1993 AIME 详解
向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试。
所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
在 与 之间,有多少个四位数字互不相同的偶数?
How many even integers between and have four different digits?
小提示:
按千位数字是偶数还是奇数分类
Separate the cases according to whether the thousands digit is even or odd
大提示:
选定千位和个位数字后,依次计算两个中间数位的选择数
After choosing the thousands and units digits, count the choices for the two middle digits in order
解答:
千位数字是 、 或 。若千位数字是 或 ,则个位数字有 种选择,即从 、、、 和 中排除已经用过的千位数字;随后百位和十位数字分别有 种和 种选择。这两种情况共得到 个数。若千位数字是 ,则 个偶数都可作为个位数字,共得到 个数。因此总数为 。
The thousands digit is or If it is or the units digit has choices among and after which the hundreds and tens digits have and choices. These two cases contribute If the thousands digit is all even units digits are available, contributing Thus the total is
2.
在最近的一次竞选活动中,一名候选人在一个假定为平面的国家中巡回旅行。第一天他向东走,第二天向北走,第三天向西走,第四天向南走,第五天又向东走,如此循环。若他每天行进 英里,其中 是当天的编号,那么第 天结束时,他与出发点相距多少英里?
During a recent campaign for office, a candidate made a tour of a country which we assume lies in a plane. On the first day of the tour he went east, on the second day he went north, on the third day west, on the fourth day south, on the fifth day east, etc. If the candidate went miles on the th day of this tour, how many miles was he from his starting point at the end of the th day?
小提示:
将 天分成十个四天周期,分别求水平位移与竖直位移之和
Group the days into ten four-day cycles and sum horizontal and vertical displacements separately
大提示:
对周期编号 ,比较 与 ,并用同样的方法比较另一对
For cycle index compare with , and similarly compare the other pair
解答:
用 给十个周期编号。水平位移为 同理,竖直位移为 因此,他与出发点的距离为 。
Index the ten cycles by The horizontal displacement is Similarly, the vertical displacement is Therefore the distance from the start is
3.
下表列出了去年夏天“霜冻瀑布钓鱼节”的部分比赛结果,显示对于不同的 ,各有多少名参赛者钓到了 条鱼。
钓到 条鱼的
参赛者人数
钓到 条鱼的
参赛者人数
报纸在报道本次活动时写道:
(a)冠军钓到了 条鱼;
(b)钓到 条或更多鱼的人平均每人钓到 条;
(c)钓到 条或更少鱼的人平均每人钓到 条。
钓鱼节期间一共钓到了多少条鱼?
The table below displays some of the results of last summer’s Frostbite Falls Fishing Festival, showing how many contestants caught fish for various values of
number of contestants
who caught fish
number of contestants
who caught fish
In the newspaper story covering the event, it was reported that
(a) the winner caught fish;
(b) those who caught or more fish averaged fish each;
(c) those who caught or fewer fish averaged fish each.
What was the total number of fish caught during the festival?
小提示:
设 为参赛者总人数, 为鱼的总数
Let be the total number of contestants and the total number of fish
大提示:
使用两个平均数时,先分别减去钓到少于 条鱼和多于 条鱼的已知群体
Use the two averages by first subtracting the known groups with fewer than fish and with more than fish
解答:
共有 名参赛者钓到少于 条鱼,他们共钓到 条鱼。因此条件(b)给出 ,即 。共有 名参赛者钓到多于 条鱼,他们共钓到 条鱼,因此条件(c)给出 ,即 。所以 ,且 。
The contestants below fish caught fish. Thus condition (b) gives or The contestants above fish caught fish, so condition (c) gives or Hence and
4.
有多少个有序整数四元组 满足 、 和 ?
How many ordered four-tuples of integers with satisfy and
小提示:
第一个方程意味着
The first equation implies that
大提示:
令 ,并将 用 和 因式分解
Set and factor in terms of and
解答:
令 ,且 。于是 由于 ,必须有 。正因数对为 和 。在第一种情况下,,所以有 种 的选择。在第二种情况下,,所以有 种选择。总数为 。
Let and Then Since we need The positive factor pairs are and For the first, gives choices for For the second, gives choices. The total is
5.
设 。对整数 ,定义 。求 在 中的系数。
Let For integers define What is the coefficient of in
6.
