2012 AIME II 真题

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1.

求正整数有序解 (m,n)(m, n) 的个数,使得 20m+12n=201220m + 12n = 2012\text{。}

Find the number of ordered pairs of positive integer solutions (m,n)(m, n) to the equation 20m+12n=2012.20m + 12n = 2012.

答案:34
知识点:丢番图方程模运算
难度评级:1870
小提示:

先把方程除以 44,得到 5m+3n=5035m + 3n = 503

Divide the equation by 44 to get 5m+3n=5035m + 3n = 503

大提示:

33 取模可知 m1(mod3)m \equiv 1 \pmod{3};数一数形如 m=3k+1m = 3k + 1 且使 nn 为正的值有多少个。

Modulo 33 the equation forces m1(mod3);m \equiv 1 \pmod{3}; count the values m=3k+1m = 3k + 1 that keep nn positive

解答:

两边除以 44,得到 5m+3n=5035m + 3n = 503。对 33 取模,需要 2m5032(mod3)2m \equiv 503 \equiv 2 \pmod{3},所以 m1(mod3)m \equiv 1 \pmod{3}。令 m=3k+1m = 3k + 1,其中 k0k \ge 0;则 3n=5035(3k+1)3n = 503 - 5(3k + 1) =49815k= 498 - 15k,所以 n=1665kn = 166 - 5k

当且仅当 5k1655k \le 165,也就是 k33k \le 33 时,该值为正。因此 k=0,1,,33k = 0, 1, \ldots, 33 全部可行,共有 3434 个有序数对。

Dividing by 44 gives 5m+3n=503.5m + 3n = 503. Reducing modulo 3,3, we need 2m5032(mod3),2m \equiv 503 \equiv 2 \pmod{3}, so m1(mod3).m \equiv 1 \pmod{3}. Write m=3k+1m = 3k + 1 with k0;k \ge 0; then 3n=5035(3k+1)3n = 503 - 5(3k + 1) =49815k,= 498 - 15k, so n=1665k.n = 166 - 5k.

This is positive exactly when 5k165,5k \le 165, that is k33.k \le 33. So k=0,1,,33k = 0, 1, \ldots, 33 all work, giving 3434 ordered pairs.

2.

两个等比数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldotsb1b_1b2b_2b3b_3\ldots 有相同的公比,且 a1=27a_1 = 27b1=99b_1 = 99a15=b11a_{15} = b_{11}。求 a9a_9

Two geometric sequences a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots and b1,b_1, b2,b_2, b3,b_3, \ldots have the same common ratio, with a1=27,a_1 = 27, b1=99,b_1 = 99, and a15=b11.a_{15} = b_{11}. Find a9.a_9.

答案:363
难度评级:1750
小提示:

设共同公比为 rr,条件 a15=b11a_{15} = b_{11} 表示 27r14=99r1027r^{14} = 99r^{10}

With common ratio r,r, the condition a15=b11a_{15} = b_{11} says 27r14=99r1027r^{14} = 99r^{10}

大提示:

只需求 r4r^4,因为 a9=27r8a_9 = 27r^8

You only need r4,r^4, because a9=27r8a_9 = 27r^8

解答:

rr 为共同公比。则 a15=27r14a_{15} = 27r^{14}b11=99r10b_{11} = 99r^{10},所以 27r14=99r1027r^{14} = 99r^{10} 给出 r4=9927=113r^4 = \frac{99}{27} = \frac{11}{3}

因此 a9=27r8=27(113)2=271219=3121=363 \begin{aligned} a_9 &= 27r^8 = 27\left(\frac{11}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= 27 \cdot \frac{121}{9} = 3 \cdot 121 = 363 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let rr be the shared common ratio. Then a15=27r14a_{15} = 27r^{14} and b11=99r10,b_{11} = 99r^{10}, so 27r14=99r1027r^{14} = 99r^{10} gives r4=9927=113.r^4 = \frac{99}{27} = \frac{11}{3}.

Therefore a9=27r8=27(113)2=271219=3121=363. \begin{aligned} a_9 &= 27r^8 = 27\left(\frac{11}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= 27 \cdot \frac{121}{9} = 3 \cdot 121 = 363. \end{aligned}

3.

在某所大学,数学科学学部由数学系、统计系和计算机科学系组成。每个系都有两名男教授和两名女教授。现在要组成一个由六名教授构成的委员会,其中必须有三名男性和三名女性,并且三个系中每个系都必须有两名教授入选。求满足这些要求的委员会有多少种。

At a certain university, the division of mathematical sciences consists of the departments of mathematics, statistics, and computer science. There are two male and two female professors in each department. A committee of six professors is to contain three men and three women and must also contain two professors from each of the three departments. Find the number of possible committees that can be formed subject to these requirements.

答案:88
难度评级:2070
小提示:

每个系恰好贡献两名成员;按三名男性在各系中的分布来分类。

Each department contributes exactly two members; classify by how the three men are spread across the departments

大提示:

要么每个系都派出一男一女,要么一个系派出两男,另一个系派出两女,第三个系派出一男一女。

Either every department sends one man and one woman, or one department sends two men, another sends two women, and the third sends one of each

解答:

每个系恰好贡献两名委员会成员。如果每个系都派出一名男教授和一名女教授,则每个系有 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种选择,共有 43=644^3 = 64 个委员会。

否则,某个系派出两名男教授。为了保持男女各三名,另一个系必须派出两名女教授,剩下的系派出一男一女。选择全男性系有 33 种方法,选择全女性系有 22 种方法,混合系中有 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种选择(全男性系和全女性系的人选都是唯一的),所以共有 324=243 \cdot 2 \cdot 4 = 24 个委员会。

总数为 64+24=8864 + 24 = 88

Each department contributes exactly two committee members. If every department sends one man and one woman, there are 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 choices per department, for 43=644^3 = 64 committees.

Otherwise some department sends two men. To keep three of each gender, another department must then send its two women, and the remaining department sends one man and one woman. There are 33 ways to pick the all-male department, 22 ways to pick the all-female department, and 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 choices in the mixed department (the two-man and two-woman selections are forced), for 324=243 \cdot 2 \cdot 4 = 24 committees.

The total is 64+24=88.64 + 24 = 88.

4.

