2023 AIME II 真题

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1.

六棵苹果树上结的苹果数构成一个等差数列,其中苹果最多的一棵树所结的苹果数是苹果最少的一棵树的两倍。六棵树上的苹果总数为 990990。求苹果最多的一棵树上的苹果数。

The numbers of apples growing on each of six apple trees form an arithmetic sequence where the greatest number of apples growing on any of the six trees is double the least number of apples growing on any of the six trees. The total number of apples growing on all six trees is 990.990. Find the greatest number of apples growing on any of the six trees.

答案:220
知识点:等差数列一次方程
难度评级:1850
小提示:

把苹果数写成 a,a+d,,a+5da, a+d, \ldots, a+5d,并把“最多是最少的两倍”转化为 aadd 的方程

Write the counts as a,a+d,,a+5da, a+d, \ldots, a+5d and turn the doubling condition into an equation between aa and dd

大提示:

a+5d=2aa + 5d = 2aa=5da = 5d,所以总数 6a+15d6a + 15d 化简为 45d45d

From a+5d=2aa + 5d = 2a we get a=5d,a = 5d, so the total 6a+15d6a + 15d simplifies to 45d45d

解答:

设六棵树上的苹果数为 a,a+d,,a+5da, a+d, \ldots, a+5d,公差为 d0d \ge 0。最多的苹果数是最少的两倍,所以 a+5d=2aa + 5d = 2a,从而 a=5da = 5d。总数为 6a+15d=30d+15d=45d=990 \begin{aligned} 6a + 15d &= 30d + 15d \\ &= 45d = 990 \end{aligned}\text{,}因此 d=22d = 22

最多的苹果数是 a+5d=10d=220a + 5d = 10d = 220

Let the six counts be a,a+d,,a+5da, a+d, \ldots, a+5d with common difference d0.d \ge 0. The greatest count is double the least, so a+5d=2a,a + 5d = 2a, which gives a=5d.a = 5d. The total is 6a+15d=30d+15d=45d=990, \begin{aligned} 6a + 15d &= 30d + 15d \\ &= 45d = 990, \end{aligned} so d=22.d = 22.

The greatest number of apples is a+5d=10d=220.a + 5d = 10d = 220.

2.

回忆:回文数是正着读和倒着读都相同的数。求小于 10001000 的最大整数,使它用十进制和八进制表示时都是回文数,例如 292=4448292 = 444_8

Recall that a palindrome is a number that reads the same forward and backward. Find the greatest integer less than 10001000 that is a palindrome both when written in base ten and when written in base eight, such as 292=4448.292 = 444_8.

答案:585
难度评级:2110
小提示:

512512999999 之间的八进制回文数有四位,形如 1bb18=513+72b\overline{1bb1}_8 = 513 + 72b

Any base-eight palindrome between 512512 and 999999 has four base-eight digits and looks like 1bb18=513+72b\overline{1bb1}_8 = 513 + 72b

大提示:

三位八进制数至多为 511511,所以只需从 b=6,5,4,b = 6, 5, 4, \ldots 开始检验它的十进制表示是否为回文数

Three-digit base-eight numbers are at most 511,511, so just test b=6,5,4,b = 6, 5, 4, \ldots for a base-ten palindrome

解答:

四位八进制数在 51251240954095 之间,所以小于 10001000 的四位八进制回文数的首位(也是末位)必须是 11:它的形式为 1bb18=512+64b\overline{1bb1}_8 = 512 + 64b +8b+1{}+ 8b + 1 =513+72b= 513 + 72b。要使它小于 10001000,需 b6b \le 6,得到候选数 513,585,657,729,801,873,945513, 585, 657, 729, 801, 873, 945

从大到小检查,其中唯一在十进制下也是回文数的是 585=11118585 = 1111_8。所有至多三位的八进制回文数至多为 7778=511<585777_8 = 511 \lt 585,所以答案是 585585

A four-digit base-eight number lies between 512512 and 4095,4095, so a base-eight palindrome less than 10001000 with four digits must have leading (and trailing) digit 1:1: it has the form 1bb18=512+64b\overline{1bb1}_8 = 512 + 64b +8b+1{}+ 8b + 1 =513+72b.= 513 + 72b. Keeping this below 10001000 requires b6,b \le 6, giving the candidates 513,585,657,729,801,873,945.513, 585, 657, 729, 801, 873, 945.

Checking from the top, the only one of these that is also a palindrome in base ten is 585=11118.585 = 1111_8. Every base-eight palindrome with at most three digits is at most 7778=511<585,777_8 = 511 \lt 585, so the answer is 585.585.

3.

ABC\triangle ABC 是等腰三角形,且 A=90\angle A = 90^\circ。存在一点 PP 位于 ABC\triangle ABC 内,使得 PAB=PBC=PCA\angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA,且 AP=10AP = 10。求 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an isosceles triangle with A=90.\angle A = 90^\circ. There exists a point PP inside ABC\triangle ABC such that PAB=PBC=PCA\angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA and AP=10.AP = 10. Find the area of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:250
难度评级:2460
小提示:

设公共角为 ω\omega。在三角形 APCAPC 中,AACC 处的角分别为 90ω90^\circ - \omegaω\omega,所以 APC=90\angle APC = 90^\circ

Let ω\omega be the common angle. In triangle APCAPC the angles at AA and CC are 90ω90^\circ - \omega and ω,\omega, so APC=90\angle APC = 90^\circ

大提示:

在三角形 ABPABP 中用正弦定理,并结合 AC=APsinωAC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega};最后会化为 tanω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2}

Compare the law of sines in triangle ABPABP with AC=APsinω;AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega}; everything reduces to tanω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2}

解答:

设公共角为 ω\omega,并令 L=AB=ACL = AB = AC。因为 PAB=ω\angle PAB = \omega,所以 PAC=90ω\angle PAC = 90^\circ - \omega,又 PCA=ω\angle PCA = \omega,三角形 APCAPC 的角和给出 APC=90\angle APC = 90^\circ。因此在直角三角形 APCAPC 中,L=AC=APsinω=10sinωL = AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega} = \frac{10}{\sin\omega}\text{。}

在三角形 ABPABP 中,AA 处的角为 ω\omegaBB 处的角为 45ω45^\circ - \omega,所以 APB=135\angle APB = 135^\circ。由正弦定理,APsin(45ω)=ABsin135\frac{AP}{\sin(45^\circ - \omega)} = \frac{AB}{\sin 135^\circ},即 10sin135=Lsin(45ω)10 \sin 135^\circ = L \sin(45^\circ - \omega)。代入 L=10sinωL = \frac{10}{\sin\omega} 并展开,得 sinω=2sin(45ω)=cosωsinω \begin{aligned} \sin\omega &= \sqrt{2}\,\sin(45^\circ - \omega) \\ &= \cos\omega - \sin\omega \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 tanω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2},并且 sin2ω=15\sin^2\omega = \frac{1}{5}

因此 L2=100sin2ω=500L^2 = \frac{100}{\sin^2\omega} = 500,面积为 12L2=250\frac{1}{2}L^2 = 250

Let ω\omega denote the common angle and L=AB=AC.L = AB = AC. Since PAB=ω,\angle PAB = \omega, we have PAC=90ω,\angle PAC = 90^\circ - \omega, and with PCA=ω\angle PCA = \omega the angles of triangle APCAPC give APC=90.\angle APC = 90^\circ. Hence in right triangle APC,APC, L=AC=APsinω=10sinω.L = AC = \frac{AP}{\sin\omega} = \frac{10}{\sin\omega}.

