2017 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

考虑把 99 个数 112233\ldots99 排列在一个 3×33 \times 3 方阵中。对每种排列,令 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3 分别为第 112233 行中三个数的中位数,再令 mm 为集合 {a1,a2,a3}\{a_1, a_2, a_3\} 的中位数。设 QQ 为满足 m=5m = 5 的排列数。求 QQ 除以 10001000 的余数。

Consider arrangements of the 99 numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 99 in a 3×33 \times 3 array. For each such arrangement, let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, and a3a_3 be the medians of the numbers in rows 1,1, 2,2, and 3,3, respectively, and then let mm be the median of {a1,a2,a3}.\{a_1, a_2, a_3\}. Let QQ be the number of arrangements for which m=5.m = 5. Find the remainder when QQ is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:360
知识点:中位数(数据)分类讨论排列
难度评级:2990
小提示:

将每个小于 55 的数记为 L,每个大于 55 的数记为 G。若 m=5m = 5,数字五必须是某一行的中位数,所以它所在行按某种顺序为 L5G。

Rename each number less than 55 as L and each greater as G. For m=5,m = 5, the number 55 must be a row median, so its row reads L5G in some order.

大提示:

另外两行的中位数需要位于 55 的两侧:可以是 LLL 与 GGG,或 LLG 与 LGG。先数字母模式,再乘以 (4!)2(4!)^2 来填入具体数值。

The other two rows need medians on opposite sides of 5:5: LLL with GGG, or LLG with LGG. Count letter patterns, then multiply by (4!)2(4!)^2 for actual values.

解答:

11223344 各记为 L,将 66778899 各记为 G。如果 55 不是某一行的中位数,那么没有一行的中位数等于 55,所以 m5m \neq 5。因此 55 所在行必须含有一个 L 和一个 G(按某种顺序为 L5G),而另外两行必须提供一个小于 55 的中位数和一个高于它的中位数。用剩下的三个 L 和三个 G,这两行要么是 LLL 与 GGG,要么是 LLG 与 LGG。

先数字母排列:这三种行类型可以分配给第 112233 行,共 3!=63! = 6 种方法,而 L5G 这一行可以排列成 3!=63! = 6 种。第一种情况中,LLL 和 GGG 各只有 11 种排列,得到 661=366 \cdot 6 \cdot 1 = 36 个模式;第二种情况中,LLG 和 LGG 各有 33 种排列,得到 669=3246 \cdot 6 \cdot 9 = 324 个模式。总共有 360360 个字母模式。

最后四个 L 可由 112233444!4! 种方式填入,四个 G 可由 667788994!4! 种方式填入,所以 Q=360242=207360Q = 360 \cdot 24^2 = 207360,模 10001000 的余数为 360360

Rename each of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 as L and each of 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 as G. If 55 is not a row median, then no row median equals 5,5, so m5.m \neq 5. Thus 55’s row must contain one L and one G (reading L5G in some order), and the other two rows must supply one median below 55 and one above. With the remaining three L’s and three G’s, those rows are either LLL and GGG, or LLG and LGG.

Count arrangements of letters: the three row types can be assigned to rows 1,1, 2,2, and 33 in 3!=63! = 6 ways, and the L5G row can be ordered in 3!=63! = 6 ways. In the first case LLL and GGG have 11 ordering each, giving 661=366 \cdot 6 \cdot 1 = 36 patterns; in the second, LLG and LGG each have 33 orderings, giving 669=3246 \cdot 6 \cdot 9 = 324 patterns. That is 360360 letter patterns in all.

Finally the four L’s can be filled with 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 in 4!4! ways and the four G’s with 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 in 4!4! ways, so Q=360242=207360,Q = 360 \cdot 24^2 = 207360, whose remainder mod 10001000 is 360.360.

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