2012 AIME II 第 11 题

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11.

设 f1(x)=23−33x+1f_1(x) = \frac{2}{3} - \frac{3}{3x + 1},并且对 n≥2n \ge 2,定义 fn(x)=f1(fn−1(x))f_n(x) = f_1(f_{n-1}(x))。满足 f1001(x)=x−3f_{1001}(x) = x - 3 的 xx 可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n。

Let f1(x)=23−33x+1,f_1(x) = \frac{2}{3} - \frac{3}{3x + 1}, and for n≥2,n \ge 2, define fn(x)=f1(fn−1(x)).f_n(x) = f_1(f_{n-1}(x)). The value of xx that satisfies f1001(x)=x−3f_{1001}(x) = x - 3 can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:8
知识点:函数二次方程找规律
难度评级:2650
小提示:

将 f1f_1 写成一个分式,再手算 f2f_2 和 f3f_3;一个规律便会显现。

Write f1f_1 as a single fraction and compute f2f_2 and f3f_3 by hand — a pattern appears

大提示:

f3(x)=xf_3(x) = x,所以 f1001=f2f_{1001} = f_2;令 f2(x)=x−3f_2(x) = x - 3 会得到一个有重根的二次方程。

f3(x)=x,f_3(x) = x, so f1001=f2;f_{1001} = f_2; setting f2(x)=x−3f_2(x) = x - 3 gives a quadratic with a double root

解答:

合并分式,f1(x)=2(3x+1)−93(3x+1)=6x−79x+3f_1(x) = \frac{2(3x + 1) - 9}{3(3x + 1)} = \frac{6x - 7}{9x + 3}。再复合一次,f2(x)=6f1(x)−79f1(x)+3=−3x−79x−6f_2(x) = \frac{6 f_1(x) - 7}{9 f_1(x) + 3} = \frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6},第三次复合得到 f3(x)=xf_3(x) = x。

因此迭代以 33 为周期。由于 1001≡2(mod3)1001 \equiv 2 \pmod{3},有 f1001=f2f_{1001} = f_2,方程变为 −3x−79x−6=x−3,\frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6} = x - 3\text{,}即 9x2−33x+18=−3x−79x^2 - 33x + 18 = -3x - 7,或 9x2−30x+25=(3x−5)2=09x^2 - 30x + 25 = (3x - 5)^2 = 0。

唯一解为 x=53x = \frac{5}{3},所以 m+n=5+3=8m + n = 5 + 3 = 8。

Combining fractions, f1(x)=2(3x+1)−93(3x+1)=6x−79x+3.f_1(x) = \frac{2(3x + 1) - 9}{3(3x + 1)} = \frac{6x - 7}{9x + 3}. Composing once, f2(x)=6f1(x)−79f1(x)+3=−3x−79x−6,f_2(x) = \frac{6 f_1(x) - 7}{9 f_1(x) + 3} = \frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6}, and composing again gives f3(x)=x.f_3(x) = x.

So the iteration is periodic with period 3.3. Since 1001≡2(mod3),1001 \equiv 2 \pmod{3}, we have f1001=f2,f_{1001} = f_2, and the equation becomes −3x−79x−6=x−3,\frac{-3x - 7}{9x - 6} = x - 3, that is 9x2−33x+18=−3x−7,9x^2 - 33x + 18 = -3x - 7, or 9x2−30x+25=(3x−5)2=0.9x^2 - 30x + 25 = (3x - 5)^2 = 0.

The unique solution is x=53,x = \frac{5}{3}, so m+n=5+3=8.m + n = 5 + 3 = 8.

第 10 题#10
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