In triangle ABP,ABP, the angle at AA is ω\omega and the angle at BB is 45ω,45^\circ - \omega, so APB=135.\angle APB = 135^\circ. The law of sines gives APsin(45ω)=ABsin135,\frac{AP}{\sin(45^\circ - \omega)} = \frac{AB}{\sin 135^\circ}, that is, 10sin135=Lsin(45ω).10 \sin 135^\circ = L \sin(45^\circ - \omega). Substituting L=10sinωL = \frac{10}{\sin\omega} and expanding yields sinω=2sin(45ω)=cosωsinω, \begin{aligned} \sin\omega &= \sqrt{2}\,\sin(45^\circ - \omega) \\ &= \cos\omega - \sin\omega, \end{aligned} so tanω=12\tan\omega = \frac{1}{2} and sin2ω=15.\sin^2\omega = \frac{1}{5}.

Therefore L2=100sin2ω=500,L^2 = \frac{100}{\sin^2\omega} = 500, and the area is 12L2=250.\frac{1}{2}L^2 = 250.

4.

设实数 xxyyzz 满足方程组 xy+4z=60,yz+4x=60,zx+4y=60 \begin{aligned} xy + 4z &= 60, \\ yz + 4x &= 60, \\ zx + 4y &= 60 \end{aligned}\text{。}

SSxx 的所有可能取值组成的集合。求 SS 中所有元素的平方和。

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be real numbers satisfying the system of equations xy+4z=60,yz+4x=60,zx+4y=60. \begin{aligned} xy + 4z &= 60, \\ yz + 4x &= 60, \\ zx + 4y &= 60. \end{aligned}

Let SS be the set of possible values of x.x. Find the sum of the squares of the elements of S.S.

答案:273
难度评级:2460
小提示:

两两相减:前两个方程相减得到 (y4)(xz)=0(y - 4)(x - z) = 0

Subtract the equations in pairs: the first two give (y4)(xz)=0(y - 4)(x - z) = 0

大提示:

x=zx = z 时,消去 yyx376x+240=0x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0,再寻找较小的整数根

When x=z,x = z, eliminate yy to get x376x+240=0,x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0, then look for small integer roots

解答:

用第一个方程减去第二个方程,得 xyyz+4z4x=0xy - yz + 4z - 4x = 0 可因式分解为 (y4)(xz)=0(y - 4)(x - z) = 0。所以 y=4y = 4x=zx = z

y=4y = 4:第一个方程变为 4x+4z=604x + 4z = 60,所以 x+z=15x + z = 15,第二个方程仍给出同一个条件 4z+4x=604z + 4x = 60。第三个方程给出 zx=44zx = 44。于是 xxzzt215t+44=(t4)(t11)t^2 - 15t + 44 = (t - 4)(t - 11) 的根,所以 x{4,11}x \in \{4, 11\}

x=zx = z:第一个方程为 x(y+4)=60x(y + 4) = 60,所以 y=60x4y = \frac{60}{x} - 4,第三个方程为 x2+4y=60x^2 + 4y = 60。代入得 x2+240x16=60x376x+240=0=(x4)(x6)(x+10) \begin{gathered} x^2 + \frac{240}{x} - 16 = 60 \\ \Longrightarrow x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0 \\ = (x - 4)(x - 6)(x + 10) \end{gathered}\text{,}所以 x{4,6,10}x \in \{4, 6, -10\},并且每个都对应实数 yyzz。于是 S={10,4,6,11}S = \{-10, 4, 6, 11\},平方和为 100+16+36+121=273100 + 16 + 36 + 121 = 273

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives xyyz+4z4x=0,xy - yz + 4z - 4x = 0, which factors as (y4)(xz)=0.(y - 4)(x - z) = 0. So y=4y = 4 or x=z.x = z.

If y=4:y = 4: the first equation becomes 4x+4z=60,4x + 4z = 60, so x+z=15,x + z = 15, and the second becomes 4z+4x=604z + 4x = 60 again while the third gives zx=44.zx = 44. Then xx and zz are roots of t215t+44=(t4)(t11),t^2 - 15t + 44 = (t - 4)(t - 11), so x{4,11}.x \in \{4, 11\}.

If x=z:x = z: the first equation reads x(y+4)=60,x(y + 4) = 60, so y=60x4,y = \frac{60}{x} - 4, and the third reads x2+4y=60.x^2 + 4y = 60. Substituting, x2+240x16=60x376x+240=0=(x4)(x6)(x+10), \begin{gathered} x^2 + \frac{240}{x} - 16 = 60 \\ \Longrightarrow x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0 \\ = (x - 4)(x - 6)(x + 10), \end{gathered} so x{4,6,10},x \in \{4, 6, -10\}, each with real yy and z.z. Hence S={10,4,6,11}S = \{-10, 4, 6, 11\} and the sum of squares is 100+16+36+121=273.100 + 16 + 36 + 121 = 273.

5.

SS 为所有满足如下条件的正有理数 rr 的集合:当 rr55r55r 都写成最简分数时,一个分数的分子与分母之和等于另一个分数的分子与分母之和。集合 SS 中所有元素的和可表示为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let SS be the set of all positive rational numbers rr such that when the two numbers rr and 55r55r are written as fractions in lowest terms, the sum of the numerator and denominator of one fraction is the same as the sum of the numerator and denominator of the other fraction. The sum of all the elements of SS can be expressed in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:719
难度评级:2740
小提示:

r=abr = \frac{a}{b} 写成最简分数;55ab\frac{55a}{b} 如何约分由 gcd(b,55)\gcd(b, 55) 决定,而它只能是 115511115555

Write r=abr = \frac{a}{b} in lowest terms; how 55ab\frac{55a}{b} reduces is governed by gcd(b,55),\gcd(b, 55), which is 1,1, 5,5, 11,11, or 5555

大提示:

gcd=5\gcd = 5gcd=11\gcd = 11 两种情况分别给出 2b=25a2b = 25a5b=22a5b = 22a;互质条件会分别确定唯一的分数

The cases gcd=5\gcd = 5 and gcd=11\gcd = 11 give 2b=25a2b = 25a and 5b=22a;5b = 22a; coprimality pins down exactly one fraction in each case

解答:

r=abr = \frac{a}{b} 写成最简分数,并令 g=gcd(b,55)g = \gcd(b, 55)。则 55r55r 的最简形式为 55agbg\frac{\frac{55a}{g}}{\frac{b}{g}}(因为 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1,且 5555 不含平方因子,不会再有进一步约分)。条件为 a+b=55ag+bga + b = \frac{55a}{g} + \frac{b}{g}\text{。}g=1g = 1,则迫使 a=55aa = 55a,不可能;若 g=55g = 55,则迫使 b=b55b = \frac{b}{55},也不可能。

g=5g = 5a+b=11a+b5a + b = 11a + \frac{b}{5},得到 4b5=10a\frac{4b}{5} = 10a,所以 2b=25a2b = 25a。由于 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1,必须有 a=2a = 2b=25b = 25,所以 r=225r = \frac{2}{25}(确实有 2+25=27=22+52 + 25 = 27 = 22 + 5,因为 55r=22555r = \frac{22}{5})。若 g=11g = 11a+b=5a+b11a + b = 5a + \frac{b}{11},得到 10b11=4a\frac{10b}{11} = 4a,所以 5b=22a5b = 22a,从而 a=5a = 5b=22b = 22r=522r = \frac{5}{22}(此时 5+22=27=25+25 + 22 = 27 = 25 + 2,因为 55r=25255r = \frac{25}{2})。

因此 S={225,522}S = \left\{\frac{2}{25}, \frac{5}{22}\right\},和为 225+522=44+125550=169550\frac{2}{25} + \frac{5}{22} = \frac{44 + 125}{550} = \frac{169}{550},已是最简分数。答案是 169+550=719169 + 550 = 719

Write r=abr = \frac{a}{b} in lowest terms and let g=gcd(b,55).g = \gcd(b, 55). Then 55r55r in lowest terms is 55agbg\frac{\frac{55a}{g}}{\frac{b}{g}} (no further cancellation is possible since gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1 and 5555 is squarefree). The condition is a+b=55ag+bg.a + b = \frac{55a}{g} + \frac{b}{g}. If g=1g = 1 this forces a=55a,a = 55a, impossible; if g=55g = 55 it forces b=b55,b = \frac{b}{55}, impossible.

