2003 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

随机选取角 xx,使其位于区间 0<x<900^\circ \lt x \lt 90^\circ。设 ppsin2x\sin^2 xcos2x\cos^2 xsinxcosx\sin x \cos x 不能作为一个三角形三边长的概率。已知 p=dnp = \frac{d}{n},其中 ddarctanm\arctan m 的度数,且 mmnn 是满足 m+n<1000m + n \lt 1000 的正整数。求 m+nm + n

An angle xx is chosen at random from the interval 0<x<90.0^\circ \lt x \lt 90^\circ. Let pp be the probability that the numbers sin2x,\sin^2 x, cos2x,\cos^2 x, and sinxcosx\sin x \cos x are not the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Given that p=dn,p = \frac{d}{n}, where dd is the number of degrees in arctanm\arctan m and mm and nn are positive integers with m+n<1000,m + n \lt 1000, find m+n.m + n.

答案:92
知识点:几何概率三角不等式三角恒等式
难度评级:2710
小提示:

0<x450^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ 时,三个数中最大的是 cos2x\cos^2 x,因此只有一个三角形不等式可能失败。

For 0<x450^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ the largest of the three numbers is cos2x,\cos^2 x, so only one triangle inequality can fail

大提示:

cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x 可通过倍角公式整理为 tan2x2\tan 2x \le 2

cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x rearranges via double angles to tan2x2\tan 2x \le 2

解答:

xx 替换为 90x90^\circ - x 会交换 sinx\sin xcosx\cos x,所以在 (45,90)(45^\circ, 90^\circ) 上的失败概率与在 (0,45)(0^\circ, 45^\circ) 上相同,只需考虑 0<x450^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ。在此范围内 cos2xsinxcosxsin2x\cos^2 x \ge \sin x \cos x \ge \sin^2 x,因此这三个数不能组成三角形当且仅当 cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x\text{。}

因为 cos2xsin2x=cos2x\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x,且 sinxcosx=12sin2x\sin x \cos x = \frac{1}{2}\sin 2x,这等价于 cos2x12sin2x\cos 2x \ge \frac{1}{2} \sin 2x,即 tan2x2\tan 2x \le 2。由于正切函数在该范围内递增,这恰好在 x12arctan2x \le \frac{1}{2}\arctan 2 时发生。

因此 p=12arctan245=arctan290p = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\arctan 2}{45^\circ} = \frac{\arctan 2}{90^\circ} 所以 m=2m = 2n=90n = 90,且 m+n=92<1000m + n = 92 \lt 1000,答案为 9292

Replacing xx by 90x90^\circ - x swaps sinx\sin x and cosx,\cos x, so the failure probability on (45,90)(45^\circ, 90^\circ) matches that on (0,45),(0^\circ, 45^\circ), and it suffices to consider 0<x45.0^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ. There cos2xsinxcosxsin2x,\cos^2 x \ge \sin x \cos x \ge \sin^2 x, so the three numbers fail to form a triangle exactly when cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx.\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x.

Since cos2xsin2x=cos2x\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x and sinxcosx=12sin2x,\sin x \cos x = \frac{1}{2}\sin 2x, this says cos2x12sin2x,\cos 2x \ge \frac{1}{2} \sin 2x, i.e. tan2x2.\tan 2x \le 2. Because tangent increases on this range, that happens exactly for x12arctan2.x \le \frac{1}{2}\arctan 2.

Therefore p=12arctan245=arctan290,p = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\arctan 2}{45^\circ} = \frac{\arctan 2}{90^\circ}, so m=2m = 2 and n=90,n = 90, with m+n=92<1000,m + n = 92 \lt 1000, and the answer is 92.92.

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