2012 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
求正整数有序解 的个数,使得
Find the number of ordered pairs of positive integer solutions to the equation
小提示:
先把方程除以 ,得到 。
Divide the equation by to get
大提示:
对 取模可知 ;数一数形如 且使 为正的值有多少个。
Modulo the equation forces count the values that keep positive
解答:
两边除以 ,得到 。对 取模,需要 ,所以 。令 ,其中 ;则 ,所以 。
当且仅当 ,也就是 时,该值为正。因此 全部可行,共有 个有序数对。
Dividing by gives Reducing modulo we need so Write with then so
This is positive exactly when that is So all work, giving ordered pairs.
2.
两个等比数列 、、、 和 、、、 有相同的公比,且 、、。求 。
Two geometric sequences and have the same common ratio, with and Find
3.
在某所大学,数学科学学部由数学系、统计系和计算机科学系组成。每个系都有两名男教授和两名女教授。现在要组成一个由六名教授构成的委员会,其中必须有三名男性和三名女性,并且三个系中每个系都必须有两名教授入选。求满足这些要求的委员会有多少种。
At a certain university, the division of mathematical sciences consists of the departments of mathematics, statistics, and computer science. There are two male and two female professors in each department. A committee of six professors is to contain three men and three women and must also contain two professors from each of the three departments. Find the number of possible committees that can be formed subject to these requirements.
小提示:
每个系恰好贡献两名成员;按三名男性在各系中的分布来分类。
Each department contributes exactly two members; classify by how the three men are spread across the departments
大提示:
要么每个系都派出一男一女,要么一个系派出两男,另一个系派出两女,第三个系派出一男一女。
Either every department sends one man and one woman, or one department sends two men, another sends two women, and the third sends one of each
解答:
每个系恰好贡献两名委员会成员。如果每个系都派出一名男教授和一名女教授,则每个系有 种选择,共有 个委员会。
否则,某个系派出两名男教授。为了保持男女各三名,另一个系必须派出两名女教授,剩下的系派出一男一女。选择全男性系有 种方法,选择全女性系有 种方法,混合系中有 种选择(全男性系和全女性系的人选都是唯一的),所以共有 个委员会。
总数为 。
Each department contributes exactly two committee members. If every department sends one man and one woman, there are choices per department, for committees.
Otherwise some department sends two men. To keep three of each gender, another department must then send its two women, and the remaining department sends one man and one woman. There are ways to pick the all-male department, ways to pick the all-female department, and choices in the mixed department (the two-man and two-woman selections are forced), for committees.
The total is
4.
安娜、鲍勃和曹分别以每秒 米、每秒 米和每秒 米的恒定速度骑自行车。他们同时从一个长方形场地的东北角出发,该场地较长的一边正好沿东西方向,向西延伸。安娜沿场地边缘骑行,起初向西;鲍勃沿场地边缘骑行,起初向南;曹沿直线穿过场地骑到南边上的一点 。曹到达点 的时间,正好等于安娜和鲍勃第一次到达 的时间。场地的长、宽以及点 到场地东南角的距离之比可表示为 ,其中 、、 是正整数,且 和 互质。求 。
Ana, Bob, and Cao bike at constant rates of meters per second, meters per second, and meters per second, respectively. They all begin biking at the same time from the northeast corner of a rectangular field whose longer side runs due west. Ana starts biking along the edge of the field, initially heading west, Bob starts biking along the edge of the field, initially heading south, and Cao bikes in a straight line across the field to a point on the south edge of the field. Cao arrives at point at the same time that Ana and Bob arrive at for the first time. The ratio of the field’s length to the field’s width to the distance from point to the southeast corner of the field can be represented as where and are positive integers with and relatively prime. Find
小提示:
设场地长为 、宽为 ,并设 为 到东南角的距离;令三名骑车者的行进时间相等。
Let the field be by and let be the distance from to the southeast corner; set the three riders’ travel times equal
大提示:
令鲍勃和曹的时间相等可得 ,它可以分解成两个一次因式。
Equating Bob’s and Cao’s times gives which factors into two linear factors
解答:
设场地长为 (向西),宽为 (向南),且 ,并设 为 到东南角的距离。安娜绕边缘骑行距离 ,鲍勃骑行距离 ,曹骑行距离 ,且三人用时相同:
第一个等式给出 。将第二个等式平方,得到 ,化简为 ,并可分解为 。
根 给出 ,不可能,所以 ,进而 。比例为 ,所以 。
Let the field have length (west) and width (south) with and let be the distance from to the southeast corner. Ana rides around the perimeter a distance Bob rides and Cao rides all in the same time:
The first equality gives Squaring the second, which simplifies to factoring as
The root gives which is impossible, so and then The ratio is and
5.
