2015 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长都是正整数,且 AB=ACAB = AC。设 II 为 ∠B\angle B 与 ∠C\angle C 的角平分线的交点。已知 BI=8BI = 8。求 △ABC\triangle ABC 的最小可能周长。

Triangle ABCABC has positive integer side lengths with AB=AC.AB = AC. Let II be the intersection of the bisectors of ∠B\angle B and ∠C.\angle C. Suppose BI=8.BI = 8. Find the smallest possible perimeter of △ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:108
知识点:内切圆、内心与内切圆半径等腰三角形三角恒等式整除性
难度评级:3160
小提示:

设 MM 为 BCBC 的中点:以 MM 为直角顶点的两个直角三角形给出 cos⁡∠ABM=BMAB\cos\angle ABM = \frac{BM}{AB} 与 cos⁡∠IBM=BM8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{BM}{8}

Let MM be the midpoint of BC:BC: right triangles at MM give cos⁡∠ABM=BMAB\cos\angle ABM = \frac{BM}{AB} and cos⁡∠IBM=BM8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{BM}{8}

大提示:

因为 ∠IBM\angle IBM 是 ∠ABM\angle ABM 的一半,倍角公式会把 ABAB 与 BCBC 联系起来;整数条件和 BM<8BM \lt 8 只留下少数情况

Since ∠IBM\angle IBM is half of ∠ABM,\angle ABM, the double-angle formula relates ABAB to BC;BC; integrality and BM<8BM \lt 8 leave only a few cases to test

解答:

设 MM 为 BC‾\overline{BC} 的中点;由对称性,AA、II、MM 共线且 AM⊥BCAM \perp BC。令 a=ABa = AB、b=BMb = BM,直角三角形 ABMABM 与 IBMIBM 给出 cos⁡∠ABM=ba\cos\angle ABM = \frac{b}{a} 和 cos⁡∠IBM=b8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8}。由于 BIBI 平分 ∠ABM\angle ABM,倍角公式给出 ba=2(b8)2−1, \frac{b}{a} = 2\left(\frac{b}{8}\right)^2 - 1\text{,}所以 a=32bb2−32。 a = \frac{32b}{b^2 - 32}\text{。}

写 c=BC=2bc = BC = 2b,则 a=64cc2−128a = \frac{64c}{c^2 - 128}。需要 c2>128c^2 \gt 128,所以 c≥12c \ge 12,而 cos⁡∠IBM=b8<1\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8} \lt 1 迫使 c<16c \lt 16。检验 c=12,13,14,15c = 12, 13, 14, 15,只有 c=12c = 12 使 aa 为整数,此时 a=76816=48a = \frac{768}{16} = 48。

边长为 4848、4848、1212 的三角形满足所有条件,周长为 48+48+12=10848 + 48 + 12 = 108。

Let MM be the midpoint of BC‾;\overline{BC}; by symmetry A,A, I,I, and MM are collinear with AM⊥BC.AM \perp BC. With a=ABa = AB and b=BM,b = BM, right triangles ABMABM and IBMIBM give cos⁡∠ABM=ba\cos\angle ABM = \frac{b}{a} and cos⁡∠IBM=b8.\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8}. Since BIBI bisects ∠ABM,\angle ABM, the double-angle formula yields ba=2(b8)2−1, \frac{b}{a} = 2\left(\frac{b}{8}\right)^2 - 1, so a=32bb2−32. a = \frac{32b}{b^2 - 32}.

Writing c=BC=2b,c = BC = 2b, this becomes a=64cc2−128.a = \frac{64c}{c^2 - 128}. We need c2>128,c^2 \gt 128, so c≥12,c \ge 12, while cos⁡∠IBM=b8<1\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8} \lt 1 forces c<16.c \lt 16. Testing c=12,13,14,15,c = 12, 13, 14, 15, only c=12c = 12 makes aa an integer, namely a=76816=48.a = \frac{768}{16} = 48.

The triangle with sides 48,48, 48,48, 1212 satisfies all the conditions, and its perimeter is 48+48+12=108.48 + 48 + 12 = 108.

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