2015 AIME I 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

表达式 A=1×2A = 1 \times 2 +3×4+ 3 \times 4 +5×6+ 5 \times 6 ++ \cdots +37×38+39+ 37 \times 38 + 39B=1B = 1 +2×3+ 2 \times 3 +4×5+ 4 \times 5 ++ \cdots +36×37+ 36 \times 37 +38×39+ 38 \times 39 是在相邻的连续整数之间交替写入乘号和加号得到的。求整数 AABB 的正差。

The expressions A=1×2A = 1 \times 2 +3×4+ 3 \times 4 +5×6+ 5 \times 6 ++ \cdots +37×38+39+ 37 \times 38 + 39 and B=1B = 1 +2×3+ 2 \times 3 +4×5+ 4 \times 5 ++ \cdots +36×37+ 36 \times 37 +38×39+ 38 \times 39 are obtained by writing multiplication and addition operators in an alternating pattern between successive integers. Find the positive difference between integers AA and B.B.

知识点:求和等差数列配对与分组
难度评级:1890
小提示:

通过把 BB 中的每个乘积与 AA 中有相同偶因子的乘积配对,计算 BAB - A

Compute BAB - A by pairing each product in BB with the product in AA that shares its even factor

大提示:

每一对贡献 (2k+1)(2k)(2k+1)(2k) (2k1)(2k)=4k- (2k-1)(2k) = 4k,还剩下项 1139-39

Each pair contributes (2k+1)(2k)(2k+1)(2k) (2k1)(2k)=4k,- (2k-1)(2k) = 4k, and the leftover terms are 11 and 39-39

解答:

逐项相减:BA=(139)+(2×31×2)+(4×53×4)++(38×3937×38) \begin{aligned} &B - A = (1 - 39) \\ &\quad {}+ (2 \times 3 - 1 \times 2) \\ &\quad {}+ (4 \times 5 - 3 \times 4) + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ (38 \times 39 - 37 \times 38) \end{aligned}\text{。}每个括号中的差都形如 (2k+1)(2k)(2k+1)(2k) (2k1)(2k)=4k- (2k-1)(2k) = 4k,其中 k=1,2,,19k = 1, 2, \ldots, 19

因此 BA=38+4(1+2++19)=38+4190=722 \begin{aligned} B - A &= -38 \\ &\quad {}+ 4(1 + 2 + \cdots + 19) \\ &= -38 + 4 \cdot 190 = 722 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Subtract term by term: BA=(139)+(2×31×2)+(4×53×4)++(38×3937×38). \begin{aligned} &B - A = (1 - 39) \\ &\quad {}+ (2 \times 3 - 1 \times 2) \\ &\quad {}+ (4 \times 5 - 3 \times 4) + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ (38 \times 39 - 37 \times 38). \end{aligned} Each parenthesized difference has the form (2k+1)(2k)(2k+1)(2k) (2k1)(2k)=4k- (2k-1)(2k) = 4k for k=1,2,,19.k = 1, 2, \ldots, 19.

Therefore BA=38+4(1+2++19)=38+4190=722. \begin{aligned} B - A &= -38 \\ &\quad {}+ 4(1 + 2 + \cdots + 19) \\ &= -38 + 4 \cdot 190 = 722. \end{aligned}

2.

经济合作会议的九名代表中,有 22 名来自墨西哥的官员、33 名来自加拿大的官员,以及 44 名来自美国的官员。在开幕会议期间,其中三名代表睡着了。假设这三名睡着的代表是随机确定的,恰有两名睡着者来自同一个国家的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The nine delegates to the Economic Cooperation Conference include 22 officials from Mexico, 33 officials from Canada, and 44 officials from the United States. During the opening session, three of the delegates fall asleep. Assuming that the three sleepers were determined randomly, the probability that exactly two of the sleepers are from the same country is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

所有 (93)\binom{9}{3} 个睡着者三人组等可能;按提供这一对代表的国家来计数有利情况

All (93)\binom{9}{3} sleeper triples are equally likely; count the favorable ones by which country supplies the pair

大提示:

从人数为 ss 的国家恰选两人,意味着先有 (s2)\binom{s}{2} 种选法,再从另外 9s9 - s 人中选第三名睡着者

Exactly two from a country of size ss means (s2)\binom{s}{2} choices for the pair times 9s9 - s choices for the third sleeper

解答:

三名睡着者共有 (93)=84\binom{9}{3} = 84 个等可能的集合。恰有两人来自同一国家时,一个国家提供恰好两人,第三人来自不同国家:这一对来自美国有 (42)(2+3)=30\binom{4}{2}(2 + 3) = 30 种;来自加拿大有 (32)(2+4)=18\binom{3}{2}(2 + 4) = 18 种;来自墨西哥有 (22)(3+4)=7\binom{2}{2}(3 + 4) = 7 种。

概率为 30+18+784=5584\frac{30 + 18 + 7}{84} = \frac{55}{84},已经是最简分数,所以 m+n=55+84=139m + n = 55 + 84 = 139

There are (93)=84\binom{9}{3} = 84 equally likely sets of three sleepers. Exactly two sleepers come from the same country when one country supplies exactly two of them and the third sleeper comes from a different country: (42)(2+3)=30\binom{4}{2}(2 + 3) = 30 ways with the pair from the United States, (32)(2+4)=18\binom{3}{2}(2 + 4) = 18 with the pair from Canada, and (22)(3+4)=7\binom{2}{2}(3 + 4) = 7 with the pair from Mexico.

The probability is 30+18+784=5584,\frac{30 + 18 + 7}{84} = \frac{55}{84}, already in lowest terms, so m+n=55+84=139.m + n = 55 + 84 = 139.

3.

存在一个质数 pp,使得 16p+116p + 1 是某个正整数的立方。求 pp

There is a prime number pp such that 16p+116p + 1 is the cube of a positive integer. Find p.p.

难度评级:2010
小提示:

16p+1=n316p + 1 = n^3,并分解 n31n^3 - 1

Write 16p+1=n316p + 1 = n^3 and factor n31n^3 - 1

大提示:

n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 总是奇数,所以因子 1616 必须全部来自 n1n - 1;质数条件随后迫使 n1=16n - 1 = 16

n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 is always odd, so the factor 1616 must come entirely from n1;n - 1; primality then forces n1=16n - 1 = 16

解答:

16p+1=n316p + 1 = n^3,则 16p=n3116p = n^3 - 1 =(n1)(n2+n+1)= (n - 1)(n^2 + n + 1)。因为 16p+116p + 1 是奇数,所以 nn 为奇数,且 n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 也是奇数。因此四个因子 22 都必须整除 n1n - 1:写成 n1=16kn - 1 = 16k,于是 p=k(n2+n+1)p = k(n^2 + n + 1)。为了使 pp 为质数,必须有 k=1k = 1,所以 n=17n = 17

此时 p=172+17+1=307p = 17^2 + 17 + 1 = 307,它确实是质数,并且 16307+1=4913=17316 \cdot 307 + 1 = 4913 = 17^3

Write 16p+1=n3,16p + 1 = n^3, so 16p=n3116p = n^3 - 1 =(n1)(n2+n+1).= (n - 1)(n^2 + n + 1). Since 16p+116p + 1 is odd, nn is odd, and n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 is odd as well. Therefore all four factors of 22 must divide n1:n - 1: write n1=16k,n - 1 = 16k, which gives p=k(n2+n+1).p = k(n^2 + n + 1). For pp to be prime we need k=1,k = 1, so n=17.n = 17.