安娜、鲍勃和曹分别以每秒 8.68.6 米、每秒 6.26.2 米和每秒 55 米的恒定速度骑自行车。他们同时从一个长方形场地的东北角出发,该场地较长的一边正好沿东西方向,向西延伸。安娜沿场地边缘骑行,起初向西;鲍勃沿场地边缘骑行,起初向南;曹沿直线穿过场地骑到南边上的一点 DD。曹到达点 DD 的时间,正好等于安娜和鲍勃第一次到达 DD 的时间。场地的长、宽以及点 DD 到场地东南角的距离之比可表示为 p:q:rp : q : r,其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,且 ppqq 互质。求 p+q+rp + q + r

Ana, Bob, and Cao bike at constant rates of 8.68.6 meters per second, 6.26.2 meters per second, and 55 meters per second, respectively. They all begin biking at the same time from the northeast corner of a rectangular field whose longer side runs due west. Ana starts biking along the edge of the field, initially heading west, Bob starts biking along the edge of the field, initially heading south, and Cao bikes in a straight line across the field to a point DD on the south edge of the field. Cao arrives at point DD at the same time that Ana and Bob arrive at DD for the first time. The ratio of the field’s length to the field’s width to the distance from point DD to the southeast corner of the field can be represented as p:q:r,p : q : r, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers with pp and qq relatively prime. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:61
难度评级:2390
小提示:

设场地长为 LL、宽为 WW,并设 xxDD 到东南角的距离;令三名骑车者的行进时间相等。

Let the field be LL by WW and let xx be the distance from DD to the southeast corner; set the three riders’ travel times equal

大提示:

令鲍勃和曹的时间相等可得 168W2625Wx+168x2=0168W^2 - 625Wx + 168x^2 = 0,它可以分解成两个一次因式。

Equating Bob’s and Cao’s times gives 168W2625Wx+168x2=0,168W^2 - 625Wx + 168x^2 = 0, which factors into two linear factors

解答:

设场地长为 LL(向西),宽为 WW(向南),且 L>WL \gt W,并设 xxDD 到东南角的距离。安娜绕边缘骑行距离 2L+Wx2L + W - x,鲍勃骑行距离 W+xW + x,曹骑行距离 W2+x2\sqrt{W^2 + x^2},且三人用时相同:2L+Wx8.6=W+x6.2=W2+x25 \begin{aligned} \frac{2L + W - x}{8.6} &= \frac{W + x}{6.2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{W^2 + x^2}}{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}

第一个等式给出 L=6W+37x31L = \frac{6W + 37x}{31}。将第二个等式平方,得到 25(W+x)2=38.44(W2+x2)25(W + x)^2 = 38.44\,(W^2 + x^2),化简为 168W2625Wx+168x2=0168W^2 - 625Wx + 168x^2 = 0,并可分解为 (24W7x)(7W24x)=0(24W - 7x)(7W - 24x) = 0

x=7W24x = \frac{7W}{24} 给出 L=13W24<WL = \frac{13W}{24} \lt W,不可能,所以 x=24W7x = \frac{24W}{7},进而 L=30W7L = \frac{30W}{7}。比例为 L:W:x=30:7:24L : W : x = 30 : 7 : 24,所以 p+q+r=30+7+24=61p + q + r = 30 + 7 + 24 = 61

Let the field have length LL (west) and width WW (south) with L>W,L \gt W, and let xx be the distance from DD to the southeast corner. Ana rides around the perimeter a distance 2L+Wx,2L + W - x, Bob rides W+x,W + x, and Cao rides W2+x2,\sqrt{W^2 + x^2}, all in the same time: 2L+Wx8.6=W+x6.2=W2+x25. \begin{aligned} \frac{2L + W - x}{8.6} &= \frac{W + x}{6.2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{W^2 + x^2}}{5}. \end{aligned}

The first equality gives L=6W+37x31.L = \frac{6W + 37x}{31}. Squaring the second, 25(W+x)2=38.44(W2+x2),25(W + x)^2 = 38.44\,(W^2 + x^2), which simplifies to 168W2625Wx+168x2=0,168W^2 - 625Wx + 168x^2 = 0, factoring as (24W7x)(7W24x)=0.(24W - 7x)(7W - 24x) = 0.

The root x=7W24x = \frac{7W}{24} gives L=13W24<W,L = \frac{13W}{24} \lt W, which is impossible, so x=24W7x = \frac{24W}{7} and then L=30W7.L = \frac{30W}{7}. The ratio is L:W:x=30:7:24,L : W : x = 30 : 7 : 24, and p+q+r=30+7+24=61.p + q + r = 30 + 7 + 24 = 61.

5.

如图,外层正方形 SS 的边长为 4040。在 SS 内部作第二个正方形 SS',其边长为 1515,中心与 SS 相同,并且边与 SS 的边平行。从 SS 每条边的中点,向 SS' 的两个最近顶点各连一条线段。得到一个内接于 SS 的四尖星形图案。将这个星形剪下,再折叠成一个以 SS' 为底面的棱锥。求这个棱锥的体积。

In the accompanying figure, the outer square SS has side length 40.40. A second square SS' of side length 1515 is constructed inside SS with the same center as SS and with sides parallel to those of S.S. From each midpoint of a side of S,S, segments are drawn to the two closest vertices of S.S'. The result is a four-pointed starlike figure inscribed in S.S. The star figure is cut out and then folded to form a pyramid with base S.S'. Find the volume of this pyramid.

答案:750
难度评级:2230
小提示:

四个三角形尖角会沿着 SS' 的边折起,它们的尖端在 SS' 的中心正上方汇合成棱锥顶点。

The four triangular points fold up along the sides of S,S', and their tips meet at the apex above the center of SS'

大提示:

SS' 一条边的中点到对应星形尖端的斜边长为 2015220 - \frac{15}{2};用经过中心的直角三角形求高。

The slant from the midpoint of a side of SS' to the star tip has length 20152;20 - \frac{15}{2}; use a right triangle through the center to get the height

解答:

沿着 SS' 的边折叠星形时,四个三角形尖端(也就是 SS 各边的中点)会汇合成一个顶点 VV。令 MMSS' 的中心,PP 为它一条边的中点。在平面图中,PP 到其三角形尖端的距离为 20152=25220 - \frac{15}{2} = \frac{25}{2},折叠后这就是斜高 PVPV

三角形 PMVPMVMM 处为直角,且 PM=152PM = \frac{15}{2},所以高为 VM=(252)2(152)2=100=10 \begin{aligned} VM &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\tfrac{15}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100} = 10 \end{aligned}\text{。}体积为 1315210=750\frac{1}{3} \cdot 15^2 \cdot 10 = 750

Folding the star along the sides of SS' lifts the four triangular points so that their tips (the midpoints of the sides of SS) meet at a single apex V.V. Let MM be the center of SS' and PP the midpoint of one of its sides. In the flat figure, the distance from PP to the tip of its triangle is 20152=252,20 - \frac{15}{2} = \frac{25}{2}, and this becomes the slant PVPV after folding.