If g=5:g = 5: a+b=11a+b5a + b = 11a + \frac{b}{5} gives 4b5=10a,\frac{4b}{5} = 10a, so 2b=25a.2b = 25a. Since gcd(a,b)=1,\gcd(a, b) = 1, we need a=2a = 2 and b=25,b = 25, so r=225r = \frac{2}{25} (indeed 2+25=27=22+52 + 25 = 27 = 22 + 5 from 55r=22555r = \frac{22}{5}). If g=11:g = 11: a+b=5a+b11a + b = 5a + \frac{b}{11} gives 10b11=4a,\frac{10b}{11} = 4a, so 5b=22a,5b = 22a, forcing a=5,a = 5, b=22b = 22 and r=522r = \frac{5}{22} (with 5+22=27=25+25 + 22 = 27 = 25 + 2 from 55r=25255r = \frac{25}{2}).

Hence S={225,522}S = \left\{\frac{2}{25}, \frac{5}{22}\right\} and the sum is 225+522=44+125550=169550,\frac{2}{25} + \frac{5}{22} = \frac{44 + 125}{550} = \frac{169}{550}, already in lowest terms. The answer is 169+550=719.169 + 550 = 719.

6.

考虑如下图所示,由三个单位正方形沿边拼成的 L 形区域。从该区域内部独立且均匀随机地选取两点 AABB。线段 AB\overline{AB} 的中点也位于这个 L 形区域内的概率可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Consider the L-shaped region formed by three unit squares joined at their sides, as shown below. Two points AA and BB are chosen independently and uniformly at random from inside the region. The probability that the midpoint of AB\overline{AB} also lies inside this L-shaped region can be expressed as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:35
难度评级:2740
小提示:

三个正方形与缺失的第四个正方形可以拼成一个 2×22 \times 2 正方形,所以中点只可能因落入缺失的正方形而失败

The three squares plus the missing fourth square tile a 2×22 \times 2 square, so the midpoint can fail only by landing in the missing square

大提示:

失败需要一个点在上方正方形、另一个点在右侧正方形,然后每个坐标条件,如 x1+x2>2x_1 + x_2 \gt 2,发生的概率都是 12\frac{1}{2}

Failure needs one point in the top square and one in the right square, and then each coordinate condition, like x1+x2>2,x_1 + x_2 \gt 2, holds with probability 12\frac{1}{2}

解答:

将区域放为 [0,1]2([0,1]×[1,2])[0,1]^2 \cup \bigl([0,1] \times [1,2]\bigr) ([1,2]×[0,1])\cup \bigl([1,2] \times [0,1]\bigr),即一个 2×22 \times 2 正方形去掉右上角单位正方形。中点的两个坐标都是 [0,2][0, 2] 中两个数的平均值,所以中点一定在这个 2×22 \times 2 正方形中;它不在 L 形区域内,当且仅当它落在缺失的正方形中,即 xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2

如果没有点在右侧正方形,则 xA+xB2x_A + x_B \le 2;如果没有点在上方正方形,则 yA+yB2y_A + y_B \le 2。所以失败要求一个点在上方正方形,另一个点在右侧正方形,这发生的概率为 21313=292 \cdot \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{9}。在这种情况下,一个 xx 坐标均匀分布在 [0,1][0,1],另一个均匀分布在 [1,2][1,2],所以 xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 的概率为 12\frac{1}{2},同理且独立地,yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2 的概率为 12\frac{1}{2}

失败概率为 2914=118\frac{2}{9} \cdot \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{18},所以所求概率为 1718\frac{17}{18}m+n=17+18=35m + n = 17 + 18 = 35

Place the region as [0,1]2([0,1]×[1,2])[0,1]^2 \cup \bigl([0,1] \times [1,2]\bigr) ([1,2]×[0,1]),\cup \bigl([1,2] \times [0,1]\bigr), so it is the 2×22 \times 2 square with the top-right unit square removed. Both coordinates of the midpoint are averages of numbers in [0,2],[0, 2], so the midpoint always lies in the 2×22 \times 2 square; it fails to lie in the region exactly when it lands in the missing square, i.e. when xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 and yA+yB>2.y_A + y_B \gt 2.

If neither point is in the right square, then xA+xB2;x_A + x_B \le 2; if neither is in the top square, then yA+yB2.y_A + y_B \le 2. So failure requires one point in the top square and the other in the right square, which happens with probability 21313=29.2 \cdot \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{9}. In that case, one xx-coordinate is uniform on [0,1][0,1] and the other on [1,2],[1,2], so xA+xB>2x_A + x_B \gt 2 with probability 12,\frac{1}{2}, and independently yA+yB>2y_A + y_B \gt 2 with probability 12.\frac{1}{2}.

The failure probability is 2914=118,\frac{2}{9} \cdot \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{18}, so the desired probability is 1718\frac{17}{18} and m+n=17+18=35.m + n = 17 + 18 = 35.

7.

1212 边形的每个顶点都要涂成红色或蓝色,因此共有 2122^{12} 种涂色。求其中满足如下性质的涂色数:不存在四个同色顶点恰好是一个矩形的四个顶点。

Each vertex of a regular dodecagon (1212-gon) is to be colored either red or blue, and thus there are 2122^{12} possible colorings. Find the number of these colorings with the property that no four vertices colored the same color are the four vertices of a rectangle.

答案:928
难度评级:2600
小提示:

圆内接矩形的两条对角线必须都是直径,所以矩形对应于 66 对对顶顶点中的两对

A rectangle inscribed in the circle must have both diagonals as diameters, so rectangles correspond to pairs of the 66 antipodal pairs of vertices

大提示:

将每对对顶顶点分类为全红、全蓝或混合;一种涂色可行,当且仅当至多一对全红且至多一对全蓝

Classify each antipodal pair as both red, both blue, or mixed; a coloring works exactly when at most one pair is both red and at most one is both blue

解答:

十二个顶点在同一个圆上,而圆内接矩形的对角线必须经过圆心。因此这些顶点构成的矩形恰好对应于两条不同的直径,即从 66 对对顶顶点中选两对。出现同色矩形,当且仅当有两对对顶顶点都被同一种颜色涂满。

每对对顶顶点独立地可以是全红(11 种)、全蓝(11 种)或混合(22 种)。一种涂色有效,当且仅当全红的对数至多为一,全蓝的对数也至多为一。按全红对数和全蓝对数计数:26+625+625+6524=64+192+192+480=928 \begin{gathered} 2^6 + 6 \cdot 2^5 \\ {}+ 6 \cdot 2^5 + 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 2^4 \\ = 64 + 192 + 192 + 480 \\ = 928 \end{gathered}\text{。}

The twelve vertices lie on a circle, and a rectangle inscribed in a circle must have its diagonals pass through the center. So the rectangles with vertices among the twelve are exactly the pairs of distinct diameters, where the diameters join the 66 antipodal pairs of vertices. A monochromatic rectangle appears exactly when two antipodal pairs are each colored solidly in the same color.

Each antipodal pair is independently both red (11 way), both blue (11 way), or mixed (22 ways). A coloring is valid exactly when at most one pair is both red and at most one pair is both blue. Counting by the numbers of solid red and solid blue pairs: 26+625+625+6524=64+192+192+480=928. \begin{gathered} 2^6 + 6 \cdot 2^5 \\ {}+ 6 \cdot 2^5 + 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 2^4 \\ = 64 + 192 + 192 + 480 \\ = 928. \end{gathered}

8.