Then p=172+17+1=307,p = 17^2 + 17 + 1 = 307, which is indeed prime, and 16307+1=4913=173.16 \cdot 307 + 1 = 4913 = 17^3.

4.

BB 在线段 AC\overline{AC} 上,且 AB=16AB = 16BC=4BC = 4。点 DDEE 在直线 ACAC 的同侧,分别形成等边三角形 ABD\triangle ABDBCE\triangle BCE。设 MMAE\overline{AE} 的中点,NNCD\overline{CD} 的中点。BMN\triangle BMN 的面积为 xx。求 x2x^2

Point BB lies on line segment AC\overline{AC} with AB=16AB = 16 and BC=4.BC = 4. Points DD and EE lie on the same side of line ACAC forming equilateral triangles ABD\triangle ABD and BCE.\triangle BCE. Let MM be the midpoint of AE,\overline{AE}, and NN be the midpoint of CD.\overline{CD}. The area of BMN\triangle BMN is x.x. Find x2.x^2.

难度评级:2390
小提示:

BB 为原点,取 A=(16,0)A = (-16, 0)C=(4,0)C = (4, 0),并用等边三角形的高写出 DDEE

Put BB at the origin with A=(16,0)A = (-16, 0) and C=(4,0),C = (4, 0), and write DD and EE using equilateral-triangle altitudes

大提示:

计算中点 MMNN 以及三条边长 BMBMMNMNNBNB;三角形 BMNBMN 会是等边三角形

Compute the midpoints MM and NN and the three distances BM,BM, MN,MN, NB;NB; triangle BMNBMN turns out equilateral

解答:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)A=(16,0)A = (-16, 0)C=(4,0)C = (4, 0)。每个等边三角形的顶点位于底边中点上方,高为边长的 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},所以 D=(8,83)D = (-8, 8\sqrt{3})E=(2,23)E = (2, 2\sqrt{3})。中点为 M=(7,3)M = (-7, \sqrt{3})N=(2,43)N = (-2, 4\sqrt{3})

现在 BM2=49+3=52BM^2 = 49 + 3 = 52BN2=4+48=52BN^2 = 4 + 48 = 52,且 MN2=25+27=52MN^2 = 25 + 27 = 52,所以 BMN\triangle BMN 是边长为 52\sqrt{52} 的等边三角形。其面积为 x=3452=133x = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot 52 = 13\sqrt{3},因此 x2=1693=507x^2 = 169 \cdot 3 = 507

Place B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), A=(16,0),A = (-16, 0), and C=(4,0).C = (4, 0). Each equilateral triangle has its apex above the midpoint of its base at height 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} times the side, so D=(8,83)D = (-8, 8\sqrt{3}) and E=(2,23).E = (2, 2\sqrt{3}). The midpoints are M=(7,3)M = (-7, \sqrt{3}) and N=(2,43).N = (-2, 4\sqrt{3}).

Now BM2=49+3=52,BM^2 = 49 + 3 = 52, BN2=4+48=52,BN^2 = 4 + 48 = 52, and MN2=25+27=52,MN^2 = 25 + 27 = 52, so BMN\triangle BMN is equilateral with side 52.\sqrt{52}. Its area is x=3452=133,x = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot 52 = 13\sqrt{3}, so x2=1693=507.x^2 = 169 \cdot 3 = 507.

5.

Sandy 的抽屉里有 55 双袜子,每双颜色不同。星期一,Sandy 从抽屉中的 1010 只袜子里随机选出两只单袜。星期二,Sandy 从剩下的 88 只袜子里随机选出 22 只;星期三再从剩下的 66 只袜子里随机选出两只。星期三是 Sandy 第一次选到同色袜子的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

In a drawer Sandy has 55 pairs of socks, each pair a different color. On Monday Sandy selects two individual socks at random from the 1010 socks in the drawer. On Tuesday Sandy selects 22 of the remaining 88 socks at random and on Wednesday two of the remaining 66 socks at random. The probability that Wednesday is the first day Sandy selects matching socks is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

1010 只袜子分成每天一组的若干组是对称的:重新排列这些天的顺序同样等可能

Splitting the 1010 socks into a sequence of daily pairs is symmetric: any reordering of the days is equally likely

大提示:

因此可改为计算星期一配对、随后星期二和星期三都不配对的概率,并跟踪每天剩下多少完整袜子对

So compute instead the probability of a match on Monday and then no match on Tuesday or Wednesday, tracking how many complete pairs remain each day

解答:

想象把十只袜子按每天两只发完五天;把无序袜子对分配到各天的所有方式等可能,而交换天数不会改变分布。因此交换星期一与星期三可知,所求概率(不配对、不配对、配对)等于星期一配对且星期二、星期三不配对的概率。

这个模式按顺序很容易计算。星期一配对的概率为 19\frac{1}{9}(第二只必须是第一只的另一只)。剩下的 88 只袜子构成 44 个完整对,所以星期二不配对的概率为 14(82)=671 - \frac{4}{\binom{8}{2}} = \frac{6}{7}。星期二的不配对会拆开两对,在剩下的 66 只袜子中留下 22 个完整对,所以星期三不配对的概率为 12(62)=13151 - \frac{2}{\binom{6}{2}} = \frac{13}{15}

概率为 19671315=26315\frac{1}{9} \cdot \frac{6}{7} \cdot \frac{13}{15} = \frac{26}{315},所以 m+n=26+315=341m + n = 26 + 315 = 341

Imagine dealing all ten socks out two per day for five days; every assignment of unordered pairs to days is equally likely, and permuting the days does not change this distribution. Swapping Monday and Wednesday therefore shows that the desired probability (mismatch, mismatch, match) equals the probability of a match on Monday followed by mismatches on Tuesday and Wednesday.

That pattern is easy to compute in order. Monday matches with probability 19\frac{1}{9} (the second sock must be the first sock’s mate). The remaining 88 socks then form 44 complete pairs, so Tuesday mismatches with probability 14(82)=67.1 - \frac{4}{\binom{8}{2}} = \frac{6}{7}. Tuesday’s mismatch breaks two pairs, leaving 22 complete pairs among the 66 remaining socks, so Wednesday mismatches with probability 12(62)=1315.1 - \frac{2}{\binom{6}{2}} = \frac{13}{15}.

The probability is 19671315=26315,\frac{1}{9} \cdot \frac{6}{7} \cdot \frac{13}{15} = \frac{26}{315}, so m+n=26+315=341.m + n = 26 + 315 = 341.

6.

AABBCCDDEE 在一个圆的小弧上等间隔排列。点 EEFFGGHHIIAA 在第二个以 CC 为圆心的圆的小弧上等间隔排列,如下图所示。角 ABD\angle ABDAHG\angle AHG1212^\circ。求 BAG\angle BAG 的度数。

Points A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE are equally spaced on a minor arc of a circle. Points E,E, F,F, G,G, H,H, I,I, and AA are equally spaced on a minor arc of a second circle with center CC as shown in the figure below. The angle ABD\angle ABD exceeds AHG\angle AHG by 12.12^\circ. Find the degree measure of BAG.\angle BAG.