Triangle PMVPMV has a right angle at M,M, with PM=152,PM = \frac{15}{2}, so the height is VM=(252)2(152)2=100=10. \begin{aligned} VM &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\tfrac{15}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100} = 10. \end{aligned} The volume is 1315210=750.\frac{1}{3} \cdot 15^2 \cdot 10 = 750.

6.

z=a+biz = a + b\mathrm{i} 是满足 z=5|z| = 5b>0b \gt 0 的复数,并且使 (1+2i)z3(1 + 2\mathrm{i})z^3z5z^5 之间的距离达到最大。又设 z4=c+diz^4 = c + d\mathrm{i}。求 c+dc + d

Let z=a+biz = a + b\mathrm{i} be the complex number with z=5|z| = 5 and b>0b \gt 0 such that the distance between (1+2i)z3(1 + 2\mathrm{i})z^3 and z5z^5 is maximized, and let z4=c+di.z^4 = c + d\mathrm{i}. Find c+d.c + d.

答案:125
知识点:复数最优化
难度评级:2510
小提示:

将距离分解为 z31+2iz2|z|^3 \cdot |1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2|,所以需要在半径为 2525 的圆上找离 1+2i1 + 2\mathrm{i} 最远的点 z2z^2

Factor the distance as z31+2iz2,|z|^3 \cdot |1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2|, so you need the point z2z^2 on the circle of radius 2525 farthest from 1+2i1 + 2\mathrm{i}

大提示:

最远点在完全相反的方向上:z2=55(1+2i)z^2 = -5\sqrt{5}\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i});然后再平方一次。

The farthest point lies in exactly the opposite direction: z2=55(1+2i);z^2 = -5\sqrt{5}\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i}); now square once more

解答:

距离为 (1+2i)z3z5|(1 + 2\mathrm{i})z^3 - z^5| =z31+2iz2= |z|^3 \cdot |1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2| =1251+2iz2= 125\,|1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2|。当 zz 在圆 z=5|z| = 5 上且 b>0b \gt 0 时,z2z^2 可以取到圆 w=25|w| = 25 上的每一个点(条件 b>0b \gt 0 只是从两个平方根中选一个)。该圆上离 1+2i1 + 2\mathrm{i} 最远的点在直径相对方向:z2=251+2i1+2i=55(1+2i) \begin{aligned} z^2 &= -25 \cdot \frac{1 + 2\mathrm{i}}{|1 + 2\mathrm{i}|} \\ &= -5\sqrt{5}\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i}) \end{aligned}\text{。}

平方得 z4=125(1+2i)2z^4 = 125\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i})^2 =125(3+4i)= 125\,(-3 + 4\mathrm{i}) =375+500i= -375 + 500\mathrm{i},所以 c+d=375+500=125c + d = -375 + 500 = 125

The distance is (1+2i)z3z5|(1 + 2\mathrm{i})z^3 - z^5| =z31+2iz2= |z|^3 \cdot |1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2| =1251+2iz2.= 125\,|1 + 2\mathrm{i} - z^2|. As zz runs over the circle z=5|z| = 5 with b>0,b \gt 0, the square z2z^2 attains every point of the circle w=25|w| = 25 (the condition b>0b \gt 0 merely selects one of the two square roots). The point of that circle farthest from 1+2i1 + 2\mathrm{i} is diametrically opposite in direction: z2=251+2i1+2i=55(1+2i). \begin{aligned} z^2 &= -25 \cdot \frac{1 + 2\mathrm{i}}{|1 + 2\mathrm{i}|} \\ &= -5\sqrt{5}\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i}). \end{aligned}

Squaring, z4=125(1+2i)2z^4 = 125\,(1 + 2\mathrm{i})^2 =125(3+4i)= 125\,(-3 + 4\mathrm{i}) =375+500i,= -375 + 500\mathrm{i}, so c+d=375+500=125.c + d = -375 + 500 = 125.

7.

SS 为所有二进制表示中恰好有 88 个一的正整数按递增顺序排列成的数列。令 NNSS 中第 10001000 个数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let SS be the increasing sequence of positive integers whose binary representation has exactly 88 ones. Let NN be the 10001000th number in S.S. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:32
难度评级:2790
小提示:

小于 2122^{12}SS 中元素有 (128)=495\binom{12}{8} = 495 个,所以 NN 的二进制表示有 1313 位。

There are (128)=495\binom{12}{8} = 495 members of SS below 212,2^{12}, so NN has 1313 binary digits

大提示:

逐位固定二进制表示的开头,并数出每种前缀对应多少个元素,直到确定所有剩余位。

Fix the leading binary digits one at a time, counting members with each prefix, until the position pins down every remaining bit

解答:

小于 2122^{12}SS 中元素有 (128)=495\binom{12}{8} = 495 个,小于 2132^{13} 的有 (138)=1287\binom{13}{8} = 1287 个,所以 NN 的二进制表示有 1313 位,并且小于 2132^{13} 且大于它的元素有 12871000=2871287 - 1000 = 287 个。二进制表示以 1111 开头的 (116)=462\binom{11}{6} = 462 个元素是最大的那些,所以 NN1111 开头,并且是其中第 462287=175462 - 287 = 175 小的数。

在这些数中,以 11001100 开头的有 (96)=84\binom{9}{6} = 84 个,接下来以 1101011010 开头的有 (85)=56\binom{8}{5} = 56 个,再接下来以 110110110110 开头的有 (74)=35\binom{7}{4} = 35 个。由于 84+56+35=17584 + 56 + 35 = 175,数 NN 是以 110110110110 开头的最大元素,也就是二进制数 11011011110001101101111000

它的值为 212+211+29+282^{12} + 2^{11} + 2^9 + 2^8 +26+25+24+23=7032+ 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^4 + 2^3 = 7032,所以除以 10001000 的余数是 3232

There are (128)=495\binom{12}{8} = 495 members of SS below 2122^{12} and (138)=1287\binom{13}{8} = 1287 below 213,2^{13}, so NN has 1313 binary digits, and exactly 12871000=2871287 - 1000 = 287 members below 2132^{13} exceed it. The (116)=462\binom{11}{6} = 462 members whose binary representations begin 1111 are the largest ones, so NN begins with 1111 and is the 462287=175462 - 287 = 175th smallest of them.

Among these, (96)=84\binom{9}{6} = 84 begin 1100,1100, the next (85)=56\binom{8}{5} = 56 begin 11010,11010, and the next (74)=35\binom{7}{4} = 35 begin 110110.110110. Since 84+56+35=175,84 + 56 + 35 = 175, the number NN is the largest member beginning 110110,110110, namely 11011011110001101101111000 in binary.

