1995 AIME 第 11 题

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11.

直角长方体 PP(即矩形平行六面体)的三条边长是整数 aabbcc,其中 abca\leq b\leq c。一个与 PP 的某个面平行的平面把 PP 切成两个棱柱,其中一个与 PP 相似,并且两个棱柱的体积都不为零。已知 b=1995b=1995,存在这样的平面的有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 有多少个?

A right rectangular prism PP (i.e., a rectangular parallelepiped) has sides of integral length a,a, b,b, c,c, with abc.a\leq b\leq c. A plane parallel to one of the faces of PP cuts PP into two prisms, one of which is similar to P,P, and both of which have nonzero volume. Given that b=1995,b=1995, for how many ordered triples (a,b,c)(a,b,c) does such a plane exist?

答案:40
知识点:相似因数个数因式分解
难度评级:2270
小提示:

将较小棱柱的三条边长排序,再依次与 aabbcc 比较

Sort the three side lengths of the smaller prism and compare them in order with a,a, b,b, and cc

大提示:

两个保持不变的尺寸迫使 a1995=1995c\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}

The two unchanged dimensions force a1995=1995c\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}

解答:

设与原棱柱相似的较小棱柱按顺序排列的边长为 xyzx\leq y\leq z。它与 PP 共有两条边长,而且排序后的三条边都小于 PP 中对应的边。唯一可能的对应关系为 y=ay=az=b=1995z=b=1995。由相似关系,xa=a1995=1995c\frac{x}{a}=\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}\text{,}所以 ac=19952ac=1995^2。反过来,每个满足 a<ca<c 的因数对都给出一个非退化的切割。由于 1995=357191995=3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot19,它的平方有 34=813^4=81 个因数。排除中间的因数对 a=c=1995a=c=1995,再从其余每对因数中取一个,得到 8112=40\frac{81-1}{2}=40

Let the similar smaller prism have sorted sides xyz.x\leq y\leq z. It shares two side lengths with P,P, and all three of its sorted sides are smaller than the corresponding sides of P.P. The only possible matching is y=ay=a and z=b=1995.z=b=1995. Similarity then gives xa=a1995=1995c,\frac{x}{a}=\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}, so ac=19952.ac=1995^2. Conversely every factor pair a<ca<c gives a nondegenerate cut. Since 1995=35719,1995=3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot19, its square has 34=813^4=81 divisors. Excluding the central pair a=c=1995a=c=1995 and taking one divisor from each remaining pair gives 8112=40.\frac{81-1}{2}=40.

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