知识点:圆周角导角
难度评级:2720
小提示:

α\alpha 为第二个圆在 CC 处的公共圆心角;那么 ACE=5α\angle ACE = 5\alpha 同时也是第一个圆的圆周角

Let α\alpha be the common central angle at CC in the second circle; then ACE=5α\angle ACE = 5\alpha is simultaneously an inscribed angle of the first circle

大提示:

α\alpha 表示两个圆中的每段弧;条件 ABDAHG=12\angle ABD - \angle AHG = 12^\circ 会确定 α\alpha

Express every arc of both circles in terms of α;\alpha; the condition ABDAHG=12\angle ABD - \angle AHG = 12^\circ pins down α\alpha

解答:

α=ECF\alpha = \angle ECF =FCG= \angle FCG =GCH= \angle GCH =HCI= \angle HCI =ICA= \angle ICA,即第二个圆的公共圆心角,所以 ACE=5α\angle ACE = 5\alpha。由于 CC 也在第一个圆上,ACE\angle ACE 是第一个圆中的圆周角,因而不含 CC 的弧 AEAE 度数为 10α10\alpha,四段相等弧 ABABBCBCCDCDDEDE 中每段为 36010α4=905α2\frac{360^\circ - 10\alpha}{4} = 90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}

ABDABD 截不含 BB 的弧 ADAD,其度数为 3603(905α2)360^\circ - 3\left(90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}\right),所以 ABD=45+15α4\angle ABD = 45^\circ + \frac{15\alpha}{4}。角 AHGAHG 截第二个圆中不含 HH 的弧 AGAG,其度数为 3603α360^\circ - 3\alpha,所以 AHG=1803α2\angle AHG = 180^\circ - \frac{3\alpha}{2}。已知条件为 (45+15α4)(1803α2)=21α4135=12 \begin{aligned} &\left(45^\circ + \frac{15\alpha}{4}\right) - \left(180^\circ - \frac{3\alpha}{2}\right) \\ &= \frac{21\alpha}{4} - 135^\circ = 12^\circ \end{aligned}\text{,}因此 α=28\alpha = 28^\circ

最后,BAE\angle BAE 截第一个圆上的弧 BCDE=3(905α2)=60BCDE = 3\left(90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}\right) = 60^\circ,所以 BAE=30\angle BAE = 30^\circ,而 EAG\angle EAG 截第二个圆上的弧 EFG=2αEFG = 2\alpha,所以 EAG=28\angle EAG = 28^\circ。于是 BAG=BAE+EAG\angle BAG = \angle BAE + \angle EAG =30+28=58= 30^\circ + 28^\circ = 58^\circ

Let α=ECF\alpha = \angle ECF =FCG= \angle FCG =GCH= \angle GCH =HCI= \angle HCI =ICA,= \angle ICA, the common central angle of the second circle, so ACE=5α.\angle ACE = 5\alpha. Since CC also lies on the first circle, ACE\angle ACE is an inscribed angle there, so the arc AEAE not containing CC measures 10α,10\alpha, and each of the four equal arcs AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, DEDE measures 36010α4=905α2.\frac{360^\circ - 10\alpha}{4} = 90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}.

Angle ABDABD subtends the arc ADAD not containing B,B, which is 3603(905α2),360^\circ - 3\left(90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}\right), so ABD=45+15α4.\angle ABD = 45^\circ + \frac{15\alpha}{4}. Angle AHGAHG subtends the second circle’s arc AGAG not containing H,H, which is 3603α,360^\circ - 3\alpha, so AHG=1803α2.\angle AHG = 180^\circ - \frac{3\alpha}{2}. The given condition reads (45+15α4)(1803α2)=21α4135=12, \begin{aligned} &\left(45^\circ + \frac{15\alpha}{4}\right) - \left(180^\circ - \frac{3\alpha}{2}\right) \\ &= \frac{21\alpha}{4} - 135^\circ = 12^\circ, \end{aligned} so α=28.\alpha = 28^\circ.

Finally, BAE\angle BAE subtends the first circle’s arc BCDE=3(905α2)=60,BCDE = 3\left(90^\circ - \frac{5\alpha}{2}\right) = 60^\circ, giving BAE=30,\angle BAE = 30^\circ, and EAG\angle EAG subtends the second circle’s arc EFG=2α,EFG = 2\alpha, giving EAG=28.\angle EAG = 28^\circ. Hence BAG=BAE+EAG\angle BAG = \angle BAE + \angle EAG =30+28=58.= 30^\circ + 28^\circ = 58^\circ.

7.

在下图中,ABCDABCD 是正方形。点 EEAD\overline{AD} 的中点。点 FFGGCE\overline{CE} 上,点 HHJJ 分别在 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 上,使得 FGHJFGHJ 是正方形。点 KKLLGH\overline{GH} 上,点 MMNN 分别在 AD\overline{AD}AB\overline{AB} 上,使得 KLMNKLMN 是正方形。KLMNKLMN 的面积为 9999。求 FGHJFGHJ 的面积。

In the diagram below, ABCDABCD is a square. Point EE is the midpoint of AD.\overline{AD}. Points FF and GG lie on CE,\overline{CE}, and HH and JJ lie on AB\overline{AB} and BC,\overline{BC}, respectively, so that FGHJFGHJ is a square. Points KK and LL lie on GH,\overline{GH}, and MM and NN lie on AD\overline{AD} and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively, so that KLMNKLMN is a square. The area of KLMNKLMN is 99.99. Find the area of FGHJ.FGHJ.

难度评级:2710
小提示:

由倾斜正方形截出的每个直角三角形(HBJHBJJFCJFCMANMANNKHNKH)都与 CDE\triangle CDE 相似,直角边比为 1:21 : 2

Every right triangle cut off by the tilted squares (HBJ,HBJ, JFC,JFC, MAN,MAN, NKHNKH) is similar to CDE,\triangle CDE, with legs in ratio 1:21 : 2

大提示:

写出 BC=BJ+JCBC = BJ + JC,得到 FGHJFGHJ 的边长与 AEAE 的关系;再用完全相同的方式由 AH=AN+NHAH = AN + NH 得到 KLMNKLMN 的边长

Write BC=BJ+JCBC = BJ + JC to get FGHJFGHJ’s side from AE;AE; then AH=AN+NHAH = AN + NH gives KLMNKLMN’s side in exactly the same way

解答:

AE=sAE = s,则大正方形边长为 2s2s,且 CE=s5CE = s\sqrt{5}。直角三角形 CDECDEJFCJFCHBJHBJNKHNKHMANMAN 都相似,直角边比为 1:21 : 2。设 FGHJFGHJ 的边长为 xx。在 HBJ\triangle HBJ 中,斜边为 HJ=xHJ = x,所以 BJ=x5BJ = \frac{x}{\sqrt{5}}HB=2x5HB = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{5}};在 JFC\triangle JFC 中,较长直角边为 JF=xJF = x,所以斜边 JC=x52JC = \frac{x\sqrt{5}}{2}。于是 2s=BC=BJ+JC=x(15+52)=7x25 \begin{aligned} 2s = BC &= BJ + JC \\ &= x\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) \\ &= \frac{7x}{2\sqrt{5}} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 x=45s7x = \frac{4\sqrt{5}\,s}{7}

