2019 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,边长均为整数,且 AB=ACAB = AC。圆 ω\omega 的圆心为 ABC\triangle ABC 的内心。ABC\triangle ABC 的一个旁切圆是指位于 ABC\triangle ABC 外部、与三角形一边相切并与另外两边的延长线相切的圆。设与 BC\overline{BC} 相切的旁切圆与 ω\omega 内切,另外两个旁切圆都与 ω\omega 外切。求 ABC\triangle ABC 周长的最小可能值。

In ABC,\triangle ABC, the sides have integer lengths and AB=AC.AB = AC. Circle ω\omega has its center at the incenter of ABC.\triangle ABC. An excircle of ABC\triangle ABC is a circle in the exterior of ABC\triangle ABC that is tangent to one side of the triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other two sides. Suppose that the excircle tangent to BC\overline{BC} is internally tangent to ω,\omega, and the other two excircles are both externally tangent to ω.\omega. Find the minimum possible value of the perimeter of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:20
知识点:内切圆、内心与内切圆半径相切圆坐标几何
难度评级:3160
小提示:

AA 对面的旁切圆内切,迫使 ω\omega 的半径为 r+2rAr + 2r_A,其中 rr 是内切圆半径,rAr_A 是该旁切圆半径

Internal tangency with the excircle opposite AA forces the radius of ω\omega to be r+2rA,r + 2r_A, where rr is the inradius and rAr_A that exradius

大提示:

BCBC 放在 xx 轴上时,BB-旁切圆的半径 hh 等于从 AA 引出的高;外切条件会化成底边与腰之间的一个线性关系

With BCBC on the xx-axis, the BB-excircle has radius equal to the height hh from A;A; the external tangency collapses to one linear relation between base and leg

解答:

BC=aBC = aAB=AC=bAB = AC = b。取 B=(a2,0)B = \left(-\frac{a}{2}, 0\right)C=(a2,0)C = \left(\frac{a}{2}, 0\right)A=(0,h)A = (0, h),其中 h=b2a24h = \sqrt{b^2 - \frac{a^2}{4}}。于是半周长为 s=b+a2s = b + \frac{a}{2},面积为 K=ah2K = \frac{ah}{2}。内切圆半径与旁切圆半径为 r=Ks=aha+2br = \frac{K}{s} = \frac{ah}{a + 2b}rA=Ksa=ah2bar_A = \frac{K}{s - a} = \frac{ah}{2b - a},以及 rB=Ksb=hr_B = \frac{K}{s - b} = h。内心为 I=(0,r)I = (0, r)AA-旁切圆圆心为 (0,rA)(0, -r_A)BB-旁切圆与直线 BCBC 相切;沿底边量出的距离是 ss,起点为 BB。相切点的横坐标为 x=bx = b,所以其圆心为 (b,h)(b, h)

AA-旁切圆内切时,圆心距为 r+rAr + r_A,所以半径 ρ\rho 所对应的圆 ω\omega 满足 ρrA=r+rA\rho - r_A = r + r_A,即 ρ=r+2rA\rho = r + 2r_A。与 BB-旁切圆外切要求 b2+(hr)2=(ρ+h)2b^2 + (h - r)^2 = (\rho + h)^2 =(h+r+2rA)2= (h + r + 2r_A)^2,整理得 b2=4(r+rA)(h+rA)b^2 = 4(r + r_A)(h + r_A)。由于 r+rA=4abh4b2a2 r + r_A = \frac{4abh}{4b^2 - a^2} h+rA=2bh2ba h + r_A = \frac{2bh}{2b - a}\text{,}并且 h2=4b2a24h^2 = \frac{4b^2 - a^2}{4},条件化为 b2=8ab22bab^2 = \frac{8ab^2}{2b - a},也就是 2ba=8a2b - a = 8a,所以 2b=9a2b = 9a

若边长为整数,则 a=2ta = 2tb=9tb = 9t,其中 tt 为正整数,周长为 20t20t。最小值为 2020,由边长 999922 的三角形达到。

Let BC=aBC = a and AB=AC=b.AB = AC = b. Place B=(a2,0),B = \left(-\frac{a}{2}, 0\right), C=(a2,0),C = \left(\frac{a}{2}, 0\right), A=(0,h)A = (0, h) with h=b2a24,h = \sqrt{b^2 - \frac{a^2}{4}}, so the semiperimeter is s=b+a2s = b + \frac{a}{2} and the area is K=ah2.K = \frac{ah}{2}. The inradius and exradii are r=Ks=aha+2b,r = \frac{K}{s} = \frac{ah}{a + 2b}, rA=Ksa=ah2ba,r_A = \frac{K}{s - a} = \frac{ah}{2b - a}, and rB=Ksb=h.r_B = \frac{K}{s - b} = h. The incenter is I=(0,r)I = (0, r) and the AA-excircle has center (0,rA).(0, -r_A). The BB-excircle touches line BCBC at distance ss from B,B, that is, at x=b,x = b, so its center is (b,h).(b, h).

Internal tangency with the AA-excircle: the center distance is r+rA,r + r_A, so the radius ρ\rho of ω\omega satisfies ρrA=r+rA,\rho - r_A = r + r_A, i.e. ρ=r+2rA.\rho = r + 2r_A. External tangency with the BB-excircle requires b2+(hr)2=(ρ+h)2b^2 + (h - r)^2 = (\rho + h)^2 =(h+r+2rA)2,= (h + r + 2r_A)^2, which rearranges to b2=4(r+rA)(h+rA).b^2 = 4(r + r_A)(h + r_A). Since r+rA=4abh4b2a2 r + r_A = \frac{4abh}{4b^2 - a^2} and h+rA=2bh2ba, h + r_A = \frac{2bh}{2b - a}, and h2=4b2a24,h^2 = \frac{4b^2 - a^2}{4}, the condition becomes b2=8ab22ba,b^2 = \frac{8ab^2}{2b - a}, that is, 2ba=8a,2b - a = 8a, so 2b=9a.2b = 9a.

For integer sides, a=2ta = 2t and b=9tb = 9t for a positive integer t,t, giving perimeter 20t.20t. The minimum is 20,20, achieved by the triangle with sides 9,9, 9,9, 2.2.

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