ω=cos2π7+isin2π7\omega = \cos\frac{2\pi}{7} + i \cdot \sin\frac{2\pi}{7},其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。求下列乘积的值:k=06(ω3k+ωk+1)\prod_{k=0}^{6} \left(\omega^{3k} + \omega^k + 1\right)\text{。}

Let ω=cos2π7+isin2π7,\omega = \cos\frac{2\pi}{7} + i \cdot \sin\frac{2\pi}{7}, where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. Find the value of the product k=06(ω3k+ωk+1).\prod_{k=0}^{6} \left(\omega^{3k} + \omega^k + 1\right).

答案:24
难度评级:2840
小提示:

k=0k = 0 的因子等于 33;其余部分是在所有本原七次单位根上计算 P(z)\prod P(z),其中 P(x)=x3+x+1P(x) = x^3 + x + 1

The k=0k = 0 factor equals 3;3; the rest is P(z)\prod P(z) over the primitive seventh roots of unity, where P(x)=x3+x+1P(x) = x^3 + x + 1

大提示:

z7=1P(z)=(1β7)\prod_{z^7 = 1} P(z) = \prod (1 - \beta^7),其中 β\beta 遍历 PP 的根;化简 β7\beta^7 时使用 β3=β1\beta^3 = -\beta - 1

z7=1P(z)=(1β7)\prod_{z^7 = 1} P(z) = \prod (1 - \beta^7) over the roots β\beta of P;P; reduce β7\beta^7 using β3=β1\beta^3 = -\beta - 1

解答:

P(x)=x3+x+1P(x) = x^3 + x + 1,则所求乘积为 k=06P(ωk)\prod_{k=0}^{6} P(\omega^k),其中 ω0,,ω6\omega^0, \ldots, \omega^6 是全部七次单位根。因为 x71=k(xωk)x^7 - 1 = \prod_k (x - \omega^k),写出因式分解 P(x)P(x) =(xβ1)(xβ2)(xβ3)= (x - \beta_1)(x - \beta_2)(x - \beta_3),再交换二重乘积的顺序,得 k=06P(ωk)=j=13k=06(ωkβj)=j=13((βj71))=j=13(1βj7) \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=0}^{6} P(\omega^k) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} \prod_{k=0}^{6} (\omega^k - \beta_j) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} \bigl(-(\beta_j^7 - 1)\bigr) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} (1 - \beta_j^7) \end{gathered}\text{。}

β\betaPP 的一个根,反复使用 β3=β1\beta^3 = -\beta - 1,得到 β4=β2β\beta^4 = -\beta^2 - \betaβ5=β2+β+1\beta^5 = -\beta^2 + \beta + 1β6=β2+2β+1\beta^6 = \beta^2 + 2\beta + 1,以及 β7=2β21\beta^7 = 2\beta^2 - 1。因此 1β7=2(1β)(1+β)1 - \beta^7 = 2(1 - \beta)(1 + \beta),并且 j(1βj7)=23j(1βj)j(1+βj)=8P(1)(P(1))=831=24 \begin{gathered} \prod_{j} (1 - \beta_j^7) \\ = 2^3 \prod_j (1 - \beta_j) \prod_j (1 + \beta_j) \\ = 8 \cdot P(1) \cdot \bigl(-P(-1)\bigr) \\ = 8 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 24 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以所求乘积等于 2424

Let P(x)=x3+x+1,P(x) = x^3 + x + 1, so the product is k=06P(ωk),\prod_{k=0}^{6} P(\omega^k), where ω0,,ω6\omega^0, \ldots, \omega^6 are all seventh roots of unity. Since x71=k(xωk),x^7 - 1 = \prod_k (x - \omega^k), writing the factorization P(x)P(x) =(xβ1)(xβ2)(xβ3)= (x - \beta_1)(x - \beta_2)(x - \beta_3) and swapping the order of the double product gives k=06P(ωk)=j=13k=06(ωkβj)=j=13((βj71))=j=13(1βj7). \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=0}^{6} P(\omega^k) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} \prod_{k=0}^{6} (\omega^k - \beta_j) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} \bigl(-(\beta_j^7 - 1)\bigr) \\ = \prod_{j=1}^{3} (1 - \beta_j^7). \end{gathered}

For a root β\beta of P,P, repeatedly using β3=β1\beta^3 = -\beta - 1 gives β4=β2β,\beta^4 = -\beta^2 - \beta, β5=β2+β+1,\beta^5 = -\beta^2 + \beta + 1, β6=β2+2β+1,\beta^6 = \beta^2 + 2\beta + 1, and β7=2β21.\beta^7 = 2\beta^2 - 1. Hence 1β7=2(1β)(1+β),1 - \beta^7 = 2(1 - \beta)(1 + \beta), and j(1βj7)=23j(1βj)j(1+βj)=8P(1)(P(1))=831=24. \begin{gathered} \prod_{j} (1 - \beta_j^7) \\ = 2^3 \prod_j (1 - \beta_j) \prod_j (1 + \beta_j) \\ = 8 \cdot P(1) \cdot \bigl(-P(-1)\bigr) \\ = 8 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 24. \end{gathered}

So the requested product equals 24.24.

9.

ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 相交于两点 PPQQ,更靠近 PP 的公切线与 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 分别相切于点 AA 与点 BB。与 AB\overline{AB} 平行且过 PP 的直线第二次分别交 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 于点 XXYY。已知 PX=10PX = 10PY=14PY = 14PQ=5PQ = 5。则梯形 XABYXABY 的面积为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Circles ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 intersect at two points PP and Q,Q, and their common tangent line closer to PP intersects ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 at points AA and B,B, respectively. The line parallel to AB\overline{AB} that passes through PP intersects ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 for the second time at points XX and Y,Y, respectively. Suppose PX=10,PX = 10, PY=14,PY = 14, and PQ=5.PQ = 5. Then the area of trapezoid XABYXABY is mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:33
知识点:圆幂根轴梯形
难度评级:2920
小提示:

AA 处的切线平行于弦 XPXP,所以从 AA 向直线 XYXY 作垂线,垂足是 XPXP 的中点;BB 处同理

The tangent at AA is parallel to chord XP,XP, so the foot of the perpendicular from AA to line XYXY is the midpoint of XP;XP; the same holds at BB

大提示:

直线 QPQPABAB 相交于后者的中点 MM,且 MA2=MP(MP+5)MA^2 = MP(MP + 5) 可确定 MPMP,从而确定梯形的高

Line QPQP meets ABAB at its midpoint M,M, and MA2=MP(MP+5)MA^2 = MP(MP + 5) determines MP,MP, hence the height of the trapezoid

解答:

因为 ω1\omega_1AA 处的切线平行于弦 XPXP,点 AA 是弧 XPXP 的中点,所以从 AA 向直线 XYXY 作垂线会落在 XP\overline{XP} 的中点;同理,从 BB 作垂线会落在 PY\overline{PY} 的中点。由于 XXYY 位于 PP 的两侧,梯形的两条平行边为 XY=10+14=24XY = 10 + 14 = 24AB=102+142=12AB = \frac{10}{2} + \frac{14}{2} = 12

直线 PQPQ 是根轴,所以它与切线的交点 MM 满足 MA2=MPMQ=MB2MA^2 = MP \cdot MQ = MB^2MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点,并且 MA=6MA = 6MQ=MP+5MQ = MP + 5,于是 36=MP(MP+5),MP=4 \begin{gathered} 36 = MP(MP + 5), \\ MP = 4 \end{gathered}\text{。}

沿 ABAB 建立坐标:AABB 的垂足分别是 XPXPPYPY 的中点,所以 PP 距第一个垂足 55 个单位,而 MMAA 的距离为 66。因此 MMPP 的水平偏移为 65=16 - 5 = 1,梯形的高 hh 满足 h2=MP21=15h^2 = MP^2 - 1 = 15。面积为24+12215=1815\frac{24 + 12}{2}\sqrt{15} = 18\sqrt{15}\text{,}所以 m+n=18+15=33m + n = 18 + 15 = 33

Since the tangent to ω1\omega_1 at AA is parallel to the chord XP,XP, the point AA is the midpoint of arc XP,XP, so the perpendicular from AA to line XYXY lands at the midpoint of XP;\overline{XP}; similarly the perpendicular from BB lands at the midpoint of PY.\overline{PY}. As XX and YY are on opposite sides of P,P, the parallel sides of the trapezoid are XY=10+14=24XY = 10 + 14 = 24 and AB=102+142=12.AB = \frac{10}{2} + \frac{14}{2} = 12.