接着,AH=2sHB=2s8s7AH = 2s - HB = 2s - \frac{8s}{7} =6s7= \frac{6s}{7}。对边长为 yy 的正方形 KLMNKLMN,沿 AB\overline{AB} 作同样的分解得到 6s7=AH=AN+NH\frac{6s}{7} = AH = AN + NH =y(15+52)= y\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)。两式相除,得 xy=2s6s7=73\frac{x}{y} = \frac{2s}{\frac{6s}{7}} = \frac{7}{3}

因此面积比为 (73)2=499\left(\frac{7}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{9},所以 FGHJFGHJ 的面积为 99499=53999 \cdot \frac{49}{9} = 539

Let AE=s,AE = s, so the big square has side 2s2s and CE=s5.CE = s\sqrt{5}. The right triangles CDE,CDE, JFC,JFC, HBJ,HBJ, NKH,NKH, and MANMAN are all similar, with legs in ratio 1:2.1 : 2. Let xx be the side of FGHJ.FGHJ. In HBJ\triangle HBJ the hypotenuse is HJ=x,HJ = x, so BJ=x5BJ = \frac{x}{\sqrt{5}} and HB=2x5;HB = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{5}}; in JFC\triangle JFC the longer leg is JF=x,JF = x, so the hypotenuse is JC=x52.JC = \frac{x\sqrt{5}}{2}. Then 2s=BC=BJ+JC=x(15+52)=7x25, \begin{aligned} 2s = BC &= BJ + JC \\ &= x\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) \\ &= \frac{7x}{2\sqrt{5}}, \end{aligned} so x=45s7.x = \frac{4\sqrt{5}\,s}{7}.

Next, AH=2sHB=2s8s7AH = 2s - HB = 2s - \frac{8s}{7} =6s7.= \frac{6s}{7}. The identical decomposition along AB\overline{AB} for the square KLMNKLMN of side yy gives 6s7=AH=AN+NH\frac{6s}{7} = AH = AN + NH =y(15+52).= y\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right). Dividing the two equations, xy=2s6s7=73.\frac{x}{y} = \frac{2s}{\frac{6s}{7}} = \frac{7}{3}.

The areas are therefore in ratio (73)2=499,\left(\frac{7}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{9}, so the area of FGHJFGHJ is 99499=539.99 \cdot \frac{49}{9} = 539.

8.

对正整数 nn,令 s(n)s(n) 表示 nn 的各位数字之和。求满足 s(n)=s(n+864)=20s(n) = s(n + 864) = 20 的最小正整数 nn

For positive integer n,n, let s(n)s(n) denote the sum of the digits of n.n. Find the smallest positive integer nn satisfying s(n)=s(n+864)=20.s(n) = s(n + 864) = 20.

难度评级:2760
小提示:

加法中的每次进位都会使数字和减少 99,所以 s(n+864)=s(n)+189cs(n + 864) = s(n) + 18 - 9c,其中 cc 是进位次数

Each carry in an addition lowers the digit sum by 9,9, so s(n+864)=s(n)+189cs(n + 864) = s(n) + 18 - 9c where cc counts the carries

大提示:

必须恰有两次进位,且百位一定进位;因此尝试第二个发生进位的位置,并让百位数字尽量小

Exactly two carries must occur, and the hundreds place always carries, so try each choice of the second carrying place and minimize the hundreds digit

解答:

加法中每次进位都把某一位的 1010 替换为下一位的 11,使数字和减少 99。因此 s(n+864)=s(n)+s(864)9cs(n + 864) = s(n) + s(864) - 9c =20+189c= 20 + 18 - 9c,其中 cc 是进位次数;而 s(n+864)=20s(n + 864) = 20 迫使 c=2c = 2。对于三位候选数 nn,设其数字为 ttuuvv,且和为 2020。由于 u+v18u + v \le 18,有 t2t \ge 2,所以百位一定进位(t+810t + 8 \ge 10),并且个位与十位中恰好一个发生进位。

如果个位进位而十位不进位,则十位计算 u+6+1u + 6 + 1 必须小于 1010,所以 u2u \le 2;此时 t=20uvt = 20 - u - v 2029=9\ge 20 - 2 - 9 = 9,迫使 n=929n = 929。如果十位进位而个位不进位,则 v+49v + 4 \le 9,所以 v5v \le 5,从而 t=20uvt = 20 - u - v 2095=6\ge 20 - 9 - 5 = 6,且 t=6t = 6u=9u = 9v=5v = 5 可行:n=695n = 695

的确 s(695)=20s(695) = 20,且 695+864=1559695 + 864 = 1559s(1559)=20s(1559) = 20,所以最小的这样的 nn695695

Each carry in an addition replaces 1010 in one place by 11 in the next, lowering the digit sum by 9.9. Hence s(n+864)=s(n)+s(864)9cs(n + 864) = s(n) + s(864) - 9c =20+189c,= 20 + 18 - 9c, where cc is the number of carries, and s(n+864)=20s(n + 864) = 20 forces c=2.c = 2. For a three-digit candidate nn with digits t,t, u,u, vv summing to 20:20: since u+v18,u + v \le 18, we have t2,t \ge 2, so the hundreds place always carries (t+810t + 8 \ge 10), and exactly one of the units and tens places carries.

If the units carry and the tens do not, the tens computation u+6+1u + 6 + 1 must stay below 10,10, so u2;u \le 2; then t=20uvt = 20 - u - v 2029=9,\ge 20 - 2 - 9 = 9, forcing n=929.n = 929. If the tens carry and the units do not, then v+49v + 4 \le 9 gives v5,v \le 5, so t=20uvt = 20 - u - v 2095=6,\ge 20 - 9 - 5 = 6, and t=6,t = 6, u=9,u = 9, v=5v = 5 works: n=695.n = 695.

Indeed s(695)=20s(695) = 20 and 695+864=1559695 + 864 = 1559 with s(1559)=20,s(1559) = 20, so the smallest such nn is 695.695.

9.

SS 为所有满足 1a11 \le a_1a2a_2a310a_3 \le 10 的有序整数三元组 (a1,a2,a3)(a_1, a_2, a_3) 的集合。SS 中的每个有序三元组按规则 an=an1an2an3a_n = a_{n-1} \cdot |a_{n-2} - a_{n-3}|n4n \ge 4)生成一个数列。求有多少个这样的数列满足对某个 nnan=0a_n = 0

Let SS be the set of all ordered triples of integers (a1,a2,a3)(a_1, a_2, a_3) with 1a1,1 \le a_1, a2,a_2, a310.a_3 \le 10. Each ordered triple in SS generates a sequence according to the rule an=an1an2an3a_n = a_{n-1} \cdot |a_{n-2} - a_{n-3}| for n4.n \ge 4. Find the number of such sequences for which an=0a_n = 0 for some n.n.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

如果任意相邻两项相等,数列会在两步后得到 00;如果相差 11,则在四步内得到 00

If two consecutive terms are ever equal, the sequence hits 00 two steps later; if they differ by 1,1, it hits 00 within four steps

大提示:

先数相邻项相等或相差 11 的三元组并修正重叠,再检查当相差 22 遇到 11 时会发生什么

Count triples whose consecutive entries are equal or differ by 1,1, correcting for overlaps, then check what happens when a difference of 22 meets a 11

解答:

如果 ak1=aka_{k-1} = a_k,则 ak+2=ak+1akak1=0a_{k+2} = a_{k+1}|a_k - a_{k-1}| = 0;如果 akak1=1|a_k - a_{k-1}| = 1,则 ak+2=ak+1a_{k+2} = a_{k+1},所以 ak+4=0a_{k+4} = 0。因此所有形如 (j,j,k)(j,j,k)(j,k,k)(j,k,k)(j,j±1,k)(j,j\pm1,k)(j,k,k±1)(j,k,k\pm1) 的三元组都会产生 00。这些形式共有 100+100+490=560100 + 100 + 4 \cdot 90 = 560 个三元组,但符合两种形式的三元组被重复计算:形如 (j,j,j)(j,j,j) 的有 1010 个;六个族 (j,j,j±1)(j,j,j\pm1)(j,j±1,j)(j,j\pm1,j)(j,j±1,j±1)(j,j\pm1,j\pm1)(同号)各有 99 个;而 (j,j+1,j+2)(j,j+1,j+2)(j,j1,j2)(j,j-1,j-2) 各有 88 个。剩下 560105416=480560 - 10 - 54 - 16 = 480 个三元组。

还有少数其他三元组也可行:如果 (a1,a2,a3)=(j,j±2,1)(a_1, a_2, a_3) = (j, j\pm2, 1),则 a4=2a_4 = 2,且 a4a3=1|a_4 - a_3| = 1,所以 a8=0a_8 = 0。这 1616 个三元组中,(3,1,1)(3,1,1)(4,2,1)(4,2,1),已经被计入,所以新增 1414 个,总数为 480+14=494480 + 14 = 494

没有其他三元组会达到 00:如果两个相邻差都至少为 22,且 a32a_3 \ge 2,则 a4=a3a2a12a3>a3a_4 = a_3|a_2 - a_1| \ge 2a_3 \gt a_3,并且 a4a3a32|a_4 - a_3| \ge a_3 \ge 2,所以可归纳出各项一直增长,没有因子会为零。如果 a3=1a_3 = 1a2a13|a_2 - a_1| \ge 3,则 a43a_4 \ge 3a4a32|a_4 - a_3| \ge 2,同样进入增长情形。总数为 494494

If ak1=aka_{k-1} = a_k then ak+2=ak+1akak1=0,a_{k+2} = a_{k+1}|a_k - a_{k-1}| = 0, and if akak1=1|a_k - a_{k-1}| = 1 then ak+2=ak+1,a_{k+2} = a_{k+1}, so ak+4=0.a_{k+4} = 0. Hence every triple of one of the forms (j,j,k),(j,j,k), (j,k,k),(j,k,k), (j,j±1,k),(j,j\pm1,k), (j,k,k±1)(j,k,k\pm1) produces a 0.0. These forms contain 100+100+490=560100 + 100 + 4 \cdot 90 = 560 triples, but triples fitting two forms are counted twice: the 1010 of the form (j,j,j),(j,j,j), the 99 in each of the six families (j,j,j±1),(j,j,j\pm1), (j,j±1,j),(j,j\pm1,j), (j,j±1,j±1)(j,j\pm1,j\pm1) (matching signs), and the 88 in each of (j,j+1,j+2)(j,j+1,j+2) and (j,j1,j2).(j,j-1,j-2). That leaves 560105416=480560 - 10 - 54 - 16 = 480 triples.

A few other triples also work: if (a1,a2,a3)=(j,j±2,1),(a_1, a_2, a_3) = (j, j\pm2, 1), then a4=2a_4 = 2 and a4a3=1,|a_4 - a_3| = 1, so a8=0.a_8 = 0. These 1616 triples include (3,1,1)(3,1,1) and (4,2,1),(4,2,1), which were already counted, so they add 1414 new ones, for 480+14=494.480 + 14 = 494.

No other triple reaches 0:0: if both consecutive differences are at least 22 and a32,a_3 \ge 2, then a4=a3a2a12a3>a3a_4 = a_3|a_2 - a_1| \ge 2a_3 \gt a_3 and a4a3a32,|a_4 - a_3| \ge a_3 \ge 2, so inductively the terms grow forever and no factor ever vanishes. If instead a3=1a_3 = 1 with a2a13,|a_2 - a_1| \ge 3, then a43a_4 \ge 3 and a4a32,|a_4 - a_3| \ge 2, and the same growth takes over. The count is 494.494.

10.

f(x)f(x) 是一个实系数三次多项式,满足 f(1)=f(2)=f(3)=f(5)=f(6)=f(7)=12 \begin{aligned} |f(1)| = |f(2)| &= |f(3)| \\ &= |f(5)| = |f(6)| \\ &= |f(7)| = 12 \end{aligned}\text{。}f(0)|f(0)|

Let f(x)f(x) be a third-degree polynomial with real coefficients satisfying f(1)=f(2)=f(3)=f(5)=f(6)=f(7)=12. \begin{aligned} |f(1)| = |f(2)| &= |f(3)| \\ &= |f(5)| = |f(6)| \\ &= |f(7)| = 12. \end{aligned} Find f(0).|f(0)|.

难度评级:2930
小提示:

f(x)12f(x) - 12f(x)+12f(x) + 12 都是三次多项式,所以它们各以 112233556677 中恰好三个数为根

Each of f(x)12f(x) - 12 and f(x)+12f(x) + 12 is a cubic, so each has exactly three of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6, 77 as roots

大提示:

两个三次多项式只相差一个常数,所以两组根的和相等、两两乘积和也相等;只有一种划分可行

The two cubics differ by a constant, so the two root triples have equal sums and equal pairwise-product sums; only one split works

解答:

f(x)12f(x) - 12f(x)+12f(x) + 12 都是三次多项式,所以它们各自在 112233556677 中恰好三个点取零。把它们写成 c(xr1)(xr2)(xr3)c(x - r_1)(x - r_2)(x - r_3)c(xs1)(xs2)(xs3)c(x - s_1)(x - s_2)(x - s_3),这两个三次多项式相差常数 2424,所以它们的 x2x^2 系数和 xx 系数相同:两组三个根有相同的和与相同的两两乘积和。把 {1,2,3,5,6,7}\{1,2,3,5,6,7\} 分成两个和相等的三元组,唯一方式是 {2,3,7}\{2,3,7\}{1,5,6}\{1,5,6\}(和都为 1212),且两者的两两乘积和确实都为 4141

若有必要,把 ff 换成 f-f(这不改变 f(0)|f(0)|),则 f(x)=c(x2)(x3)(x7)f(x) = c(x-2)(x-3)(x-7) +12+ 12 =c(x1)(x5)(x6)12= c(x-1)(x-5)(x-6) - 12。令 x=0x = 0,得到 42c+12=30c12-42c + 12 = -30c - 12,所以 c=2c = 2,且 f(0)=422+12=72f(0) = -42 \cdot 2 + 12 = -72。因此 f(0)=72|f(0)| = 72

Each of f(x)12f(x) - 12 and f(x)+12f(x) + 12 is a cubic, so each vanishes at exactly three of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6, 7.7. Writing them as c(xr1)(xr2)(xr3)c(x - r_1)(x - r_2)(x - r_3) and c(xs1)(xs2)(xs3),c(x - s_1)(x - s_2)(x - s_3), the two cubics differ by the constant 24,24, so their x2x^2 and xx coefficients agree: the root triples have equal sums and equal sums of pairwise products. The only partition of {1,2,3,5,6,7}\{1,2,3,5,6,7\} into two triples of equal sum is {2,3,7}\{2,3,7\} and {1,5,6}\{1,5,6\} (each summing to 1212), and indeed both have pairwise-product sum 41.41.