Its value is 212+211+29+282^{12} + 2^{11} + 2^9 + 2^8 +26+25+24+23=7032,+ 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^4 + 2^3 = 7032, so the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 32.32.

8.

复数 zzww 满足方程组 z+20iw=5+iz + \frac{20\mathrm{i}}{w} = 5 + \mathrm{i}\text{,}w+12iz=4+10iw + \frac{12\mathrm{i}}{z} = -4 + 10\mathrm{i}\text{。}

zw2|zw|^2 的最小可能值。

The complex numbers zz and ww satisfy the system z+20iw=5+i,z + \frac{20\mathrm{i}}{w} = 5 + \mathrm{i}, w+12iz=4+10i.w + \frac{12\mathrm{i}}{z} = -4 + 10\mathrm{i}.

Find the smallest possible value of zw2.|zw|^2.

答案:40
难度评级:2840
小提示:

将两个方程相乘:交叉项会变成常数 12i12\mathrm{i}20i20\mathrm{i},剩下一个只含未知量 zwzw 的方程。

Multiply the two equations: the cross terms become the constants 12i12\mathrm{i} and 20i,20\mathrm{i}, leaving an equation in the single unknown zwzw

大提示:

关于 zwzw 的二次方程需要 416210i\sqrt{416 - 210\mathrm{i}};令 (a+bi)2=416210i(a + b\mathrm{i})^2 = 416 - 210\mathrm{i},用整数 aabb 求它。

The quadratic in zwzw needs 416210i;\sqrt{416 - 210\mathrm{i}}; find it by setting (a+bi)2=416210i(a + b\mathrm{i})^2 = 416 - 210\mathrm{i} with integers aa and bb

解答:

将两个方程相乘,得到 zw+12i+20i240zw=(5+i)(4+10i)=30+46i \begin{aligned} &zw + 12\mathrm{i} + 20\mathrm{i} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{240}{zw} = (5 + \mathrm{i})(-4 + 10\mathrm{i}) \\ &\quad = -30 + 46\mathrm{i} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 zw240zw=30+14izw - \frac{240}{zw} = -30 + 14\mathrm{i}。令 v=zwv = zw,得到 v2+(3014i)v240=0v^2 + (30 - 14\mathrm{i})v - 240 = 0

由求根公式,v=15+7iv = -15 + 7\mathrm{i} ±(157i)2+240\pm \sqrt{(15 - 7\mathrm{i})^2 + 240} =15+7i= -15 + 7\mathrm{i} ±416210i\pm \sqrt{416 - 210\mathrm{i}}。设 (a+bi)2=416210i(a + b\mathrm{i})^2 = 416 - 210\mathrm{i},则需要 a2b2=416a^2 - b^2 = 416ab=105ab = -105,从而 a+bi=±(215i)a + b\mathrm{i} = \pm(21 - 5\mathrm{i})。因此 v=6+2iv = 6 + 2\mathrm{i}v=36+12iv = -36 + 12\mathrm{i},对应 v2=40|v|^2 = 4014401440

较小值可以取到:z=1iz = 1 - \mathrm{i}w=2+4iw = 2 + 4\mathrm{i} 同时满足两个方程,且 zw=6+2izw = 6 + 2\mathrm{i}。所以 zw2|zw|^2 的最小可能值为 4040

Multiplying the two equations gives zw+12i+20i240zw=(5+i)(4+10i)=30+46i, \begin{aligned} &zw + 12\mathrm{i} + 20\mathrm{i} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{240}{zw} = (5 + \mathrm{i})(-4 + 10\mathrm{i}) \\ &\quad = -30 + 46\mathrm{i}, \end{aligned} so zw240zw=30+14i.zw - \frac{240}{zw} = -30 + 14\mathrm{i}. Setting v=zwv = zw yields v2+(3014i)v240=0.v^2 + (30 - 14\mathrm{i})v - 240 = 0.

By the quadratic formula, v=15+7iv = -15 + 7\mathrm{i} ±(157i)2+240\pm \sqrt{(15 - 7\mathrm{i})^2 + 240} =15+7i= -15 + 7\mathrm{i} ±416210i.\pm \sqrt{416 - 210\mathrm{i}}. Writing (a+bi)2=416210i(a + b\mathrm{i})^2 = 416 - 210\mathrm{i} requires a2b2=416a^2 - b^2 = 416 and ab=105,ab = -105, which gives a+bi=±(215i).a + b\mathrm{i} = \pm(21 - 5\mathrm{i}). Hence v=6+2iv = 6 + 2\mathrm{i} or v=36+12i,v = -36 + 12\mathrm{i}, with v2=40|v|^2 = 40 or 1440.1440.

The smaller value is attained: z=1i,z = 1 - \mathrm{i}, w=2+4iw = 2 + 4\mathrm{i} satisfies both equations with zw=6+2i.zw = 6 + 2\mathrm{i}. So the smallest possible value of zw2|zw|^2 is 40.40.

9.

xxyy 是实数,满足 sinxsiny=3\frac{\sin x}{\sin y} = 3cosxcosy=12\frac{\cos x}{\cos y} = \frac{1}{2}。数值 sin2xsin2y+cos2xcos2y\frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} + \frac{\cos 2x}{\cos 2y} 可表示为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let xx and yy be real numbers such that sinxsiny=3\frac{\sin x}{\sin y} = 3 and cosxcosy=12.\frac{\cos x}{\cos y} = \frac{1}{2}. The value of sin2xsin2y+cos2xcos2y\frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} + \frac{\cos 2x}{\cos 2y} can be expressed in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:107
难度评级:2560
小提示:

sin2xsin2y\frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} 正好是两个已知比值的乘积。

sin2xsin2y\frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} is just the product of the two given ratios

大提示:

将两个已知方程平方后相加,利用 sin2+cos2=1\sin^2 + \cos^2 = 1 求出 cos2y\cos^2 y;再使用 cos2θ=2cos2θ1\cos 2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1

Square both given equations and add, using sin2+cos2=1,\sin^2 + \cos^2 = 1, to find cos2y;\cos^2 y; then apply cos2θ=2cos2θ1\cos 2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1

解答:

由二倍角公式,sin2xsin2y=2sinxcosx2sinycosy=312=32 \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} &= \frac{2\sin x \cos x}{2\sin y \cos y} \\ &= 3 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{3}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