Line PQPQ is the radical axis, so its intersection MM with the tangent line satisfies MA2=MPMQ=MB2:MA^2 = MP \cdot MQ = MB^2: MM is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and with MA=6MA = 6 and MQ=MP+5,MQ = MP + 5, 36=MP(MP+5),MP=4. \begin{gathered} 36 = MP(MP + 5), \\ MP = 4. \end{gathered}

Set up coordinates along AB:AB: the feet of AA and BB are the midpoints of XPXP and PY,PY, so PP lies 55 units from the first foot, while the distance from MM to AA is 6.6. Hence the horizontal offset between MM and PP is 65=1,6 - 5 = 1, and the height hh of the trapezoid satisfies h2=MP21=15.h^2 = MP^2 - 1 = 15. The area is 24+12215=1815,\frac{24 + 12}{2}\sqrt{15} = 18\sqrt{15}, so m+n=18+15=33.m + n = 18 + 15 = 33.

10.

NN 为把整数 111212 放入一个有 1212 个格子的 2×62 \times 6 网格中的方式数,使得任何共边的两个格子中的数之差都不能被 33 整除。下图给出了一种这样的放法。求 NN 的正整数因数个数。

Let NN be the number of ways to place the integers 11 through 1212 in the 1212 cells of a 2×62 \times 6 grid so that for any two cells sharing a side, the difference between the numbers in those cells is not divisible by 3.3. One way to do this is shown below. Find the number of positive integer divisors of N.N.

答案:144
难度评级:2920
小提示:

共边格子的模 33 余数必须不同;先数余数图案,再乘以 (4!)3(4!)^3 来放入实际数字

Cells sharing a side must have different residues mod 3;3; count the residue patterns first, then multiply by (4!)3(4!)^3 to place the actual numbers

大提示:

每一列显示两个不同的余数;从任意一列出发,三种无序余数对中的每一种都能以恰好一种方向出现在下一列,而且每种余数对必须出现两次

Each column shows two distinct residues; from any column, each of the three unordered residue pairs can come next in exactly one orientation, and each pair must occur twice

解答:

条件等价于相邻格子的数模 33 余数不同。在 1,,121, \ldots, 12 中,每个余数类恰好有 44 个数,所以 N=K(4!)3N = K \cdot (4!)^3,其中 KK 是用余数 0,1,20, 1, 2 填满网格的方式数,每个余数使用 44 次,且相邻格子余数不同。

一列是一个有序对 (a,b)(a, b),其中两个余数不同。若当前列为 (a,b)(a, b)ee 为第三个余数,则下一列必须是 (b,a)(b, a)(b,e)(b, e)(e,a)(e, a) 之一:三种无序对 {a,b}\{a,b\}{b,e}\{b,e\}{a,e}\{a,e\} 都恰好以一种允许的方向出现。因此一个余数图案由六个无序对的序列以及第一列的方向决定。因为每个余数必须出现 44 次,所以三种余数对都必须恰好使用两次,给出 6!2!2!2!=90\frac{6!}{2!\,2!\,2!} = 90 个序列,且 K=290=180K = 2 \cdot 90 = 180

因此 N=180243N = 180 \cdot 24^3 =2,488,320= 2{,}488{,}320 =211355= 2^{11} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5,它有 1262=14412 \cdot 6 \cdot 2 = 144 个正因数。

The condition says adjacent cells have different residues mod 3.3. Each residue class among 1,,121, \ldots, 12 has exactly 44 members, so N=K(4!)3,N = K \cdot (4!)^3, where KK is the number of ways to fill the grid with residues 0,1,2,0, 1, 2, each used 44 times, with adjacent cells different.

A column is an ordered pair (a,b)(a, b) of distinct residues. If the current column is (a,b)(a, b) and ee is the third residue, the next column must be one of (b,a),(b, a), (b,e),(b, e), (e,a):(e, a): each of the three unordered pairs {a,b},\{a,b\}, {b,e},\{b,e\}, {a,e}\{a,e\} occurs in exactly one allowed orientation. So a residue pattern is determined by the sequence of six unordered pairs together with the orientation of the first column. Since each residue must appear 44 times, each of the three pairs must be used exactly twice, giving 6!2!2!2!=90\frac{6!}{2!\,2!\,2!} = 90 sequences and K=290=180.K = 2 \cdot 90 = 180.

Therefore N=180243N = 180 \cdot 24^3 =2,488,320= 2{,}488{,}320 =211355,= 2^{11} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5, which has 1262=14412 \cdot 6 \cdot 2 = 144 positive divisors.

11.

求由 1616{1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 的不同子集组成的集合族的个数,使得集合族中任意两个子集 XXYY 都满足 XYX \cap Y \neq \emptyset

Find the number of collections of 1616 distinct subsets of {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} with the property that for any two subsets XX and YY in the collection, XY.X \cap Y \neq \emptyset.

答案:81
难度评级:3060
小提示:

一个集合与它的补集不相交,所以集合族必须从 1616 对互补子集中每对恰好选一个集合

A set and its complement are disjoint, so the collection must contain exactly one set from each of the 1616 complementary pairs

大提示:

如果选了某个单元素集,则每个集合都必须包含这个元素。否则只有被选中的 22 元子集可能冲突:它们必须两两相交或组成一个三角形。

If a singleton is chosen, every set must contain it. Otherwise only the chosen 22-element sets can conflict: they must pairwise share an element or form a triangle.

解答:

3232 个子集分成 1616 对互补子集 {X,Xc}\{X, X^{\mathsf{c}}\},任何集合族都不能同时包含一对中的两个集合(它们不相交)。一个包含 1616 个两两相交子集的集合族因此必须从每对互补子集中恰好选一个;特别地,它包含 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\},且不包含 \emptyset

如果选了某个单元素集 {x}\{x\},那么每个成员都必须与 {x}\{x\} 相交,也就是都包含 xx。每对互补子集中恰好有一个集合包含 xx,所以集合族必须正好是这 1616 个包含 xx 的子集;这给出 55 个集合族。否则没有单元素集被选中,因此全部五个 44 元子集都在集合族中。任意两个 33 元子集在一个 55 元集合中必然相交;一个 44 元子集只与它的补集不相交;一个被选中的 22 元子集和一个被选中的 33 元子集只有在互为补集时才不相交,而这种情况不可能同时被选中。所以剩下的唯一条件是,被选中的 22 元子集两两相交。

22 元子集看作 K5K_5 的边。两两相交的边集要么所有边都经过同一个公共顶点,要么是一个三角形。这样的边族数为:空族(11 个)、三角形((53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10 个)、以及一个星形中的非空边族,5(241)10=655(2^4 - 1) - 10 = 65 个(减去被两个端点都计数到的 1010 条单边)。总共是 1+10+65=761 + 10 + 65 = 76 个集合族,因此总数为 5+76=815 + 76 = 81

The 3232 subsets split into 1616 complementary pairs {X,Xc},\{X, X^{\mathsf{c}}\}, and no collection can contain both members of a pair (they are disjoint). A collection of 1616 pairwise-intersecting subsets must therefore contain exactly one member of every pair; in particular it contains {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} and not .\emptyset.

If some singleton {x}\{x\} is chosen, every member must meet {x},\{x\}, i.e. contain x.x. Exactly one set in each complementary pair contains x,x, so the collection must be exactly the 1616 subsets containing x:x: this gives 55 collections. Otherwise no singleton is chosen, so all five 44-element sets are in the collection. Any two 33-element subsets of a 55-element set intersect, a 44-element set is disjoint only from its complement, and a chosen 22-element set and a chosen 33-element set are disjoint only if they are complements, which cannot both be chosen. So the only remaining condition is that the chosen 22-element sets pairwise intersect.