Replacing ff by f-f if necessary (which does not change f(0)|f(0)|), we have f(x)=c(x2)(x3)(x7)f(x) = c(x-2)(x-3)(x-7) +12+ 12 =c(x1)(x5)(x6)12.= c(x-1)(x-5)(x-6) - 12. Setting x=0x = 0 gives 42c+12=30c12,-42c + 12 = -30c - 12, so c=2c = 2 and f(0)=422+12=72.f(0) = -42 \cdot 2 + 12 = -72. Thus f(0)=72.|f(0)| = 72.

11.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长都是正整数,且 AB=ACAB = AC。设 IIB\angle BC\angle C 的角平分线的交点。已知 BI=8BI = 8。求 ABC\triangle ABC 的最小可能周长。

Triangle ABCABC has positive integer side lengths with AB=AC.AB = AC. Let II be the intersection of the bisectors of B\angle B and C.\angle C. Suppose BI=8.BI = 8. Find the smallest possible perimeter of ABC.\triangle ABC.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

MMBCBC 的中点:以 MM 为直角顶点的两个直角三角形给出 cosABM=BMAB\cos\angle ABM = \frac{BM}{AB}cosIBM=BM8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{BM}{8}

Let MM be the midpoint of BC:BC: right triangles at MM give cosABM=BMAB\cos\angle ABM = \frac{BM}{AB} and cosIBM=BM8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{BM}{8}

大提示:

因为 IBM\angle IBMABM\angle ABM 的一半,倍角公式会把 ABABBCBC 联系起来;整数条件和 BM<8BM \lt 8 只留下少数情况

Since IBM\angle IBM is half of ABM,\angle ABM, the double-angle formula relates ABAB to BC;BC; integrality and BM<8BM \lt 8 leave only a few cases to test

解答:

MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点;由对称性,AAIIMM 共线且 AMBCAM \perp BC。令 a=ABa = ABb=BMb = BM,直角三角形 ABMABMIBMIBM 给出 cosABM=ba\cos\angle ABM = \frac{b}{a}cosIBM=b8\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8}。由于 BIBI 平分 ABM\angle ABM,倍角公式给出 ba=2(b8)21 \frac{b}{a} = 2\left(\frac{b}{8}\right)^2 - 1\text{,}所以 a=32bb232 a = \frac{32b}{b^2 - 32}\text{。}

c=BC=2bc = BC = 2b,则 a=64cc2128a = \frac{64c}{c^2 - 128}。需要 c2>128c^2 \gt 128,所以 c12c \ge 12,而 cosIBM=b8<1\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8} \lt 1 迫使 c<16c \lt 16。检验 c=12,13,14,15c = 12, 13, 14, 15,只有 c=12c = 12 使 aa 为整数,此时 a=76816=48a = \frac{768}{16} = 48

边长为 484848481212 的三角形满足所有条件,周长为 48+48+12=10848 + 48 + 12 = 108

Let MM be the midpoint of BC;\overline{BC}; by symmetry A,A, I,I, and MM are collinear with AMBC.AM \perp BC. With a=ABa = AB and b=BM,b = BM, right triangles ABMABM and IBMIBM give cosABM=ba\cos\angle ABM = \frac{b}{a} and cosIBM=b8.\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8}. Since BIBI bisects ABM,\angle ABM, the double-angle formula yields ba=2(b8)21, \frac{b}{a} = 2\left(\frac{b}{8}\right)^2 - 1, so a=32bb232. a = \frac{32b}{b^2 - 32}.

Writing c=BC=2b,c = BC = 2b, this becomes a=64cc2128.a = \frac{64c}{c^2 - 128}. We need c2>128,c^2 \gt 128, so c12,c \ge 12, while cosIBM=b8<1\cos\angle IBM = \frac{b}{8} \lt 1 forces c<16.c \lt 16. Testing c=12,13,14,15,c = 12, 13, 14, 15, only c=12c = 12 makes aa an integer, namely a=76816=48.a = \frac{768}{16} = 48.

The triangle with sides 48,48, 48,48, 1212 satisfies all the conditions, and its perimeter is 48+48+12=108.48 + 48 + 12 = 108.

12.

考虑集合 {1,2,3,,2015}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2015\} 的所有 10001000 元子集。从每个这样的子集中选出最小元素。所有这些最小元素的算术平均数为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Consider all 10001000-element subsets of the set {1,2,3,,2015}.\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2015\}. From each such subset choose the least element. The arithmetic mean of all of these least elements is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

恰有 (2015j999)\binom{2015-j}{999} 个子集的最小元素为 jj

Exactly (2015j999)\binom{2015-j}{999} of the subsets have least element jj

大提示:

j(2015j999)\sum j\binom{2015-j}{999} 解释为按第二小元素计数一个 20162016 元集合的 10011001 元子集

Interpret j(2015j999)\sum j\binom{2015-j}{999} as counting 10011001-element subsets of a 20162016-element set by their second-smallest element

解答:

一个 10001000 元子集的最小元素为 jj,当且仅当它包含 jj 并从更大的元素中选 999999 个,所以这样的子集有 (2015j999)\binom{2015-j}{999} 个,其最小元素为 jj。平均数为 jj(2015j999)(20151000)\frac{\sum_{j} j\binom{2015-j}{999}}{\binom{2015}{1000}}

分子可以看作一个具体计数:为了构造 {0,1,,2015}\{0, 1, \ldots, 2015\} 的一个 10011001 元子集,使其第二小元素为 jj,从 {0,,j1}\{0, \ldots, j-1\} 中选最小元素(有 jj 种),再从 {j+1,,2015}\{j+1, \ldots, 2015\} 中选出 999999 个更大的元素。对 jj 求和会把每个 10011001 元子集恰好数一次,所以 jj(2015j999)=(20161001)\sum_j j\binom{2015-j}{999} = \binom{2016}{1001}

因此平均数为 (20161001)(20151000)=20161001=288143\frac{\binom{2016}{1001}}{\binom{2015}{1000}} = \frac{2016}{1001} = \frac{288}{143},已经是最简分数,所以 p+q=288+143=431p + q = 288 + 143 = 431

A 10001000-element subset has least element jj exactly when it contains jj together with 999999 larger elements, so (2015j999)\binom{2015-j}{999} of the subsets have least element j.j. The mean is therefore jj(2015j999)(20151000).\frac{\sum_{j} j\binom{2015-j}{999}}{\binom{2015}{1000}}.

The numerator counts something concrete: to build a 10011001-element subset of {0,1,,2015}\{0, 1, \ldots, 2015\} whose second-smallest element is j,j, choose its smallest element from {0,,j1}\{0, \ldots, j-1\} (jj ways) and its top 999999 elements from {j+1,,2015}.\{j+1, \ldots, 2015\}. Summing over jj produces every 10011001-element subset exactly once, so jj(2015j999)=(20161001).\sum_j j\binom{2015-j}{999} = \binom{2016}{1001}.