将已知方程平方,得 sin2x=9sin2y\sin^2 x = 9\sin^2 ycos2x=14cos2y\cos^2 x = \frac{1}{4}\cos^2 y。相加得到 1=9(1cos2y)+14cos2y1 = 9(1 - \cos^2 y) + \frac{1}{4}\cos^2 y,所以 354cos2y=8\frac{35}{4}\cos^2 y = 8,并且 cos2y=3235\cos^2 y = \frac{32}{35}。于是 cos2y=2cos2y1=2935\cos 2y = 2\cos^2 y - 1 = \frac{29}{35},且 cos2x=2cos2x1\cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1 =12cos2y1= \frac{1}{2}\cos^2 y - 1 =1935= -\frac{19}{35},所以 cos2xcos2y=1929\frac{\cos 2x}{\cos 2y} = -\frac{19}{29}

所求值为 321929=873858=4958\frac{3}{2} - \frac{19}{29} = \frac{87 - 38}{58} = \frac{49}{58},所以 p+q=49+58=107p + q = 49 + 58 = 107

From the double-angle formula, sin2xsin2y=2sinxcosx2sinycosy=312=32. \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin 2x}{\sin 2y} &= \frac{2\sin x \cos x}{2\sin y \cos y} \\ &= 3 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{3}{2}. \end{aligned}

Squaring the given equations, sin2x=9sin2y\sin^2 x = 9\sin^2 y and cos2x=14cos2y.\cos^2 x = \frac{1}{4}\cos^2 y. Adding, 1=9(1cos2y)+14cos2y,1 = 9(1 - \cos^2 y) + \frac{1}{4}\cos^2 y, so 354cos2y=8\frac{35}{4}\cos^2 y = 8 and cos2y=3235.\cos^2 y = \frac{32}{35}. Then cos2y=2cos2y1=2935\cos 2y = 2\cos^2 y - 1 = \frac{29}{35} and cos2x=2cos2x1\cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1 =12cos2y1= \frac{1}{2}\cos^2 y - 1 =1935,= -\frac{19}{35}, so cos2xcos2y=1929.\frac{\cos 2x}{\cos 2y} = -\frac{19}{29}.

The requested value is 321929=873858=4958,\frac{3}{2} - \frac{19}{29} = \frac{87 - 38}{58} = \frac{49}{58}, and p+q=49+58=107.p + q = 49 + 58 = 107.

10.

求小于 10001000 的正整数 nn 的个数,使得存在正实数 xx 满足 n=xxn = x\lfloor x \rfloor

注:x\lfloor x \rfloor 是小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。

Find the number of positive integers nn less than 10001000 for which there exists a positive real number xx such that n=xx.n = x\lfloor x \rfloor.

Note: x\lfloor x \rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.

答案:496
难度评级:2460
小提示:

固定 x=a\lfloor x \rfloor = a;当 xxaa 变化到 a+1a + 1 时,乘积 xxx\lfloor x \rfloor 会扫过从 a2a^2a2+a1a^2 + a - 1 的整数。

Fix x=a;\lfloor x \rfloor = a; as xx runs from aa to a+1,a + 1, the product xxx\lfloor x \rfloor sweeps through the integers from a2a^2 to a2+a1a^2 + a - 1

大提示:

每个 aa 恰好贡献 aann 值;对所有使这些值仍小于 10001000aa 求和。

Each aa contributes exactly aa values of n;n; sum over all aa whose values stay below 10001000

解答:

固定 x=a1\lfloor x \rfloor = a \ge 1。当 ax<a+1a \le x \lt a + 1 时,乘积 n=axn = ax 落在区间 [a2,a2+a)[a^2, a^2 + a) 中,并且该区间里的每个整数 nn 都可由 x=nax = \frac{n}{a} 取得(此时其下取整确实为 aa)。所以每个 aa 恰好贡献 aann 值,也就是 a2,a2+1,,a2+a1a^2, a^2 + 1, \ldots, a^2 + a - 1

a=31a = 31 时,最大值为 312+30=991<100031^2 + 30 = 991 \lt 1000,所以直到 a=31a = 31 的所有值都符合;而 a=32a = 32 对应的最小值已经是 10241024。总数为 1+2++31=31322=4961 + 2 + \cdots + 31 = \frac{31 \cdot 32}{2} = 496

Fix x=a1.\lfloor x \rfloor = a \ge 1. For ax<a+1a \le x \lt a + 1 the product n=axn = ax ranges over [a2,a2+a),[a^2, a^2 + a), and every integer nn in that interval is achieved by x=nax = \frac{n}{a} (which indeed has floor aa). So each aa contributes exactly aa values of n,n, namely a2,a2+1,,a2+a1.a^2, a^2 + 1, \ldots, a^2 + a - 1.

For a=31a = 31 the largest value is 312+30=991<1000,31^2 + 30 = 991 \lt 1000, so all values through a=31a = 31 qualify, while a=32a = 32 already starts at 1024.1024. The count is 1+2++31=31322=496.1 + 2 + \cdots + 31 = \frac{31 \cdot 32}{2} = 496.

11.

f1(x)=2333x+1f_1(x) = \frac{2}{3} - \frac{3}{3x + 1},并且对 n2n \ge 2,定义 fn(x)=f1(fn1(x))f_n(x) = f_1(f_{n-1}(x))。满足 f1001(x)=x3f_{1001}(x) = x - 3xx 可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let f1(x)=2333x+1,f_1(x) = \frac{2}{3} - \frac{3}{3x + 1}, and for n2,n \ge 2, define fn(x)=f1(fn1(x)).f_n(x) = f_1(f_{n-1}(x)). The value of xx that satisfies f1001(x)=x3f_{1001}(x) = x - 3 can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:8
难度评级:2650
小提示:

f1f_1 写成一个分式,再手算 f2f_2f3f_3;一个规律便会显现。

Write f1f_1 as a single fraction and compute f2f_2 and f3f_3 by hand — a pattern appears

大提示:

f3(x)=xf_3(x) = x,所以 f1001=f2f_{1001} = f_2;令 f2(x)=x3f_2(x) = x - 3 会得到一个有重根的二次方程。

f3(x)=x,f_3(x) = x, so f1001=f2;f_{1001} = f_2; setting f2(x)=x3f_2(x) = x - 3 gives a quadratic with a double root

解答:

合并分式,f1(x)=2(3x+1)93(3x+1)=6x79x+3f_1(x) = \frac{2(3x + 1) - 9}{3(3x + 1)} = \frac{6x - 7}{9x + 3}。再复合一次,f2(x)=6f1(x)79f1(x)+3=3x79x6f_2(x) = \frac{6 f_1(x) - 7}{9 f_1(x) + 3} = \frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6},第三次复合得到 f3(x)=xf_3(x) = x

因此迭代以 33 为周期。由于 10012(mod3)1001 \equiv 2 \pmod{3},有 f1001=f2f_{1001} = f_2,方程变为 3x79x6=x3\frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6} = x - 3\text{,}9x233x+18=3x79x^2 - 33x + 18 = -3x - 7,或 9x230x+25=(3x5)2=09x^2 - 30x + 25 = (3x - 5)^2 = 0

唯一解为 x=53x = \frac{5}{3},所以 m+n=5+3=8m + n = 5 + 3 = 8

Combining fractions, f1(x)=2(3x+1)93(3x+1)=6x79x+3.f_1(x) = \frac{2(3x + 1) - 9}{3(3x + 1)} = \frac{6x - 7}{9x + 3}. Composing once, f2(x)=6f1(x)79f1(x)+3=3x79x6,f_2(x) = \frac{6 f_1(x) - 7}{9 f_1(x) + 3} = \frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6}, and composing again gives f3(x)=x.f_3(x) = x.