Viewing 22-element sets as edges of K5,K_5, a pairwise-intersecting collection of edges either has all edges through one common vertex or is a triangle. The number of such edge families is: the empty family (11), triangles ((53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10), and nonempty families within a star, 5(241)10=655(2^4 - 1) - 10 = 65 (subtracting the 1010 single edges counted at both endpoints). That is 1+10+65=761 + 10 + 65 = 76 collections, for a total of 5+76=81.5 + 76 = 81.

12.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,边长 AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14CA=15CA = 15,令 MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点。令 PPABC\triangle ABC 外接圆上的一点,使得 MMAP\overline{AP} 上。存在唯一一点 QQ 在线段 AM\overline{AM} 上,使得 PBQ=PCQ\angle PBQ = \angle PCQ。则 AQAQ 可写为 mn\frac{m}{\sqrt{n}},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

In ABC\triangle ABC with side lengths AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and CA=15,CA = 15, let MM be the midpoint of BC.\overline{BC}. Let PP be the point on the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC such that MM is on AP.\overline{AP}. There exists a unique point QQ on segment AM\overline{AM} such that PBQ=PCQ.\angle PBQ = \angle PCQ. Then AQAQ can be written as mn,\frac{m}{\sqrt{n}}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:247
难度评级:3160
小提示:

使用坐标 B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(14,0)C = (14, 0)A=(5,12)A = (5, 12);由点 MM 的幂得 MAMP=MBMC=49MA \cdot MP = MB \cdot MC = 49

Use coordinates B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(14,0),C = (14, 0), A=(5,12);A = (5, 12); power of the point MM gives MAMP=MBMC=49MA \cdot MP = MB \cdot MC = 49

大提示:

用叉积和点积表示 tanPBQ\tan\angle PBQtanPCQ\tan\angle PCQ 并令它们相等;两个叉积成比例,剩下关于 QQ 的线性方程

Equate tanPBQ\tan\angle PBQ and tanPCQ\tan\angle PCQ using cross and dot products; the two cross products are proportional, leaving an equation linear in QQ

解答:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(14,0)C = (14, 0)A=(5,12)A = (5, 12),则 M=(7,0)M = (7, 0),并且 AM=4+144=237AM = \sqrt{4 + 144} = 2\sqrt{37}。由点 MM 关于外接圆的幂,MAMP=MBMC=49MA \cdot MP = MB \cdot MC = 49,所以 MP=49237MP = \frac{49}{2\sqrt{37}}。从 AMA \to M 的方向继续延长这段长度,得到 P=(56774,14737)P = \left(\frac{567}{74}, -\frac{147}{37}\right)。向量 BP\overrightarrow{BP} 的方向与 (27,14)(27, -14) 成比例,向量 CP\overrightarrow{CP} 的方向与 (67,42)-(67, 42) 成比例。

Q=(5+2t, 1212t)Q = (5 + 2t,\ 12 - 12t),其中 t(0,1)t \in (0, 1),于是 AQ=tAMAQ = t \cdot AM。用 tanθ=u×vuv\tan\theta = \frac{|u \times v|}{u \cdot v} 表示两条射线夹角的正切,得 tanPBQ=394296t222t33,tanPCQ=1182888t370t+99 \begin{gathered} \tan\angle PBQ = \frac{394 - 296t}{222t - 33}, \\ \tan\angle PCQ = \frac{1182 - 888t}{370t + 99} \end{gathered}\text{,}第二个分子恰好是 3(394296t)3(394 - 296t)。令两个正切相等,约去这个公共因子,留下 370t+99=3(222t33)370t + 99 = 3(222t - 33),所以 296t=198296t = 198t=99148t = \frac{99}{148}

因而 AQ=99148237AQ = \frac{99}{148} \cdot 2\sqrt{37} =99148148= \frac{99}{148}\sqrt{148} =99148= \frac{99}{\sqrt{148}},由于 gcd(99,148)=1\gcd(99, 148) = 1,答案是 99+148=24799 + 148 = 247

Place B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(14,0),C = (14, 0), A=(5,12),A = (5, 12), so M=(7,0)M = (7, 0) and AM=4+144=237.AM = \sqrt{4 + 144} = 2\sqrt{37}. By power of the point MM in the circumcircle, MAMP=MBMC=49,MA \cdot MP = MB \cdot MC = 49, so MP=49237MP = \frac{49}{2\sqrt{37}} and extending AMA \to M by that length gives P=(56774,14737).P = \left(\frac{567}{74}, -\frac{147}{37}\right). The direction of BP\overrightarrow{BP} is proportional to (27,14),(27, -14), and the direction of CP\overrightarrow{CP} is proportional to (67,42).-(67, 42).

Write Q=(5+2t, 1212t)Q = (5 + 2t,\ 12 - 12t) for t(0,1),t \in (0, 1), so that AQ=tAM.AQ = t \cdot AM. Using tanθ=u×vuv\tan\theta = \frac{|u \times v|}{u \cdot v} for the angle between rays, tanPBQ=394296t222t33,tanPCQ=1182888t370t+99, \begin{gathered} \tan\angle PBQ = \frac{394 - 296t}{222t - 33}, \\ \tan\angle PCQ = \frac{1182 - 888t}{370t + 99}, \end{gathered} and the second numerator is exactly 3(394296t).3(394 - 296t). Setting the two tangents equal cancels this common factor and leaves 370t+99=3(222t33),370t + 99 = 3(222t - 33), so 296t=198296t = 198 and t=99148.t = \frac{99}{148}.

Then AQ=99148237AQ = \frac{99}{148} \cdot 2\sqrt{37} =99148148= \frac{99}{148}\sqrt{148} =99148,= \frac{99}{\sqrt{148}}, and since gcd(99,148)=1,\gcd(99, 148) = 1, the answer is 99+148=247.99 + 148 = 247.

13.

AA 为锐角,且 tanA=2cosA\tan A = 2 \cos A。求正整数 nn 的个数,其中这个数不超过 10001000,且 secnA+tannA\sec^n A + \tan^n A 是个位数字为 99 的正整数。

Let AA be an acute angle such that tanA=2cosA.\tan A = 2 \cos A. Find the number of positive integers nn less than or equal to 10001000 such that secnA+tannA\sec^n A + \tan^n A is a positive integer whose units digit is 9.9.

答案:167
难度评级:3060
小提示:

s=secAs = \sec At=tanAt = \tan A,条件给出 st=2st = 2,且恒有 s2t2=1s^2 - t^2 = 1,所以 s2+t2=17s^2 + t^2 = \sqrt{17}

With s=secAs = \sec A and t=tanA,t = \tan A, the condition says st=2,st = 2, and always s2t2=1,s^2 - t^2 = 1, so s2+t2=17s^2 + t^2 = \sqrt{17}

大提示:

sn+tns^n + t^n 只有在 44 整除 nn 时才是整数;xj=s4j+t4jx_j = s^{4j} + t^{4j} 满足 xj+1=9xj16xj1x_{j+1} = 9x_j - 16x_{j-1};再追踪个位数字

sn+tns^n + t^n is an integer only when 44 divides n,n, and xj=s4j+t4jx_j = s^{4j} + t^{4j} satisfies xj+1=9xj16xj1;x_{j+1} = 9x_j - 16x_{j-1}; track the units digits