如图,外层正方形 的边长为 。在 内部作第二个正方形 ,其边长为 ,中心与 相同,并且边与 的边平行。从 每条边的中点,向 的两个最近顶点各连一条线段。得到一个内接于 的四尖星形图案。将这个星形剪下,再折叠成一个以 为底面的棱锥。求这个棱锥的体积。
In the accompanying figure, the outer square has side length A second square of side length is constructed inside with the same center as and with sides parallel to those of From each midpoint of a side of segments are drawn to the two closest vertices of The result is a four-pointed starlike figure inscribed in The star figure is cut out and then folded to form a pyramid with base Find the volume of this pyramid.
小提示:
四个三角形尖角会沿着 的边折起,它们的尖端在 的中心正上方汇合成棱锥顶点。
The four triangular points fold up along the sides of and their tips meet at the apex above the center of
大提示:
从 一条边的中点到对应星形尖端的斜边长为 ;用经过中心的直角三角形求高。
The slant from the midpoint of a side of to the star tip has length use a right triangle through the center to get the height
解答:
沿着 的边折叠星形时,四个三角形尖端(也就是 各边的中点)会汇合成一个顶点 。令 为 的中心, 为它一条边的中点。在平面图中, 到其三角形尖端的距离为 ,折叠后这就是斜高 。
三角形 在 处为直角,且 ,所以高为 体积为 。
Folding the star along the sides of lifts the four triangular points so that their tips (the midpoints of the sides of ) meet at a single apex Let be the center of and the midpoint of one of its sides. In the flat figure, the distance from to the tip of its triangle is and this becomes the slant after folding.
Triangle has a right angle at with so the height is The volume is
6.
设 是满足 且 的复数,并且使 与 之间的距离达到最大。又设 。求 。
Let be the complex number with and such that the distance between and is maximized, and let Find
小提示:
将距离分解为 ,所以需要在半径为 的圆上找离 最远的点 。
Factor the distance as so you need the point on the circle of radius farthest from
大提示:
最远点在完全相反的方向上:;然后再平方一次。
The farthest point lies in exactly the opposite direction: now square once more
解答:
距离为 。当 在圆 上且 时, 可以取到圆 上的每一个点(条件 只是从两个平方根中选一个)。该圆上离 最远的点在直径相对方向:
平方得 ,所以 。
The distance is As runs over the circle with the square attains every point of the circle (the condition merely selects one of the two square roots). The point of that circle farthest from is diametrically opposite in direction:
Squaring, so
7.
令 为所有二进制表示中恰好有 个一的正整数按递增顺序排列成的数列。令 为 中第 个数。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the increasing sequence of positive integers whose binary representation has exactly ones. Let be the th number in Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
小于 的 中元素有 个,所以 的二进制表示有 位。
There are members of below so has binary digits
大提示:
逐位固定二进制表示的开头,并数出每种前缀对应多少个元素,直到确定所有剩余位。
Fix the leading binary digits one at a time, counting members with each prefix, until the position pins down every remaining bit
解答:
小于 的 中元素有 个,小于 的有 个,所以 的二进制表示有 位,并且小于 且大于它的元素有 个。二进制表示以 开头的 个元素是最大的那些,所以 以 开头,并且是其中第 小的数。
在这些数中,以 开头的有 个,接下来以 开头的有 个,再接下来以 开头的有 个。由于 ,数 是以 开头的最大元素,也就是二进制数 。
它的值为 ,所以除以 的余数是 。
There are members of below and below so has binary digits, and exactly members below exceed it. The members whose binary representations begin are the largest ones, so begins with and is the th smallest of them.
Among these, begin the next begin and the next begin Since the number is the largest member beginning namely in binary.
Its value is so the remainder upon division by is
8.
