2021 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

设 ABCDABCD 是一个圆内接四边形,满足 AB=4AB = 4、BC=5BC = 5、CD=6CD = 6、DA=7DA = 7。设 A1A_1 与 C1C_1 分别为从 AA 与 CC 向直线 BDBD 所作垂线的垂足,B1B_1 与 D1D_1 分别为从 BB 与 DD 向直线 ACAC 所作垂线的垂足。A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 的周长为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 与 nn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n。

Let ABCDABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with AB=4,AB = 4, BC=5,BC = 5, CD=6,CD = 6, and DA=7.DA = 7. Let A1A_1 and C1C_1 be the feet of the perpendiculars from AA and C,C, respectively, to line BD,BD, and let B1B_1 and D1D_1 be the feet of the perpendiculars from BB and D,D, respectively, to line AC.AC. The perimeter of A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:301
知识点:圆内接四边形托勒密定理婆罗摩笈多公式相似
难度评级:3060
小提示:

设 PP 为两条对角线的交点,θ\theta 为它们之间的夹角;每个垂足满足 PA1=PAcos⁡θPA_1 = PA\cos\theta,所以 A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 与 ABCDABCD 相似,相似比为 cos⁡θ\cos\theta

With PP the diagonals’ intersection and θ\theta the angle between them, each foot satisfies PA1=PAcos⁡θ,PA_1 = PA\cos\theta, so A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 is similar to ABCDABCD with ratio cos⁡θ\cos\theta

大提示:

求 sin⁡θ\sin\theta:利用面积 =12d1d2sin⁡θ= \frac{1}{2} d_1 d_2 \sin\theta,其中 d1d2d_1 d_2 由托勒密定理求得,面积由婆罗摩笈多公式求得

Get sin⁡θ\sin\theta from area =12d1d2sin⁡θ,= \frac{1}{2} d_1 d_2 \sin\theta, using Ptolemy for d1d2d_1 d_2 and Brahmagupta for the area

解答:

设 P=AC∩BDP = AC \cap BD,并令 θ\theta 为两条对角线之间的锐角。因为 AA 位于直线 ACAC 上,其垂足 A1A_1 落在 BDBD 上并满足 PA1=PAcos⁡θPA_1 = PA\cos\theta;在 BDBD 的两条射线中,它位于与射线 PAPA 成锐角的一条;其他三个垂足同理。所以,A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 是 ABCDABCD 在以下变换下的像:将从 PP 出发的每条射线旋转 θ\theta 到另一条对角线方向,并按 cos⁡θ\cos\theta 缩放。在 PP 处的对应三角形相似,相似比为 cos⁡θ\cos\theta,因而 A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 的每条边都是 cos⁡θ\cos\theta 倍的 ABCDABCD 对应边。故其周长为 (4+5+6+7)cos⁡θ=22cos⁡θ(4 + 5 + 6 + 7)\cos\theta = 22\cos\theta。

由托勒密定理,AC⋅BD=4⋅6+5⋅7=59AC \cdot BD = 4 \cdot 6 + 5 \cdot 7 = 59。由婆罗摩笈多公式,取 s=11s = 11,面积为 7⋅6⋅5⋅4=2210\sqrt{7 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 4} = 2\sqrt{210}。另一方面,面积也等于 12 AC⋅BDsin⁡θ\frac{1}{2} \, AC \cdot BD \sin\theta,所以 sin⁡θ=421059\sin\theta = \frac{4\sqrt{210}}{59},从而 cos⁡2θ=1−33603481=1213481,cos⁡θ=1159。 \begin{aligned} \cos^2\theta &= 1 - \frac{3360}{3481} = \frac{121}{3481}, \\ \cos\theta &= \frac{11}{59} \end{aligned}\text{。}

周长为 22⋅1159=2425922 \cdot \frac{11}{59} = \frac{242}{59},且已经是最简分数,所以 m+n=242+59=301m + n = 242 + 59 = 301。

Let P=AC∩BDP = AC \cap BD and let θ\theta be the acute angle between the diagonals. Since AA lies on line AC,AC, its foot A1A_1 on BDBD satisfies PA1=PAcos⁡θ,PA_1 = PA\cos\theta, landing on the ray of BDBD making the acute angle with ray PA;PA; the same holds for all four feet. So A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 is the image of ABCDABCD under the map that rotates each ray from PP onto the other diagonal (through angle θ\theta) and scales by cos⁡θ:\cos\theta: corresponding triangles at PP are similar with ratio cos⁡θ,\cos\theta, and every side of A1B1C1D1A_1B_1C_1D_1 is cos⁡θ\cos\theta times the corresponding side of ABCD.ABCD. Hence the perimeter is (4+5+6+7)cos⁡θ=22cos⁡θ.(4 + 5 + 6 + 7)\cos\theta = 22\cos\theta.

By Ptolemy, AC⋅BD=4⋅6+5⋅7=59.AC \cdot BD = 4 \cdot 6 + 5 \cdot 7 = 59. By Brahmagupta with s=11,s = 11, the area is 7⋅6⋅5⋅4=2210.\sqrt{7 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 4} = 2\sqrt{210}. Since the area also equals 12 AC⋅BDsin⁡θ,\frac{1}{2} \, AC \cdot BD \sin\theta, we get sin⁡θ=421059,\sin\theta = \frac{4\sqrt{210}}{59}, so cos⁡2θ=1−33603481=1213481,cos⁡θ=1159. \begin{aligned} \cos^2\theta &= 1 - \frac{3360}{3481} = \frac{121}{3481}, \\ \cos\theta &= \frac{11}{59}. \end{aligned}

The perimeter is 22⋅1159=24259,22 \cdot \frac{11}{59} = \frac{242}{59}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=242+59=301.m + n = 242 + 59 = 301.

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