ∠A=90∘.\angle A = 90^\circ. There exists a point PP inside △ABC\triangle ABC such that ∠PAB=∠PBC=∠PCA\angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA and AP=10.AP = 10. Find the area of △ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:250
知识点:导角正弦定理三角学
难度评级:2460
小提示:

设公共角为 ω\omega。在三角形 APCAPC 中,AA 与 CC 处的角分别为 90∘−ω90^\circ - \omega 和 ω\omega,所以 ∠APC=90∘\angle APC = 90^\circ

Let ω\omega be the common angle. In triangle APCAPC the angles at AA and CC are 90∘−ω90^\circ - \omega and ω,\omega, so ∠APC=90∘\angle APC = 90^\circ

大提示:

在三角形 ABPABP 中用正弦定理,并结合 AC=APsin⁡ωAC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega};最后会化为 tan⁡ω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2}

Compare the law of sines in triangle ABPABP with AC=APsin⁡ω;AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega}; everything reduces to tan⁡ω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2}

解答:

设公共角为 ω\omega,并令 L=AB=ACL = AB = AC。因为 ∠PAB=ω\angle PAB = \omega,所以 ∠PAC=90∘−ω\angle PAC = 90^\circ - \omega,又 ∠PCA=ω\angle PCA = \omega,三角形 APCAPC 的角和给出 ∠APC=90∘\angle APC = 90^\circ。因此在直角三角形 APCAPC 中,L=AC=APsin⁡ω=10sin⁡ω。L = AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega} = \frac{10}{\sin\omega}\text{。}

在三角形 ABPABP 中,AA 处的角为 ω\omega,BB 处的角为 45∘−ω45^\circ - \omega,所以 ∠APB=135∘\angle APB = 135^\circ。由正弦定理,APsin⁡(45∘−ω)=ABsin⁡135∘\frac{AP}{\sin(45^\circ - \omega)} = \frac{AB}{\sin 135^\circ},即 10sin⁡135∘=Lsin⁡(45∘−ω)10 \sin 135^\circ = L \sin(45^\circ - \omega)。代入 L=10sin⁡ωL = \frac{10}{\sin\omega} 并展开,得 sin⁡ω=2 sin⁡(45∘−ω)=cos⁡ω−sin⁡ω, \begin{aligned} \sin\omega &= \sqrt{2}\,\sin(45^\circ - \omega) \\ &= \cos\omega - \sin\omega \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 tan⁡ω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2},并且 sin⁡2ω=15\sin^2\omega = \frac{1}{5}。

因此 L2=100sin⁡2ω=500L^2 = \frac{100}{\sin^2\omega} = 500,面积为 12L2=250\frac{1}{2}L^2 = 250。

Let ω\omega denote the common angle and L=AB=AC.L = AB = AC. Since ∠PAB=ω,\angle PAB = \omega, we have ∠PAC=90∘−ω,\angle PAC = 90^\circ - \omega, and with ∠PCA=ω\angle PCA = \omega the angles of triangle APCAPC give ∠APC=90∘.\angle APC = 90^\circ. Hence in right triangle APC,APC, L=AC=APsin⁡ω=10sin⁡ω.L = AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega} = \frac{10}{\sin\omega}.

In triangle ABP,ABP, the angle at AA is ω\omega and the angle at BB is 45∘−ω,45^\circ - \omega, so ∠APB=135∘.\angle APB = 135^\circ. The law of sines gives APsin⁡(45∘−ω)=ABsin⁡135∘,\frac{AP}{\sin(45^\circ - \omega)} = \frac{AB}{\sin 135^\circ}, that is, 10sin⁡135∘=Lsin⁡(45∘−ω).10 \sin 135^\circ = L \sin(45^\circ - \omega). Substituting L=10sin⁡ωL = \frac{10}{\sin\omega} and expanding yields sin⁡ω=2 sin⁡(45∘−ω)=cos⁡ω−sin⁡ω, \begin{aligned} \sin\omega &= \sqrt{2}\,\sin(45^\circ - \omega) \\ &= \cos\omega - \sin\omega, \end{aligned} so tan⁡ω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2} and sin⁡2ω=15.\sin^2\omega = \frac{1}{5}.

Therefore L2=100sin⁡2ω=500,L^2 = \frac{100}{\sin^2\omega} = 500, and the area is 12L2=250.\frac{1}{2}L^2 = 250.

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