复数 和 满足方程组
求 的最小可能值。
The complex numbers and satisfy the system
Find the smallest possible value of
小提示:
将两个方程相乘:交叉项会变成常数 和 ,剩下一个只含未知量 的方程。
Multiply the two equations: the cross terms become the constants and leaving an equation in the single unknown
大提示:
关于 的二次方程需要 ;令 ,用整数 和 求它。
The quadratic in needs find it by setting with integers and
解答:
将两个方程相乘,得到 所以 。令 ,得到 。
由求根公式, 。设 ,则需要 且 ,从而 。因此 或 ,对应 或 。
较小值可以取到:, 同时满足两个方程,且 。所以 的最小可能值为 。
Multiplying the two equations gives so Setting yields
By the quadratic formula, Writing requires and which gives Hence or with or
The smaller value is attained: satisfies both equations with So the smallest possible value of is
9.
设 和 是实数,满足 且 。数值 可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Let and be real numbers such that and The value of can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
正好是两个已知比值的乘积。
is just the product of the two given ratios
大提示:
将两个已知方程平方后相加,利用 求出 ;再使用 。
Square both given equations and add, using to find then apply
解答:
由二倍角公式,
将已知方程平方,得 和 。相加得到 ,所以 ,并且 。于是 ,且 ,所以 。
所求值为 ,所以 。
From the double-angle formula,
Squaring the given equations, and Adding, so and Then and so
The requested value is and
10.
求小于 的正整数 的个数,使得存在正实数 满足 。
注: 是小于或等于 的最大整数。
Find the number of positive integers less than for which there exists a positive real number such that
Note: is the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
固定 ;当 从 变化到 时,乘积 会扫过从 到 的整数。
Fix as runs from to the product sweeps through the integers from to
大提示:
每个 恰好贡献 个 值;对所有使这些值仍小于 的 求和。
Each contributes exactly values of sum over all whose values stay below
解答:
固定 。当 时,乘积 落在区间 中,并且该区间里的每个整数 都可由 取得(此时其下取整确实为 )。所以每个 恰好贡献 个 值,也就是 。
当 时,最大值为 ,所以直到 的所有值都符合;而 对应的最小值已经是 。总数为 。
Fix For the product ranges over and every integer in that interval is achieved by (which indeed has floor ). So each contributes exactly values of namely
For the largest value is so all values through qualify, while already starts at The count is
11.
设 ,并且对 ,定义 。满足 的 可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Let and for define The value of that satisfies can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
将 写成一个分式,再手算 和 ;一个规律便会显现。
Write as a single fraction and compute and by hand — a pattern appears
大提示:
,所以 ;令 会得到一个有重根的二次方程。
so setting gives a quadratic with a double root
解答:
合并分式,。再复合一次,,第三次复合得到 。
因此迭代以 为周期。由于 ,有 ,方程变为 即 ,或 。
唯一解为 ,所以 。
Combining fractions, Composing once, and composing again gives
So the iteration is periodic with period Since we have and the equation becomes that is or
The unique solution is so
12.
对正整数 ,如果正整数 与 的任意倍数之差的绝对值都大于 ,就称 为 -安全数。例如,-安全数的集合为 。求不超过 且同时为 -安全数、-安全数和 -安全数的正整数个数。
For a positive integer define the positive integer to be -safe if differs in absolute value by more than from all multiples of For example, the set of -safe numbers is Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to which are simultaneously -safe, -safe, and -safe.
小提示:
为 -安全数,当且仅当余数满足 。
is -safe exactly when
大提示:
因为 ,先数每个连续 个整数块中的安全余数个数,再在 附近调整。
Since count the safe residues in each block of consecutive integers, then adjust near the cutoff
解答:
是否为 -安全数只取决于 :它要求 。模 有 个允许的余数,模 有 个,模 有 个。由于 ,由中国剩余定理,模 恰好有 个安全余数,所以每个连续 个整数块含有 个安全数。
整数 到 构成十个这样的块,含有 个安全数。还需要去掉 中的安全数。它们模 的余数依次为 ,所以只有 和 是 -安全的;它们也都是 -安全的(余数为 和 )且是 -安全的(余数为 和 )。
因此计数为 。
Being -safe depends only on it requires That allows residues modulo residues modulo and residues modulo Since the Chinese remainder theorem gives exactly safe residues modulo so each block of consecutive integers contains safe numbers.
The integers through form ten such blocks, containing safe numbers. It remains to discard the safe numbers among Their residues modulo run so only and are -safe; both are also -safe (residues and ) and -safe (residues and ).
Therefore the count is
13.
