2008 AIME II 第 11 题

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11.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=AC=100AB = AC = 100,且 BC=56BC = 56。圆 PP 的半径为 1616,并与 AC‾\overline{AC} 和 BC‾\overline{BC} 相切。圆 QQ 与圆 PP 外切,并与 AB‾\overline{AB} 和 BC‾\overline{BC} 相切。圆 QQ 没有任何点在 △ABC\triangle ABC 外。圆 QQ 的半径可表示为 m−nkm - n\sqrt{k},其中 mm、nn、kk 是正整数,且 kk 是若干不同质数的乘积。求 m+nkm + nk。

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=AC=100,AB = AC = 100, and BC=56.BC = 56. Circle PP has radius 1616 and is tangent to AC‾\overline{AC} and BC‾.\overline{BC}. Circle QQ is externally tangent to circle PP and is tangent to AB‾\overline{AB} and BC‾.\overline{BC}. No point of circle QQ lies outside of △ABC.\triangle ABC. The radius of circle QQ can be expressed in the form m−nk,m - n\sqrt{k}, where m,m, n,n, and kk are positive integers and kk is the product of distinct primes. Find m+nk.m + nk.

答案:254
知识点:相切圆坐标几何角平分线三角恒等式
难度评级:2990
小提示:

取 B=(0,0)B = (0,0),C=(56,0)C = (56,0),A=(28,96)A = (28,96);两个圆心都在角平分线上,并且 tan⁡B2=tan⁡C2=34\tan\frac{B}{2} = \tan\frac{C}{2} = \frac{3}{4}

Place B=(0,0),B = (0,0), C=(56,0),C = (56,0), A=(28,96);A = (28,96); both centers lie on angle bisectors, and tan⁡B2=tan⁡C2=34\tan\frac{B}{2} = \tan\frac{C}{2} = \frac{3}{4}

大提示:

两个圆心为 (56−643, 16)\left(56 - \frac{64}{3},\, 16\right) 和 (4q3, q)\left(\frac{4q}{3},\, q\right);令它们之间的距离等于 q+16q + 16

The centers are (56−643, 16)\left(56 - \frac{64}{3},\, 16\right) and (4q3, q);\left(\frac{4q}{3},\, q\right); set the distance between them equal to q+16q + 16

解答:

取 B=(0,0)B = (0, 0),C=(56,0)C = (56, 0);从 AA 向底边作的高为 1002−282=96\sqrt{100^2 - 28^2} = 96,所以 A=(28,96)A = (28, 96)。于是 sin⁡B=2425\sin B = \frac{24}{25},cos⁡B=725\cos B = \frac{7}{25},且 tan⁡B2=sin⁡B1+cos⁡B=34=tan⁡C2。 \begin{aligned} \tan\frac{B}{2} &= \frac{\sin B}{1 + \cos B} \\ &= \frac{3}{4} = \tan\frac{C}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}一个半径为 rr,且与 BC‾\overline{BC} 和一条斜边相切的圆,其圆心位于从相应底角顶点出发的角平分线上,高度为 rr,与该顶点的水平距离为 rtan⁡(C2)=4r3\frac{r}{\tan(\frac{C}{2})} = \frac{4r}{3}。因此 P=(56−643, 16)P = \left(56 - \frac{64}{3},\, 16\right),且 Q=(4q3, q)Q = \left(\frac{4q}{3},\, q\right),其中 qq 是圆 QQ 的半径。

外切意味着 PQ=q+16PQ = q + 16:(104−4q3)2+(16−q)2=(16+q)2。 \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{104 - 4q}{3}\right)^2 + (16 - q)^2 \\ &= (16 + q)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 (16+q)2−(16−q)2=64q(16 + q)^2 - (16 - q)^2 = 64q,这变为 (104−4q)2=576q(104 - 4q)^2 = 576q,即 (26−q)2=36q(26 - q)^2 = 36q,化简得 q2−88q+676=0q^2 - 88q + 676 = 0,所以 q=44±635q = 44 \pm 6\sqrt{35}。

根 44+635≈79.544 + 6\sqrt{35} \approx 79.5 会使圆 QQ 伸出三角形外,所以 q=44−635q = 44 - 6\sqrt{35}。因此 m=44m = 44,n=6n = 6,k=35=5⋅7k = 35 = 5 \cdot 7,得到 m+nk=44+210=254m + nk = 44 + 210 = 254。

Place B=(0,0)B = (0, 0) and C=(56,0);C = (56, 0); the altitude from AA has length 1002−282=96,\sqrt{100^2 - 28^2} = 96, so A=(28,96).A = (28, 96). Then sin⁡B=2425,\sin B = \frac{24}{25}, cos⁡B=725,\cos B = \frac{7}{25}, and tan⁡B2=sin⁡B1+cos⁡B=34=tan⁡C2. \begin{aligned} \tan\frac{B}{2} &= \frac{\sin B}{1 + \cos B} \\ &= \frac{3}{4} = \tan\frac{C}{2}. \end{aligned} A circle of radius rr tangent to BC‾\overline{BC} and to a slanted side has its center on the bisector from that base vertex, at height rr and horizontal distance rtan⁡(C2)=4r3\frac{r}{\tan(\frac{C}{2})} = \frac{4r}{3} from the vertex. Thus P=(56−643, 16)P = \left(56 - \frac{64}{3},\, 16\right) and Q=(4q3, q),Q = \left(\frac{4q}{3},\, q\right), where qq is the radius of circle Q.Q.

External tangency means PQ=q+16:PQ = q + 16: (104−4q3)2+(16−q)2=(16+q)2. \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{104 - 4q}{3}\right)^2 + (16 - q)^2 \\ &= (16 + q)^2. \end{aligned} Since (16+q)2−(16−q)2=64q,(16 + q)^2 - (16 - q)^2 = 64q, this becomes (104−4q)2=576q,(104 - 4q)^2 = 576q, i.e. (26−q)2=36q,(26 - q)^2 = 36q, which simplifies to q2−88q+676=0,q^2 - 88q + 676 = 0, so q=44±635.q = 44 \pm 6\sqrt{35}.

The root 44+635≈79.544 + 6\sqrt{35} \approx 79.5 would make circle QQ extend outside the triangle, so q=44−635.q = 44 - 6\sqrt{35}. Here m=44,m = 44, n=6,n = 6, and k=35=5⋅7,k = 35 = 5 \cdot 7, giving m+nk=44+210=254.m + nk = 44 + 210 = 254.

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