Hence the mean is (20161001)(20151000)=20161001=288143,\frac{\binom{2016}{1001}}{\binom{2015}{1000}} = \frac{2016}{1001} = \frac{288}{143}, which is in lowest terms, and p+q=288+143=431.p + q = 288 + 143 = 431.

13.

所有角均以度为单位,乘积 k=145csc2(2k1)=mn\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ = m^n,其中 mmnn 都是大于 11 的整数。求 m+nm + n

With all angles measured in degrees, the product k=145csc2(2k1)=mn,\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ = m^n, where mm and nn are integers greater than 1.1. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

PPQQ 分别为不超过 8989^\circ 的所有奇数度角和偶数度角的正弦乘积;把 sink\sin k^\circsin(90k)=cosk\sin(90-k)^\circ = \cos k^\circ 配对

Let PP and QQ be the products of the sines of the odd and even degree angles up to 89;89^\circ; pair sink\sin k^\circ with sin(90k)=cosk\sin(90-k)^\circ = \cos k^\circ

大提示:

P2Q2=sinkcoskP^2Q^2 = \prod \sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ;把每个因子加倍会让乘积再次变成 Q2Q^2,只剩下一个 22 的幂

Then P2Q2=sinkcosk;P^2Q^2 = \prod \sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ; doubling every factor turns the product into Q2Q^2 again, leaving only a power of 22

解答:

P=sin1sin3sin89P = \sin 1^\circ \sin 3^\circ \cdots \sin 89^\circQ=sin2sin4sin88Q = \sin 2^\circ \sin 4^\circ \cdots \sin 88^\circ,则所求乘积为 1P2\frac{1}{P^2}。此时 PQ=k=189sinkPQ = \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin k^\circ,把这个乘积与反向排列的自身相乘,并用 sin(90k)=cosk\sin(90 - k)^\circ = \cos k^\circ,得到 P2Q2=k=189sinkcoskP^2Q^2 = \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ\text{。}

乘以 2892^{89},并使用 2sinkcosk=sin2k2\sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ = \sin 2k^\circ289P2Q2=k=189sin2k=(k=144sin2k)(k=4689sin2k)=QQ \begin{aligned} 2^{89} P^2 Q^2 &= \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin 2k^\circ \\ &= \left(\prod_{k=1}^{44} \sin 2k^\circ\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\prod_{k=46}^{89} \sin 2k^\circ\right) \\ &= Q \cdot Q \end{aligned}\text{,}因为 sin90=1\sin 90^\circ = 1,且 sin(180x)=sinx\sin(180 - x)^\circ = \sin x^\circ 会把后半部分也变成 QQ

由于 Q0Q \ne 0,可得 P2=289P^2 = 2^{-89},所以 k=145csc2(2k1)=289\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ = 2^{89}。由于 8989 是质数,写成 mnm^n 且满足 m,n>1m, n \gt 1 的唯一表示为 m=2m = 2n=89n = 89,因此 m+n=91m + n = 91

Let P=sin1sin3sin89P = \sin 1^\circ \sin 3^\circ \cdots \sin 89^\circ and Q=sin2sin4sin88,Q = \sin 2^\circ \sin 4^\circ \cdots \sin 88^\circ, so the desired product is 1P2.\frac{1}{P^2}. Then PQ=k=189sink,PQ = \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin k^\circ, and multiplying this by itself in reverse order, using sin(90k)=cosk,\sin(90 - k)^\circ = \cos k^\circ, gives P2Q2=k=189sinkcosk.P^2Q^2 = \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ.

Multiply by 2892^{89} and use 2sinkcosk=sin2k:2\sin k^\circ \cos k^\circ = \sin 2k^\circ: 289P2Q2=k=189sin2k=(k=144sin2k)(k=4689sin2k)=QQ, \begin{aligned} 2^{89} P^2 Q^2 &= \prod_{k=1}^{89} \sin 2k^\circ \\ &= \left(\prod_{k=1}^{44} \sin 2k^\circ\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\prod_{k=46}^{89} \sin 2k^\circ\right) \\ &= Q \cdot Q, \end{aligned} since sin90=1\sin 90^\circ = 1 and sin(180x)=sinx\sin(180 - x)^\circ = \sin x^\circ turns the second half into QQ as well.

Because Q0,Q \ne 0, it follows that P2=289,P^2 = 2^{-89}, so k=145csc2(2k1)=289.\prod_{k=1}^{45} \csc^2(2k-1)^\circ = 2^{89}. Since 8989 is prime, the only representation mnm^n with m,n>1m, n \gt 1 is m=2,m = 2, n=89,n = 89, and m+n=91.m + n = 91.

14.

对每个整数 n2n \ge 2,令 A(n)A(n) 为坐标平面中由不等式 1x<n1 \le x \lt n0yxx0 \le y \le x\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor 所定义区域的面积,其中 x\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor 是不超过 x\sqrt{x} 的最大整数。求满足 2n10002 \le n \le 1000A(n)A(n) 为整数的 nn 的个数。

For each integer n2,n \ge 2, let A(n)A(n) be the area of the region in the coordinate plane defined by the inequalities 1x<n1 \le x \lt n and 0yxx,0 \le y \le x\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor, where x\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor is the greatest integer not exceeding x.\sqrt{x}. Find the number of values of nn with 2n10002 \le n \le 1000 for which A(n)A(n) is an integer.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

mx<m+1m \le x \lt m+1k=mk = \lfloor\sqrt{m}\rfloor 的区间上,这一条带是面积为 (2m+1)k2\frac{(2m+1)k}{2} 的梯形;它恰在 kk 为偶数时是整数

Over mx<m+1m \le x \lt m+1 with k=m,k = \lfloor\sqrt{m}\rfloor, the strip is a trapezoid of area (2m+1)k2\frac{(2m+1)k}{2} — an integer exactly when kk is even

大提示:

因此 kk 为偶数时 A(n)A(n) 的整数性保持不变,kk 为奇数时每步交替;按 kmod4k \bmod 4 跟踪区间 k2<n(k+1)2k^2 \lt n \le (k+1)^2

So integrality of A(n)A(n) persists while kk is even and alternates while kk is odd; track the blocks k2<n(k+1)2k^2 \lt n \le (k+1)^2 according to kmod4k \bmod 4

解答:

在条带 mx<m+1m \le x \lt m + 1 上,有 x=k=m\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor = k = \lfloor\sqrt{m}\rfloor,所以这条带内的区域是直线 y=kxy = kx 下方的梯形,面积为 A(m+1)A(m)=(2m+1)k2A(m+1) - A(m) = \frac{(2m+1)k}{2}:当 kk 为偶数时是整数,当 kk 为奇数时是半整数。因此当 nn 增加 11 时,kk 为偶数则 A(n)A(n) 的整数性不变,kk 为奇数则每一步翻转。