解答:

s=secAs = \sec At=tanAt = \tan A。条件 tanA=2cosA\tan A = 2\cos A 等价于 tanAsecA=2\tan A \sec A = 2,即 st=2st = 2,并且恒有 s2t2=1s^2 - t^2 = 1。于是 (s2+t2)2(s^2 + t^2)^2 =(s2t2)2+4s2t2= (s^2 - t^2)^2 + 4s^2t^2 =17= 17,所以 u=s2u = s^2v=t2v = t^2 满足 u+v=17u + v = \sqrt{17}uv=4uv = 4。和 wm=um+vmw_m = u^m + v^m 满足递推 wm+1=17wm4wm1w_{m+1} = \sqrt{17}\,w_m - 4w_{m-1},且 w0=2w_0 = 2w1=17w_1 = \sqrt{17};归纳可知,当 mm 为偶数时,wmw_m 是正整数;当 mm 为奇数时,它是 17\sqrt{17} 的整数倍。

对偶数 n=2mn = 2msn+tn=wms^n + t^n = w_m,它是整数当且仅当 mm 为偶数,即 44 整除 nn。对奇数 nn(sn+tn)2(s^n + t^n)^2 =wn+2(st)n= w_n + 2 (st)^n =wn+2n+1= w_n + 2^{n+1} 是无理数,所以 sn+tns^n + t^n 不是整数。因此写 n=4jn = 4j,并令 xj=w2jx_j = w_{2j}。由于 u2+v2=9u^2 + v^2 = 9u2v2=16u^2 v^2 = 16,整数 xjx_j 满足 xj+1=9xj16xj1,x0=2,x1=9 \begin{gathered} x_{j+1} = 9x_j - 16x_{j-1}, \\ x_0 = 2, \\ x_1 = 9 \end{gathered}\text{,}得到 9,49,297,1889,9, 49, 297, 1889, \ldots,它们的个位数字以周期三重复:9,9,79, 9, 7。个位数字为 77 当且仅当 33 整除 jj,否则为 99

合格的 n1000n \le 1000n=4jn = 4j,其中 1j2501 \le j \le 250jj 不是 33 的倍数:共有 25083=167250 - 83 = 167 个。

Let s=secAs = \sec A and t=tanA.t = \tan A. The hypothesis tanA=2cosA\tan A = 2\cos A says tanAsecA=2,\tan A \sec A = 2, i.e. st=2,st = 2, and always s2t2=1.s^2 - t^2 = 1. Then (s2+t2)2(s^2 + t^2)^2 =(s2t2)2+4s2t2= (s^2 - t^2)^2 + 4s^2t^2 =17,= 17, so u=s2u = s^2 and v=t2v = t^2 satisfy u+v=17,u + v = \sqrt{17}, uv=4.uv = 4. The sums wm=um+vmw_m = u^m + v^m obey wm+1=17wm4wm1w_{m+1} = \sqrt{17}\,w_m - 4w_{m-1} with w0=2,w_0 = 2, w1=17;w_1 = \sqrt{17}; by induction, when mm is even, wmw_m is a positive integer, and when mm is odd, it is an integer times 17.\sqrt{17}.

For even n=2m,n = 2m, sn+tn=wm,s^n + t^n = w_m, an integer exactly when mm is even, i.e. 44 divides n.n. For odd n,n, (sn+tn)2(s^n + t^n)^2 =wn+2(st)n= w_n + 2 (st)^n =wn+2n+1= w_n + 2^{n+1} is irrational, so sn+tns^n + t^n is not an integer. Thus write n=4jn = 4j and xj=w2j.x_j = w_{2j}. Since u2+v2=9u^2 + v^2 = 9 and u2v2=16,u^2 v^2 = 16, the integers xjx_j satisfy xj+1=9xj16xj1,x0=2,x1=9, \begin{gathered} x_{j+1} = 9x_j - 16x_{j-1}, \\ x_0 = 2, \\ x_1 = 9, \end{gathered} giving 9,49,297,1889,9, 49, 297, 1889, \ldots whose units digits repeat with period three: 9,9,7.9, 9, 7. The units digit is 77 when 33 divides jj and 99 otherwise.

The valid n1000n \le 1000 are n=4jn = 4j with 1j2501 \le j \le 250 and jj not divisible by 3:3: there are 25083=167250 - 83 = 167 of them.

14.

一个立方体形容器有顶点 AABBCCDD,其中 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 是立方体的平行棱,AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 是立方体面的对角线,如图所示。把立方体的顶点 AA 放在水平平面 P\mathcal{P} 上,使得矩形 ABDCABDC 所在平面垂直于 P\mathcal{P},顶点 BB 的高度为 22 米(相对于 P\mathcal{P}),顶点 CC 的高度为 88 米(相对于 P\mathcal{P}),顶点 DD 的高度为 1010 米(相对于 P\mathcal{P})。立方体中装有水,水面平行于 P\mathcal{P},且高度为 77 米(相对于 P\mathcal{P})。水的体积为 mn\frac{m}{n} 立方米,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A cube-shaped container has vertices A,A, B,B, C,C, and D,D, where AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} are parallel edges of the cube, and AC\overline{AC} and BD\overline{BD} are diagonals of faces of the cube, as shown. Vertex AA of the cube is set on a horizontal plane P\mathcal{P} so that the plane of the rectangle ABDCABDC is perpendicular to P,\mathcal{P}, vertex BB is 22 meters above P,\mathcal{P}, vertex CC is 88 meters above P,\mathcal{P}, and vertex DD is 1010 meters above P.\mathcal{P}. The cube contains water whose surface is parallel to P\mathcal{P} at a height of 77 meters above P.\mathcal{P}. The volume of water is mn\frac{m}{n} cubic meters, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:751
难度评级:3270
小提示:

给立方体设坐标 [0,s]3[0, s]^3BBCC 的高度以及垂直条件会迫使 s=6s = 6,竖直方向为 13(1,2,2)\frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2)

Give the cube coordinates [0,s]3;[0, s]^3; the heights of BB and CC together with the perpendicularity condition force s=6s = 6 and vertical direction 13(1,2,2)\frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2)

大提示:

水是 [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 中满足 x+2y+2z21x + 2y + 2z \le 21 的部分;对一个坐标积分横截面积

The water is the part of [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 with x+2y+2z21;x + 2y + 2z \le 21; integrate the cross-sectional area over one coordinate

解答:

为立方体建立坐标,使 AA 为原点,棱沿坐标轴方向,棱长为 ss:则 B=(s,0,0)B = (s, 0, 0)C=(0,s,s)C = (0, s, s)D=(s,s,s)D = (s, s, s) 符合题意(ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD} 是棱,AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 是面的对角线)。离 P\mathcal{P} 的高度是某个线性函数 h(x,y,z)=u1x+u2y+u3zh(x, y, z) = u_1 x + u_2 y + u_3 z,其中 uu 是单位向量。矩形 ABDCABDC 所在平面的法向量方向为 (0,1,1)(0, 1, -1),而它垂直于 P\mathcal{P} 意味着竖直方向 uu 位于该平面内,所以 u2=u3u_2 = u_3。由 BBCC 的高度,su1=2s u_1 = 2s(u2+u3)=8s(u_2 + u_3) = 8,所以 su2=su3=4su_2 = su_3 = 4,再由 u=1|u| = 1,得 s2=22+42+42=36s^2 = 2^2 + 4^2 + 4^2 = 36。因此 s=6s = 6u=13(1,2,2)u = \frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2)(也确实有 h(D)=10h(D) = 10)。

水所在区域是 [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 中满足 h7h \le 7 的部分,也就是 x+2y+2z21x + 2y + 2z \le 21。固定 x=ax = a 时,截面为 {(y,z)[0,6]2:y+z21a2}\{(y, z) \in [0,6]^2 : y + z \le \tfrac{21 - a}{2}\},由于 21a2\frac{21 - a}{2} 介于 661212 之间,截面积为 3612(1221a2)236 - \frac{1}{2}\left(12 - \frac{21 - a}{2}\right)^2 =36(3+a)28= 36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}

