2005 AIME I 第 5 题

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5.

罗伯特有 44 枚无法区分的金币和 44 枚无法区分的银币。每枚硬币的一面刻有人脸,另一面没有。他想把这八枚硬币在桌上叠成一摞,使得没有两枚相邻硬币是人脸对着人脸。求 88 枚硬币可能的可区分排列数。

Robert has 44 indistinguishable gold coins and 44 indistinguishable silver coins. Each coin has an engraving of a face on one side, but not on the other. He wants to stack the eight coins on a table into a single stack so that no two adjacent coins are face to face. Find the number of possible distinguishable arrangements of the 88 coins.

答案:630
知识点:有限制的排列组合乘法原理
难度评级:2300
小提示:

分别处理朝向和颜色。把每枚硬币从底到顶的朝向记为 UU(人脸朝上)或 DD(人脸朝下)。

Handle orientations and colors separately. Record each coin’s orientation, bottom to top, as UU (face up) or DD (face down).

大提示:

人脸对人脸恰好发生在一个 UU 正好位于一个 DD 下方时,所以所有 DD 都必须在所有 UU 之前

Face to face happens exactly when a UU sits directly below a D,D, so all the DD’s must come before all the UU’s

解答:

独立地选择硬币朝向以及金银位置。把从底到顶的朝向记录成由 UU(刻有人脸的一面朝上)和 DD(刻有人脸的一面朝下)组成的字符串。两枚相邻硬币人脸对着人脸,当且仅当下方硬币的刻面朝上而上方硬币的刻面朝下,也就是当且仅当一个 UU 后面紧接着一个 DD

一个由 UUDD 组成的字符串避免模式 UDUD,当且仅当每个 DD 都在每个 UU 之前,所以字符串形如 DiU8i\text{D}^i\text{U}^{8-i},其中 i=0,1,,8i = 0, 1, \ldots, 8:共有 99 种允许的朝向字符串。独立地,金币占据 88 个位置中的 44 个,有 (84)=70\binom{8}{4} = 70 种方式。

总数为 970=6309 \cdot 70 = 630

Choose the coin orientations and the gold/silver positions independently. Record the orientations from bottom to top as a string of UU (engraved face up) and DD (engraved face down). Two adjacent coins are face to face exactly when the lower coin’s engraved side faces up and the upper coin’s engraved side faces down — that is, exactly when a UU is immediately followed by a D.D.

A string of UU’s and DD’s avoids the pattern UDUD exactly when every DD precedes every U,U, so the string is DiU8i\text{D}^i\text{U}^{8-i} for some i=0,1,,8:i = 0, 1, \ldots, 8: there are 99 allowable orientation strings. Independently, the gold coins occupy 44 of the 88 positions in (84)=70\binom{8}{4} = 70 ways.

The total is 970=630.9 \cdot 70 = 630.

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