考虑包含 2k+12k + 1 个值的区间 k2<n(k+1)2k^2 \lt n \le (k+1)^2。从 A(1)=0A(1) = 0 开始,A(k2)A(k^2) 的状态以 44 为周期循环:当 k0,1k \equiv 0, 1 时为整数,当 k2,3(mod4)k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4 时为非整数(奇数区间会翻转奇数次,偶数区间保持状态)。数出每个区间内使 A(n)A(n) 为整数的值:若 k=4j3k = 4j - 3,区间交替,首尾为非整数,贡献 4j34j - 3;若 k=4j2k = 4j - 2,每个值都是非整数,贡献 00;若 k=4j1k = 4j - 1,区间交替,首尾为整数,贡献 4j4j;若 k=4jk = 4j,全部 8j+18j + 1 个值都是整数。

j=1,,7j = 1, \ldots, 7,覆盖 2n2922 \le n \le 29^2,四个区间贡献 (4j3)+0+4j(4j - 3) + 0 + 4j +(8j+1)=16j2+ (8j + 1) = 16j - 2 个整数,总计 j=17(16j2)=434\sum_{j=1}^{7}(16j - 2) = 434。然后 k=29k = 29 的区间在 841<n900841 \lt n \le 900 中贡献 2929 个整数,k=30k = 30 的区间没有贡献;而 k=31k = 31 时,在 961<n1000961 \lt n \le 1000 的交替从 n=962n = 962 为整数开始,又给出 2020 个。总数为 434+29+20=483434 + 29 + 20 = 483

On the strip mx<m+1m \le x \lt m + 1 we have x=k=m,\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor = k = \lfloor\sqrt{m}\rfloor, so the region above it is a trapezoid under y=kxy = kx with area A(m+1)A(m)=(2m+1)k2:A(m+1) - A(m) = \frac{(2m+1)k}{2}: an integer when kk is even, a half-integer when kk is odd. Hence as nn grows by 1,1, the integrality of A(n)A(n) is unchanged while kk is even and flips at every step while kk is odd.

Consider the block of 2k+12k + 1 values k2<n(k+1)2.k^2 \lt n \le (k+1)^2. Starting from A(1)=0,A(1) = 0, the statuses of A(k2)A(k^2) cycle with period 4:4: integer for k0,1k \equiv 0, 1 and non-integer for k2,3(mod4)k \equiv 2, 3 \pmod 4 (an odd block flips the status an odd number of times, an even block preserves it). Counting integer values of A(n)A(n) inside each block: for k=4j3k = 4j - 3 the block alternates, beginning and ending with non-integers, giving 4j3;4j - 3; for k=4j2k = 4j - 2 every value is a non-integer, giving 0;0; for k=4j1k = 4j - 1 it alternates, beginning and ending with integers, giving 4j;4j; for k=4jk = 4j all 8j+18j + 1 values are integers.

For j=1,,7,j = 1, \ldots, 7, covering 2n292,2 \le n \le 29^2, the four blocks contribute (4j3)+0+4j(4j - 3) + 0 + 4j +(8j+1)=16j2+ (8j + 1) = 16j - 2 integers, totaling j=17(16j2)=434.\sum_{j=1}^{7}(16j - 2) = 434. Then the block k=29k = 29 contributes 2929 integers for 841<n900,841 \lt n \le 900, the block k=30k = 30 contributes none, and for k=31k = 31 the alternation over 961<n1000961 \lt n \le 1000 begins with an integer at n=962n = 962 and gives 2020 more. The total is 434+29+20=483.434 + 29 + 20 = 483.

15.

一块木头的形状是半径为 66、高为 88 的直圆柱,整个表面都已涂成蓝色。点 AABB 取在圆柱一个圆形底面的边缘上,使该底面上的弧 AB\overset{\frown}{AB} 度数为 120120^\circ。然后沿通过点 AA、点 BB 与圆柱中心的平面把木块切成两半,在每一半上露出一个平坦的未涂色面。其中一个未涂色面的面积为 aπ+bca\cdot\pi + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

A block of wood has the shape of a right circular cylinder with radius 66 and height 8,8, and its entire surface has been painted blue. Points AA and BB are chosen on the edge of one of the circular faces of the cylinder so that arc AB\overset{\frown}{AB} on that face measures 120.120^\circ. The block is then sliced in half along the plane that passes through point A,A, point B,B, and the center of the cylinder, revealing a flat, unpainted face on each half. The area of one of these unpainted faces is aπ+bc,a\cdot\pi + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

难度评级:3700
小提示:

把切面竖直投影到含有 AABB 的圆形底面上:投影区域是圆盘去掉两个 120120^\circ 圆弓形

Project the cut face straight down onto the circular face containing AA and B:B: the image is the disk minus two 120120^\circ circular segments

大提示:

OO 为圆柱中心,OO' 为底面圆心,MMABAB 的中点,则倾斜角满足 cosθ=OMOM\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM};将投影面积除以 cosθ\cos\theta

With OO the cylinder’s center, OO' the face center, and MM the midpoint of AB,AB, the tilt satisfies cosθ=OMOM;\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM}; divide the projected area by cosθ\cos\theta

解答:

把木块立在含 AABB 的底面上,设 OO' 为该底面的圆心,MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点,OO 为圆柱中心。切割平面在底面上交出弦 AB\overline{AB},并且由关于 OO 的对称性,在顶面上交出反射弦,所以切面竖直投影到弦 AB\overline{AB} 与其关于 OO' 的镜像之间的区域 RR'(如下图阴影所示)。每个被切掉的 120120^\circ 圆弓形面积为 13π621266sin120\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot 6^2 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \sin 120^\circ =12π93= 12\pi - 9\sqrt{3},所以 RR' 的面积为 36π2(12π93)36\pi - 2\left(12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}\right) =12π+183= 12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}

因为 AB=120\overset{\frown}{AB} = 120^\circ,三角形 AOBAO'B 给出 OM=6cos60=3O'M = 6\cos 60^\circ = 3,且 OO=4OO' = 4,所以 OM=5OM = 5。切面是平面,并且只在 OM\overline{O'M} 的方向上相对水平面倾斜,倾角 θ\theta 满足 cosθ=OMOM=35\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM} = \frac{3}{5}。还原投影时面积要乘以 53\frac{5}{3},所以未涂色面的面积为 53(12π+183)=20π+303\frac{5}{3}\left(12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}\right) = 20\pi + 30\sqrt{3}。因此 a+b+c=20+30+3=53a + b + c = 20 + 30 + 3 = 53

Stand the block on the face containing AA and B,B, and let OO' be the center of that face, MM the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and OO the center of the cylinder. The cutting plane meets the bottom face in chord AB\overline{AB} and, by symmetry through O,O, meets the top face in the reflected chord, so the cut face projects vertically onto the region RR' between chord AB\overline{AB} and its mirror image through OO' (shaded below). Each 120120^\circ circular segment cut off has area 13π621266sin120\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot 6^2 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \sin 120^\circ =12π93,= 12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}, so RR' has area 36π2(12π93)36\pi - 2\left(12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}\right) =12π+183.= 12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}.

Since AB=120,\overset{\frown}{AB} = 120^\circ, triangle AOBAO'B gives OM=6cos60=3,O'M = 6\cos 60^\circ = 3, and OO=4,OO' = 4, so OM=5.OM = 5. The cut face is planar and tilted from the horizontal only in the direction of OM,\overline{O'M}, at the angle θ\theta with cosθ=OMOM=35.\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM} = \frac{3}{5}. Undoing the projection therefore multiplies areas by 53,\frac{5}{3}, so the unpainted face has area 53(12π+183)=20π+303.\frac{5}{3}\left(12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}\right) = 20\pi + 30\sqrt{3}. Thus a+b+c=20+30+3=53.a + b + c = 20 + 30 + 3 = 53.