So the iteration is periodic with period 3.3. Since 10012(mod3),1001 \equiv 2 \pmod{3}, we have f1001=f2,f_{1001} = f_2, and the equation becomes 3x79x6=x3,\frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6} = x - 3, that is 9x233x+18=3x7,9x^2 - 33x + 18 = -3x - 7, or 9x230x+25=(3x5)2=0.9x^2 - 30x + 25 = (3x - 5)^2 = 0.

The unique solution is x=53,x = \frac{5}{3}, so m+n=5+3=8.m + n = 5 + 3 = 8.

12.

对正整数 pp,如果正整数 nnpp 的任意倍数之差的绝对值都大于 22,就称 nnpp-安全数。例如,1010-安全数的集合为 {3,\{3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 13,13, 14,14, 15,15, 16,16, 17,17, 23,23, }\ldots\}。求不超过 10,00010{,}000 且同时为 77-安全数、1111-安全数和 1313-安全数的正整数个数。

For a positive integer p,p, define the positive integer nn to be pp-safe if nn differs in absolute value by more than 22 from all multiples of p.p. For example, the set of 1010-safe numbers is {3,\{3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 13,13, 14,14, 15,15, 16,16, 17,17, 23,23, }.\ldots\}. Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to 10,00010{,}000 which are simultaneously 77-safe, 1111-safe, and 1313-safe.

答案:958
难度评级:2920
小提示:

nnpp-安全数,当且仅当余数满足 3nmodpp33 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3

nn is pp-safe exactly when 3nmodpp33 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3

大提示:

因为 71113=10017 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001,先数每个连续 10011001 个整数块中的安全余数个数,再在 10,00010{,}000 附近调整。

Since 71113=1001,7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001, count the safe residues in each block of 10011001 consecutive integers, then adjust near the cutoff 10,00010{,}000

解答:

是否为 pp-安全数只取决于 nmodpn \bmod p:它要求 3nmodpp33 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3。模 7722 个允许的余数,模 111166 个,模 131388 个。由于 71113=10017 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001,由中国剩余定理,模 10011001 恰好有 268=962 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 = 96 个安全余数,所以每个连续 10011001 个整数块含有 9696 个安全数。

整数 111001010010 构成十个这样的块,含有 960960 个安全数。还需要去掉 10001,,1001010001, \ldots, 10010 中的安全数。它们模 77 的余数依次为 5,6,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,05, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,所以只有 1000610006100071000777-安全的;它们也都是 1111-安全的(余数为 7788)且是 1313-安全的(余数为 991010)。

因此计数为 9602=958960 - 2 = 958

Being pp-safe depends only on nmodp:n \bmod p: it requires 3nmodpp3.3 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3. That allows 22 residues modulo 7,7, 66 residues modulo 11,11, and 88 residues modulo 13.13. Since 71113=1001,7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001, the Chinese remainder theorem gives exactly 268=962 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 = 96 safe residues modulo 1001,1001, so each block of 10011001 consecutive integers contains 9696 safe numbers.

The integers 11 through 1001010010 form ten such blocks, containing 960960 safe numbers. It remains to discard the safe numbers among 10001,,10010.10001, \ldots, 10010. Their residues modulo 77 run 5,6,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,0,5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, so only 1000610006 and 1000710007 are 77-safe; both are also 1111-safe (residues 77 and 88) and 1313-safe (residues 99 and 1010).

Therefore the count is 9602=958.960 - 2 = 958.

13.

等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 111\sqrt{111}。有四个不同的三角形 AD1E1AD_1E_1AD1E2AD_1E_2AD2E3AD_2E_3AD2E4AD_2E_4,它们都与 ABC\triangle ABC 全等,并且 BD1=BD2=11BD_1 = BD_2 = \sqrt{11}。求 k=14(CEk)2\sum_{k=1}^{4}(CE_k)^2

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC has side length 111.\sqrt{111}. There are four distinct triangles AD1E1,AD_1E_1, AD1E2,AD_1E_2, AD2E3,AD_2E_3, and AD2E4,AD_2E_4, each congruent to ABC,\triangle ABC, with BD1=BD2=11.BD_1 = BD_2 = \sqrt{11}. Find k=14(CEk)2.\sum_{k=1}^{4}(CE_k)^2.

答案:677
难度评级:3270
小提示:

每个 EkE_k 都是 D1D_1D2D_2AA 旋转 ±60\pm 60^\circ 得到的,所以追踪四个角 CAEk\angle CAE_k

Each EkE_k is D1D_1 or D2D_2 rotated ±60\pm 60^\circ about A,A, so track the four angles CAEk\angle CAE_k

大提示:

BADi=θ\angle BAD_i = \theta,则四个角为 θ\thetaθ\theta120θ120^\circ - \theta120+θ120^\circ + \theta,并且后两个余弦之和为 cosθ-\cos\theta

With BADi=θ,\angle BAD_i = \theta, the four angles are θ,\theta, θ,\theta, 120θ,120^\circ - \theta, 120+θ,120^\circ + \theta, and the last two cosines add up to cosθ-\cos\theta

解答:

s=111s = \sqrt{111}r=11r = \sqrt{11}。因为每个三角形 ADiEkAD_iE_k 都与 ABC\triangle ABC 全等,所以 ADi=AEk=sAD_i = AE_k = s。因此 D1D_1D2D_2 是以 AA 为圆心、半径 ss 的圆与以 BB 为圆心、半径 rr 的圆的两个交点;它们关于直线 ABAB 对称,所以 BAD1=BAD2=θ\angle BAD_1 = \angle BAD_2 = \theta,且 D1D_1D2D_2 位于 ABAB 的两侧。每个 EkE_k 都是对应的 DiD_iAA 旋转 ±60\pm 60^\circ 的像。以射线 ABAB 为基准测量有向角,并令 CC 位于 +60+60^\circ,则射线 ADiAD_i 位于 ±θ\pm\theta,射线 AEkAE_k 位于 ±θ±60\pm\theta \pm 60^\circ,所以四个角 CAEk\angle CAE_kθ\thetaθ\theta120θ120^\circ - \theta120+θ120^\circ + \theta