积分得到 V=06(36(3+a)28)da=216933324=21670224=7474 \begin{gathered} V = \int_0^6 \left(36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}\right) da \\ = 216 - \frac{9^3 - 3^3}{24} \\ = 216 - \frac{702}{24} \\ = \frac{747}{4} \end{gathered}\text{,}所以 m+n=747+4=751m + n = 747 + 4 = 751

Give the cube coordinates so that AA is the origin, the edges lie along the axes, and the edge length is s:s: then B=(s,0,0),B = (s, 0, 0), C=(0,s,s),C = (0, s, s), D=(s,s,s)D = (s, s, s) satisfy the description (ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD} are edges and AC,\overline{AC}, BD\overline{BD} are face diagonals). Height above P\mathcal{P} is a linear function h(x,y,z)=u1x+u2y+u3zh(x, y, z) = u_1 x + u_2 y + u_3 z for some unit vector u.u. The plane of rectangle ABDCABDC has normal direction (0,1,1),(0, 1, -1), and perpendicularity to P\mathcal{P} means the vertical direction uu lies in that plane, so u2=u3.u_2 = u_3. The heights of BB and CC give su1=2s u_1 = 2 and s(u2+u3)=8,s(u_2 + u_3) = 8, so su2=su3=4,su_2 = su_3 = 4, and u=1|u| = 1 forces s2=22+42+42=36.s^2 = 2^2 + 4^2 + 4^2 = 36. Thus s=6s = 6 and u=13(1,2,2)u = \frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2) (and indeed h(D)=10h(D) = 10).

The water is the region of [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 where h7,h \le 7, i.e. x+2y+2z21.x + 2y + 2z \le 21. For fixed x=a,x = a, the slice is {(y,z)[0,6]2:y+z21a2},\{(y, z) \in [0,6]^2 : y + z \le \tfrac{21 - a}{2}\}, and since 21a2\frac{21 - a}{2} lies between 66 and 12,12, its area is 3612(1221a2)236 - \frac{1}{2}\left(12 - \frac{21 - a}{2}\right)^2 =36(3+a)28.= 36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}.

Integrating, V=06(36(3+a)28)da=216933324=21670224=7474, \begin{gathered} V = \int_0^6 \left(36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}\right) da \\ = 216 - \frac{9^3 - 3^3}{24} \\ = 216 - \frac{702}{24} \\ = \frac{747}{4}, \end{gathered} so m+n=747+4=751.m + n = 747 + 4 = 751.

15.

对每个正整数 nn,令 ana_n2323 的最小正整数倍数,并满足 an1(mod2n)a_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n}。求正整数 nn 的个数,其中这个数不超过 10001000,且满足 an=an+1a_n = a_{n+1}

For each positive integer nn let ana_n be the least positive integer multiple of 2323 such that an1(mod2n).a_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n}. Find the number of positive integers nn less than or equal to 10001000 that satisfy an=an+1.a_n = a_{n+1}.

答案:363
难度评级:3370
小提示:

an=23bna_n = 23 b_n,其中 bnb_n2323 在模 2n2^n 下的逆元;于是 an=an+1a_n = a_{n+1} 当且仅当权为 2n2^n 的二进制位在 bn+1b_{n+1} 中是 00

an=23bna_n = 23 b_n where bnb_n is the inverse of 2323 mod 2n;2^n; then an=an+1a_n = a_{n+1} exactly when the binary digit of weight 2n2^n in bn+1b_{n+1} is 00

大提示:

因为 2389=211123 \cdot 89 = 2^{11} - 1,这些二进制位以 1111 为周期重复;找出 nn1111 时哪些四个余数会给出零位

Since 2389=2111,23 \cdot 89 = 2^{11} - 1, those binary digits repeat with period 11;11; find which four residues of nn mod 1111 give a zero digit

解答:

an=23bna_n = 23 b_n,其中 bnb_n 是区间 [1,2n][1, 2^n] 中满足 23bn1(mod2n)23 b_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n} 的唯一整数,也就是 2323 在模 2n2^n 下的逆元。对模 2n2^n 约化可知 bn+1{bn, bn+2n}b_{n+1} \in \{b_n,\ b_n + 2^n\},所以 an=an+1a_n = a_{n+1} 当且仅当 bn+1=bnb_{n+1} = b_n,也就是当且仅当权为 2n2^n 的二进制位在 bn+1b_{n+1} 中是 00

因为 2389=2047=211123 \cdot 89 = 2047 = 2^{11} - 1,令 Tk=1+211+222T_k = 1 + 2^{11} + 2^{22} ++211(k1){}+ \cdots + 2^{11(k-1)},则 2389Tk=211k123 \cdot 89\,T_k = 2^{11k} - 1,所以 23(211k89Tk)1(mod211k) \begin{gathered} 23\left(2^{11k} - 89\,T_k\right) \\ \equiv 1 \pmod{2^{11k}} \end{gathered}\text{,}且所有 bnb_n(其中 n11kn \le 11k)都是 211k89Tk2^{11k} - 89\,T_k 对模 2n2^n 的约化。在二进制表示中,89=1011001289 = 1011001_2 的第 0,3,4,60, 3, 4, 6 位为一;每个 1111 位的 89Tk89\,T_k 区块都具有这一模式。由于 89Tk89\,T_k 是奇数,211k89Tk2^{11k} - 89\,T_k =(211k189Tk)+1= \bigl(2^{11k} - 1 - 89\,T_k\bigr) + 1 会保留第 00 位为 11,并把第 11 位到第 11k111k - 1 位全部取反。

因此对 n1n \ge 1,权为 2n2^n 的二进制位为 00,当且仅当 n0,3,4,6(mod11)n \equiv 0, 3, 4, 6 \pmod{11}。在 1n1000=9011+101 \le n \le 1000 = 90 \cdot 11 + 10 中,余数 00 出现 9090 次,余数 334466 各出现 9191 次,总数为 90+391=36390 + 3 \cdot 91 = 363

Write an=23bn,a_n = 23 b_n, where bnb_n is the unique integer in [1,2n][1, 2^n] with 23bn1(mod2n),23 b_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n}, i.e. the inverse of 2323 mod 2n.2^n. Reducing mod 2n2^n shows bn+1{bn, bn+2n},b_{n+1} \in \{b_n,\ b_n + 2^n\}, so an=an+1a_n = a_{n+1} exactly when bn+1=bn,b_{n+1} = b_n, which happens exactly when the binary digit of weight 2n2^n in bn+1b_{n+1} is 0.0.

Since 2389=2047=2111,23 \cdot 89 = 2047 = 2^{11} - 1, setting Tk=1+211+222T_k = 1 + 2^{11} + 2^{22} ++211(k1){}+ \cdots + 2^{11(k-1)} gives 2389Tk=211k1,23 \cdot 89\,T_k = 2^{11k} - 1, so 23(211k89Tk)1(mod211k), \begin{gathered} 23\left(2^{11k} - 89\,T_k\right) \\ \equiv 1 \pmod{2^{11k}}, \end{gathered} and every bnb_n with n11kn \le 11k is the reduction of 211k89Tk2^{11k} - 89\,T_k mod 2n.2^n. In binary, 89=1011001289 = 1011001_2 occupies positions 0,3,4,60, 3, 4, 6 of each 1111-bit block of 89Tk.89\,T_k. Since 89Tk89\,T_k is odd, 211k89Tk2^{11k} - 89\,T_k =(211k189Tk)+1= \bigl(2^{11k} - 1 - 89\,T_k\bigr) + 1 keeps digit 00 equal to 11 and complements every digit in positions 11 through 11k1.11k - 1.

So for n1,n \ge 1, the digit of weight 2n2^n is 00 exactly when n0,3,4,6(mod11).n \equiv 0, 3, 4, 6 \pmod{11}. Among 1n1000=9011+10,1 \le n \le 1000 = 90 \cdot 11 + 10, the residue 00 occurs 9090 times and the residues 3,3, 4,4, 66 occur 9191 times each, for a total of 90+391=363.90 + 3 \cdot 91 = 363.