2012 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

如图,外层正方形 SS 的边长为 4040。在 SS 内部作第二个正方形 SS',其边长为 1515,中心与 SS 相同,并且边与 SS 的边平行。从 SS 每条边的中点,向 SS' 的两个最近顶点各连一条线段。得到一个内接于 SS 的四尖星形图案。将这个星形剪下,再折叠成一个以 SS' 为底面的棱锥。求这个棱锥的体积。

In the accompanying figure, the outer square SS has side length 40.40. A second square SS' of side length 1515 is constructed inside SS with the same center as SS and with sides parallel to those of S.S. From each midpoint of a side of S,S, segments are drawn to the two closest vertices of S.S'. The result is a four-pointed starlike figure inscribed in S.S. The star figure is cut out and then folded to form a pyramid with base S.S'. Find the volume of this pyramid.

答案:750
知识点:展开图(立体几何)棱锥体积勾股定理
难度评级:2230
小提示:

四个三角形尖角会沿着 SS' 的边折起,它们的尖端在 SS' 的中心正上方汇合成棱锥顶点。

The four triangular points fold up along the sides of S,S', and their tips meet at the apex above the center of SS'

大提示:

SS' 一条边的中点到对应星形尖端的斜边长为 2015220 - \frac{15}{2};用经过中心的直角三角形求高。

The slant from the midpoint of a side of SS' to the star tip has length 20152;20 - \frac{15}{2}; use a right triangle through the center to get the height

解答:

沿着 SS' 的边折叠星形时,四个三角形尖端(也就是 SS 各边的中点)会汇合成一个顶点 VV。令 MMSS' 的中心,PP 为它一条边的中点。在平面图中,PP 到其三角形尖端的距离为 20152=25220 - \frac{15}{2} = \frac{25}{2},折叠后这就是斜高 PVPV

三角形 PMVPMVMM 处为直角,且 PM=152PM = \frac{15}{2},所以高为 VM=(252)2(152)2=100=10 \begin{aligned} VM &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\tfrac{15}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100} = 10 \end{aligned}\text{。}体积为 1315210=750\frac{1}{3} \cdot 15^2 \cdot 10 = 750

Folding the star along the sides of SS' lifts the four triangular points so that their tips (the midpoints of the sides of SS) meet at a single apex V.V. Let MM be the center of SS' and PP the midpoint of one of its sides. In the flat figure, the distance from PP to the tip of its triangle is 20152=252,20 - \frac{15}{2} = \frac{25}{2}, and this becomes the slant PVPV after folding.

Triangle PMVPMV has a right angle at M,M, with PM=152,PM = \frac{15}{2}, so the height is VM=(252)2(152)2=100=10. \begin{aligned} VM &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\tfrac{15}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100} = 10. \end{aligned} The volume is 1315210=750.\frac{1}{3} \cdot 15^2 \cdot 10 = 750.

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