因为 AC=AEk=sAC = AE_k = s,余弦定理给出 (CEk)2=2s2(1cosCAEk)(CE_k)^2 = 2s^2(1 - \cos\angle CAE_k)。利用 cos(120θ)\cos(120^\circ - \theta) +cos(120+θ)+ \cos(120^\circ + \theta) =2cos120cosθ= 2\cos 120^\circ \cos\theta =cosθ= -\cos\theta,四个角的余弦和为 2cosθcosθ=cosθ2\cos\theta - \cos\theta = \cos\theta,所以 k=14(CEk)2=2s2(4cosθ)\sum_{k=1}^{4}(CE_k)^2 = 2s^2(4 - \cos\theta)\text{。}

在三角形 ABD1ABD_1 中应用余弦定理(其中 AB=AD1=sAB = AD_1 = s),得到 r2=2s2(1cosθ)r^2 = 2s^2(1 - \cos\theta),所以 2s2cosθ=2s2r22s^2\cos\theta = 2s^2 - r^2。因此总和等于 8s2(2s2r2)8s^2 - (2s^2 - r^2) =6s2+r2= 6s^2 + r^2 =6111+11=677= 6 \cdot 111 + 11 = 677

Write s=111s = \sqrt{111} and r=11.r = \sqrt{11}. Since each triangle ADiEkAD_iE_k is congruent to ABC,\triangle ABC, we have ADi=AEk=s,AD_i = AE_k = s, so D1D_1 and D2D_2 are the two intersections of the circle of radius ss about AA with the circle of radius rr about B;B; they are mirror images across line AB,AB, so BAD1=BAD2=θ\angle BAD_1 = \angle BAD_2 = \theta with D1D_1 and D2D_2 on opposite sides of AB.AB. Each EkE_k is the image of its DiD_i rotated ±60\pm 60^\circ about A.A. Measuring signed angles from ray AB,AB, with CC at +60,+60^\circ, the rays ADiAD_i sit at ±θ\pm\theta and the rays AEkAE_k at ±θ±60,\pm\theta \pm 60^\circ, so the four angles CAEk\angle CAE_k are θ,\theta, θ,\theta, 120θ,120^\circ - \theta, and 120+θ.120^\circ + \theta.

Since AC=AEk=s,AC = AE_k = s, the law of cosines gives (CEk)2=2s2(1cosCAEk).(CE_k)^2 = 2s^2(1 - \cos\angle CAE_k). Using cos(120θ)\cos(120^\circ - \theta) +cos(120+θ)+ \cos(120^\circ + \theta) =2cos120cosθ= 2\cos 120^\circ \cos\theta =cosθ,= -\cos\theta, the four angles’ cosines sum to 2cosθcosθ=cosθ,2\cos\theta - \cos\theta = \cos\theta, so k=14(CEk)2=2s2(4cosθ).\sum_{k=1}^{4}(CE_k)^2 = 2s^2(4 - \cos\theta).

Applying the law of cosines in triangle ABD1ABD_1 (with AB=AD1=sAB = AD_1 = s) gives r2=2s2(1cosθ),r^2 = 2s^2(1 - \cos\theta), so 2s2cosθ=2s2r2.2s^2\cos\theta = 2s^2 - r^2. Therefore the sum equals 8s2(2s2r2)8s^2 - (2s^2 - r^2) =6s2+r2= 6s^2 + r^2 =6111+11=677.= 6 \cdot 111 + 11 = 677.

14.

九个人组成一组,每个人都恰好与组内另外两个人握手。令 NN 为这种握手方式的数量。若且唯若至少有两个人在一种安排中握手、而在另一种安排中不握手,就认为这两种握手安排不同。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

In a group of nine people each person shakes hands with exactly two of the other people from the group. Let NN be the number of ways this handshaking can occur. Consider two handshaking arrangements different if and only if at least two people who shake hands under one arrangement do not shake hands under the other arrangement. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:16
难度评级:3060
小提示:

每个人都恰好握两次手,意味着这九个人被分成若干个长度至少为 33 的环。

Everyone shaking exactly two hands splits the nine people into cycles of length at least 33

大提示:

在选定的 kk 个人上可以形成 (k1)!2\frac{(k-1)!}{2} 个环;对分拆 3+3+33+3+33+63+64+54+599 求和。

A cycle on kk chosen people can be formed in (k1)!2\frac{(k-1)!}{2} ways; sum over the partitions 3+3+3,3+3+3, 3+6,3+6, 4+5,4+5, and 99

解答:

每个人都恰好与两人握手的安排,就是覆盖所有九个人的若干个互不相交、长度至少为 33 的环。99 的可能环长分拆为 3+3+33+3+33+63+64+54+599。在给定的 kk 个人上,不同环的数量为 (k1)!2\frac{(k-1)!}{2}

对于 3+3+33+3+3:将九个人分成三个无序三人组有 13!(93)(63)=280\frac{1}{3!}\binom{9}{3}\binom{6}{3} = 280 种,每组三人只有一个环,共 280280 种。对于 3+63+6:有 (93)15!2=8460=5040\binom{9}{3} \cdot 1 \cdot \frac{5!}{2} = 84 \cdot 60 = 5040 种。对于 4+54+5:有 (94)3!24!2\binom{9}{4} \cdot \frac{3!}{2} \cdot \frac{4!}{2} =126312=4536= 126 \cdot 3 \cdot 12 = 4536 种。对于一个 99-环:有 8!2=20160\frac{8!}{2} = 20160 种。

总计 N=280+5040N = 280 + 5040 +4536+20160=30016+ 4536 + 20160 = 30016,所以模 10001000 的余数为 1616

An arrangement in which everyone shakes exactly two hands is a disjoint union of cycles of length at least 33 covering all nine people. The possible cycle-length partitions of 99 are 3+3+3,3+3+3, 3+6,3+6, 4+5,4+5, and 9.9. On kk given people, the number of distinct cycles is (k1)!2.\frac{(k-1)!}{2}.