等边三角形 的边长为 。有四个不同的三角形 、、、,它们都与 全等,并且 。求 。
Equilateral has side length There are four distinct triangles and each congruent to with Find
小提示:
每个 都是 或 绕 旋转 得到的,所以追踪四个角 。
Each is or rotated about so track the four angles
大提示:
若 ,则四个角为 ,,,,并且后两个余弦之和为 。
With the four angles are and the last two cosines add up to
解答:
记 ,。因为每个三角形 都与 全等,所以 。因此 和 是以 为圆心、半径 的圆与以 为圆心、半径 的圆的两个交点;它们关于直线 对称,所以 ,且 和 位于 的两侧。每个 都是对应的 绕 旋转 的像。以射线 为基准测量有向角,并令 位于 ,则射线 位于 ,射线 位于 ,所以四个角 为 、、 和 。
因为 ,余弦定理给出 。利用 ,四个角的余弦和为 ,所以
在三角形 中应用余弦定理(其中 ),得到 ,所以 。因此总和等于 。
Write and Since each triangle is congruent to we have so and are the two intersections of the circle of radius about with the circle of radius about they are mirror images across line so with and on opposite sides of Each is the image of its rotated about Measuring signed angles from ray with at the rays sit at and the rays at so the four angles are and
Since the law of cosines gives Using the four angles’ cosines sum to so
Applying the law of cosines in triangle (with ) gives so Therefore the sum equals
14.
九个人组成一组,每个人都恰好与组内另外两个人握手。令 为这种握手方式的数量。若且唯若至少有两个人在一种安排中握手、而在另一种安排中不握手,就认为这两种握手安排不同。求 除以 的余数。
In a group of nine people each person shakes hands with exactly two of the other people from the group. Let be the number of ways this handshaking can occur. Consider two handshaking arrangements different if and only if at least two people who shake hands under one arrangement do not shake hands under the other arrangement. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
每个人都恰好握两次手,意味着这九个人被分成若干个长度至少为 的环。
Everyone shaking exactly two hands splits the nine people into cycles of length at least
大提示:
在选定的 个人上可以形成 个环;对分拆 、、 和 求和。
A cycle on chosen people can be formed in ways; sum over the partitions and
解答:
每个人都恰好与两人握手的安排,就是覆盖所有九个人的若干个互不相交、长度至少为 的环。 的可能环长分拆为 、、 和 。在给定的 个人上,不同环的数量为 。
对于 :将九个人分成三个无序三人组有 种,每组三人只有一个环,共 种。对于 :有 种。对于 :有 种。对于一个 -环:有 种。
总计 ,所以模 的余数为 。
An arrangement in which everyone shakes exactly two hands is a disjoint union of cycles of length at least covering all nine people. The possible cycle-length partitions of are and On given people, the number of distinct cycles is
For split into three unordered triples in ways, one cycle each: For For For a single -cycle:
In total so the remainder modulo is
15.
三角形 内接于圆 ,其中 、 且 。角 的角平分线与边 交于 ,并与圆 再次交于点 。令 为以 为直径的圆。圆 和 交于 以及另一个点 。于是 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Triangle is inscribed in circle with and The bisector of angle meets side at and circle at a second point Let be the circle with diameter Circles and meet at and a second point Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
令 为圆 上与 关于圆心对称的点;半圆所对的角给出 ,所以 在直线 上。
Let be diametrically opposite on angles in semicircles give so lies on line
大提示:
取 ,;这样 、、 的坐标很整齐,而 可由直线 与 的交点求出。
Place and then have clean coordinates, and comes from intersecting line with
解答:
令 为圆 上与 关于圆心对称的点。因为 是 的直径,所以 ;又因为 是 的直径,也有 。于是 和 都垂直于 ,所以 位于直线 上:点 是直线 与 的第二个交点。
设 ,;则 。角平分线给出 ,所以 。由于 是不含 的弧 的中点, 和 都在过圆心 的竖直直线 上,且该圆心满足 ,其中 。因此 ,。
从 到 的方向与 成比例,且点 在 上当且仅当 ,所以 给出 。于是 所以 。
Let be the point of diametrically opposite Since is a diameter of the angle and since is a diameter of also Both and are perpendicular to so lies on line the point is the second intersection of line with
Set and then The bisector gives so Since is the midpoint of arc not containing both and lie on the vertical line through the center which satisfies with Thus and
The direction from to is proportional to and the point lies on when so gives Then so