1993 AIME 第 11 题

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11.

阿尔弗雷德和邦妮轮流抛一枚均匀硬币进行游戏,每局最先抛出正面的人获胜。他们连续进行若干局,并规定上一局的失败者在下一局先抛。已知第一局由阿尔弗雷德先抛,且他赢得第六局的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。m+nm+n 的末三位数字是什么?

Alfred and Bonnie play a game in which they take turns tossing a fair coin. The winner of a game is the first person to obtain a head. Alfred and Bonnie play this game several times with the stipulation that the loser of a game goes first in the next game. Suppose that Alfred goes first in the first game, and that the probability that he wins the sixth game is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What are the last three digits of m+n?m+n?

答案:93
知识点:基本概率递推递推概率
难度评级:2370
小提示:

分别计算阿尔弗雷德先抛和邦妮先抛时,阿尔弗雷德赢得一局的概率

Compute Alfred’s chance to win a single game when he goes first and when Bonnie goes first

大提示:

prp_r 是阿尔弗雷德赢得第 rr 局的概率,将 pr+1p_{r+1} 表示成 prp_r 的式子

If prp_r is Alfred’s chance to win game rr, express pr+1p_{r+1} in terms of prp_r

解答:

阿尔弗雷德先抛时,赢得一局的概率为 23\frac{2}{3};邦妮先抛时,该概率为 13\frac{1}{3}。由于失败者在下一局先抛,pr+1=23(1pr)+13pr=2313pr,p1=23\begin{aligned}p_{r+1}&=\frac23(1-p_r)+\frac13p_r\\&=\frac23-\frac13p_r,\qquad p_1=\frac23\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 pr12=(13)r16p_r-\frac12=\frac{(-\frac{1}{3})^{r-1}}{6}。特别地,p6=1211458=364729p_6=\frac12-\frac1{1458}=\frac{364}{729}。所以 m+n=1093m+n=1093,其末三位数字为 093093

Alfred wins a game with probability 23\frac{2}{3} when he starts and 13\frac{1}{3} when Bonnie starts. Since the loser starts the next game, pr+1=23(1pr)+13pr=2313pr,p1=23.\begin{aligned}p_{r+1}&=\frac23(1-p_r)+\frac13p_r\\&=\frac23-\frac13p_r,\qquad p_1=\frac23.\end{aligned} Thus pr12=(13)r16.p_r-\frac12=\frac{(-\frac{1}{3})^{r-1}}{6}. In particular, p6=1211458=364729.p_6=\frac12-\frac1{1458}=\frac{364}{729}. Therefore m+n=1093,m+n=1093, whose last three digits are 093.093.

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