For 3+3+3:3+3+3: split into three unordered triples in 13!(93)(63)=280\frac{1}{3!}\binom{9}{3}\binom{6}{3} = 280 ways, one cycle each: 280.280. For 3+6:3+6: (93)15!2=8460=5040.\binom{9}{3} \cdot 1 \cdot \frac{5!}{2} = 84 \cdot 60 = 5040. For 4+5:4+5: (94)3!24!2\binom{9}{4} \cdot \frac{3!}{2} \cdot \frac{4!}{2} =126312=4536.= 126 \cdot 3 \cdot 12 = 4536. For a single 99-cycle: 8!2=20160.\frac{8!}{2} = 20160.

In total N=280+5040N = 280 + 5040 +4536+20160=30016,+ 4536 + 20160 = 30016, so the remainder modulo 10001000 is 16.16.

15.

三角形 ABCABC 内接于圆 ω\omega,其中 AB=5AB = 5BC=7BC = 7AC=3AC = 3。角 AA 的角平分线与边 BC\overline{BC} 交于 DD,并与圆 ω\omega 再次交于点 EE。令 γ\gamma 为以 DE\overline{DE} 为直径的圆。圆 ω\omegaγ\gamma 交于 EE 以及另一个点 FF。于是 AF2=mnAF^2 = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Triangle ABCABC is inscribed in circle ω\omega with AB=5,AB = 5, BC=7,BC = 7, and AC=3.AC = 3. The bisector of angle AA meets side BC\overline{BC} at DD and circle ω\omega at a second point E.E. Let γ\gamma be the circle with diameter DE.\overline{DE}. Circles ω\omega and γ\gamma meet at EE and a second point F.F. Then AF2=mn,AF^2 = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:919
难度评级:3500
小提示:

EE' 为圆 ω\omega 上与 EE 关于圆心对称的点;半圆所对的角给出 DFE=EFE=90\angle DFE = \angle E'FE = 90^\circ,所以 FF 在直线 EDE'D 上。

Let EE' be diametrically opposite EE on ω;\omega; angles in semicircles give DFE=EFE=90,\angle DFE = \angle E'FE = 90^\circ, so FF lies on line EDE'D

大提示:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(7,0)C = (7, 0);这样 DDEEEE' 的坐标很整齐,而 FF 可由直线 EDE'Dω\omega 的交点求出。

Place B=(0,0)B = (0, 0) and C=(7,0);C = (7, 0); then D,D, E,E, EE' have clean coordinates, and FF comes from intersecting line EDE'D with ω\omega

解答:

EE' 为圆 ω\omega 上与 EE 关于圆心对称的点。因为 DE\overline{DE}γ\gamma 的直径,所以 DFE=90\angle DFE = 90^\circ;又因为 EE\overline{EE'}ω\omega 的直径,也有 EFE=90\angle E'FE = 90^\circ。于是 FDFDFEFE' 都垂直于 FEFE,所以 DD 位于直线 EFE'F 上:点 FF 是直线 EDE'Dω\omega 的第二个交点。

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(7,0)C = (7, 0);则 A=(6514,15314)A = \left(\frac{65}{14}, \frac{15\sqrt{3}}{14}\right)。角平分线给出 BDDC=ABAC=53\frac{BD}{DC} = \frac{AB}{AC} = \frac{5}{3},所以 D=(358,0)D = \left(\frac{35}{8}, 0\right)。由于 EE 是不含 AA 的弧 BCBC 的中点,EEEE' 都在过圆心 O=(72,736)O = \left(\frac{7}{2}, -\frac{7\sqrt{3}}{6}\right) 的竖直直线 x=72x = \frac{7}{2} 上,且该圆心满足 OB=OA|OB| = |OA|,其中 R2=493R^2 = \frac{49}{3}。因此 E=(72,732)E = \left(\frac{7}{2}, -\frac{7\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)E=(72,736)E' = \left(\frac{7}{2}, \frac{7\sqrt{3}}{6}\right)

EE'DD 的方向与 (3,43)(3, -4\sqrt{3}) 成比例,且点 E+t(3,43)E' + t\,(3, -4\sqrt{3})ω\omega 上当且仅当 57t256t=057t^2 - 56t = 0,所以 t=5657t = \frac{56}{57} 给出 F=(24538,105338)F = \left(\frac{245}{38}, -\frac{105\sqrt{3}}{38}\right)。于是 AF2=(240133)2+3(510133)2=83790017689=90019 \begin{aligned} AF^2 &= \left(\frac{240}{133}\right)^2 + 3\left(\frac{510}{133}\right)^2 \\ &= \frac{837900}{17689} = \frac{900}{19} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=900+19=919m + n = 900 + 19 = 919

Let EE' be the point of ω\omega diametrically opposite E.E. Since DE\overline{DE} is a diameter of γ,\gamma, the angle DFE=90,\angle DFE = 90^\circ, and since EE\overline{EE'} is a diameter of ω,\omega, also EFE=90.\angle E'FE = 90^\circ. Both FDFD and FEFE' are perpendicular to FE,FE, so DD lies on line EF:E'F: the point FF is the second intersection of line EDE'D with ω.\omega.

Set B=(0,0)B = (0, 0) and C=(7,0);C = (7, 0); then A=(6514,15314).A = \left(\frac{65}{14}, \frac{15\sqrt{3}}{14}\right). The bisector gives BDDC=ABAC=53,\frac{BD}{DC} = \frac{AB}{AC} = \frac{5}{3}, so D=(358,0).D = \left(\frac{35}{8}, 0\right). Since EE is the midpoint of arc BCBC not containing A,A, both EE and EE' lie on the vertical line x=72x = \frac{7}{2} through the center O=(72,736),O = \left(\frac{7}{2}, -\frac{7\sqrt{3}}{6}\right), which satisfies OB=OA|OB| = |OA| with R2=493.R^2 = \frac{49}{3}. Thus E=(72,732)E = \left(\frac{7}{2}, -\frac{7\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) and E=(72,736).E' = \left(\frac{7}{2}, \frac{7\sqrt{3}}{6}\right).

The direction from EE' to DD is proportional to (3,43),(3, -4\sqrt{3}), and the point E+t(3,43)E' + t\,(3, -4\sqrt{3}) lies on ω\omega when 57t256t=0,57t^2 - 56t = 0, so t=5657t = \frac{56}{57} gives F=(24538,105338).F = \left(\frac{245}{38}, -\frac{105\sqrt{3}}{38}\right). Then AF2=(240133)2+3(510133)2=83790017689=90019, \begin{aligned} AF^2 &= \left(\frac{240}{133}\right)^2 + 3\left(\frac{510}{133}\right)^2 \\ &= \frac{837900}{17689} = \frac{900}{19}, \end{aligned} so m+n=900+19=919.m + n = 900 + 19 = 919.