2023 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

SS 为所有满足如下条件的正有理数 rr 的集合:当 rr55r55r 都写成最简分数时,一个分数的分子与分母之和等于另一个分数的分子与分母之和。集合 SS 中所有元素的和可表示为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let SS be the set of all positive rational numbers rr such that when the two numbers rr and 55r55r are written as fractions in lowest terms, the sum of the numerator and denominator of one fraction is the same as the sum of the numerator and denominator of the other fraction. The sum of all the elements of SS can be expressed in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:719
知识点:分数最大公约数分类讨论
难度评级:2740
小提示:

r=abr = \frac{a}{b} 写成最简分数;55ab\frac{55a}{b} 如何约分由 gcd(b,55)\gcd(b, 55) 决定,而它只能是 115511115555

Write r=abr = \frac{a}{b} in lowest terms; how 55ab\frac{55a}{b} reduces is governed by gcd(b,55),\gcd(b, 55), which is 1,1, 5,5, 11,11, or 5555

大提示:

gcd=5\gcd = 5gcd=11\gcd = 11 两种情况分别给出 2b=25a2b = 25a5b=22a5b = 22a;互质条件会分别确定唯一的分数

The cases gcd=5\gcd = 5 and gcd=11\gcd = 11 give 2b=25a2b = 25a and 5b=22a;5b = 22a; coprimality pins down exactly one fraction in each case

解答:

r=abr = \frac{a}{b} 写成最简分数,并令 g=gcd(b,55)g = \gcd(b, 55)。则 55r55r 的最简形式为 55agbg\frac{\frac{55a}{g}}{\frac{b}{g}}(因为 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1,且 5555 不含平方因子,不会再有进一步约分)。条件为 a+b=55ag+bga + b = \frac{55a}{g} + \frac{b}{g}\text{。}g=1g = 1,则迫使 a=55aa = 55a,不可能;若 g=55g = 55,则迫使 b=b55b = \frac{b}{55},也不可能。

g=5g = 5a+b=11a+b5a + b = 11a + \frac{b}{5},得到 4b5=10a\frac{4b}{5} = 10a,所以 2b=25a2b = 25a。由于 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1,必须有 a=2a = 2b=25b = 25,所以 r=225r = \frac{2}{25}(确实有 2+25=27=22+52 + 25 = 27 = 22 + 5,因为 55r=22555r = \frac{22}{5})。若 g=11g = 11a+b=5a+b11a + b = 5a + \frac{b}{11},得到 10b11=4a\frac{10b}{11} = 4a,所以 5b=22a5b = 22a,从而 a=5a = 5b=22b = 22r=522r = \frac{5}{22}(此时 5+22=27=25+25 + 22 = 27 = 25 + 2,因为 55r=25255r = \frac{25}{2})。

因此 S={225,522}S = \left\{\frac{2}{25}, \frac{5}{22}\right\},和为 225+522=44+125550=169550\frac{2}{25} + \frac{5}{22} = \frac{44 + 125}{550} = \frac{169}{550},已是最简分数。答案是 169+550=719169 + 550 = 719

Write r=abr = \frac{a}{b} in lowest terms and let g=gcd(b,55).g = \gcd(b, 55). Then 55r55r in lowest terms is 55agbg\frac{\frac{55a}{g}}{\frac{b}{g}} (no further cancellation is possible since gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a, b) = 1 and 5555 is squarefree). The condition is a+b=55ag+bg.a + b = \frac{55a}{g} + \frac{b}{g}. If g=1g = 1 this forces a=55a,a = 55a, impossible; if g=55g = 55 it forces b=b55,b = \frac{b}{55}, impossible.

If g=5:g = 5: a+b=11a+b5a + b = 11a + \frac{b}{5} gives 4b5=10a,\frac{4b}{5} = 10a, so 2b=25a.2b = 25a. Since gcd(a,b)=1,\gcd(a, b) = 1, we need a=2a = 2 and b=25,b = 25, so r=225r = \frac{2}{25} (indeed 2+25=27=22+52 + 25 = 27 = 22 + 5 from 55r=22555r = \frac{22}{5}). If g=11:g = 11: a+b=5a+b11a + b = 5a + \frac{b}{11} gives 10b11=4a,\frac{10b}{11} = 4a, so 5b=22a,5b = 22a, forcing a=5,a = 5, b=22b = 22 and r=522r = \frac{5}{22} (with 5+22=27=25+25 + 22 = 27 = 25 + 2 from 55r=25255r = \frac{25}{2}).

Hence S={225,522}S = \left\{\frac{2}{25}, \frac{5}{22}\right\} and the sum is 225+522=44+125550=169550,\frac{2}{25} + \frac{5}{22} = \frac{44 + 125}{550} = \frac{169}{550}, already in lowest terms. The answer is 169+550=719.169 + 550 = 719.

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