能同时表示为九个连续整数之和、十个连续整数之和以及十一个连续整数之和的最小正整数是多少?
What is the smallest positive integer that can be expressed as the sum of nine consecutive integers, the sum of ten consecutive integers, and the sum of eleven consecutive integers?
小提示:
奇数个连续整数之和能被项数整除
A sum of an odd number of consecutive integers is divisible by the number of terms
大提示:
十个连续整数之和同余于
A sum of ten consecutive integers is congruent to
解答:
个和 个连续整数之和分别能被 和 整除,所以所求数是 的倍数。 个连续整数之和形如 ,因此同余于 。在 的倍数中,第一个末位为 的数是 ,并且它确实具有题目要求的三种表示。
The sums of and consecutive integers are divisible by and so the desired number is a multiple of A sum of consecutive integers has the form hence is congruent to The first multiple of ending in is and each of the three required representations then exists.
7.
随机无放回地抽取三个数 、、,它们来自集合 。再随机无放回地抽取另外三个数 、、,它们来自剩余的 个数。设 为如下事件的概率:经过适当旋转后,尺寸为 的长方体砖块可以放入尺寸为 的盒子中,并且砖块各边与盒子各边平行。若将 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。
Three numbers, are drawn randomly and without replacement from the set Three other numbers, are then drawn randomly and without replacement from the remaining set of numbers. Let be the probability that, after a suitable rotation, a brick of dimensions can be enclosed in a box of dimensions with the sides of the brick parallel to the sides of the box. If is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?
小提示:
固定选出的六个数并按递增顺序排列,只记录每个数属于砖块还是盒子
Condition on the six selected values and record only whether each belongs to the brick or the box in increasing order
大提示:
当且仅当这个六字母序列的每个前缀中 的个数都不少于 的个数时,砖块才能放入盒子
The brick fits exactly when every prefix of this six-letter word contains at least as many ’s as ’s
解答:
固定六个互不相同的数并将它们排序后,把其中三个分给砖块的 种方法等可能。将砖块和盒子的尺寸分别排序后,砖块恰能放入盒子,当且仅当所得的由三个 和三个 组成的序列中,每个前缀里的 数量都不少于 的数量。这样的序列有 个。因此 ,所求之和为 。
After the six distinct values are fixed and sorted, each of the assignments of three values to the brick is equally likely. The sorted brick dimensions fit the sorted box dimensions exactly when, in every prefix of the resulting word of three ’s and three ’s, the number of ’s is at least the number of ’s. There are such words. Thus and the requested sum is
8.
设 是一个含有六个元素的集合。从 中选取两个不一定互不相同的子集,使它们的并集为 ,共有多少种不同的选法?选取顺序不计;例如,子集对 、 与子集对 、 表示同一种选法。
Let be a set with six elements. In how many different ways can one select two not necessarily distinct subsets of so that the union of the two subsets is The order of selection does not matter; for example, the pair of subsets represents the same selection as the pair
小提示:
对于有序子集对,每个元素可以只属于第一个子集、只属于第二个子集,或同时属于两者
For an ordered pair, each element can lie in the first subset only, the second only, or both
大提示:
交换两个子集时,找出唯一保持不变的有序子集对
When the two subsets are swapped, identify the one ordered pair that remains fixed
解答:
对于有序子集对 ,若 ,则每个元素有三种归属方式:只属于 、只属于 ,或同时属于两者。因此共有 个有序子集对。交换 与 时,只有 这一对子集保持不变。所以无序子集对的数目为
For an ordered pair with each element has three possible memberships: only, only, or both. This gives ordered pairs. Swapping and fixes only the pair Therefore the number of unordered pairs is
9.
圆上有两千个点。任选一点标上 。从该点起,沿顺时针方向数 个点,并将到达的点标上 。再从标有 的点起,沿顺时针方向数 个点,并将到达的点标上 。(见图。)继续这一过程,直到 、、、、 这些标号全部用过。圆上有些点会有多个标号,有些点则没有标号。与 标在同一点上的最小整数是多少?
Two thousand points are given on a circle. Label one of the points From this point, count points in the clockwise direction and label this point From the point labeled count points in the clockwise direction and label this point (See figure.) Continue this process until the labels are all used. Some of the points on the circle will have more than one label and some points will not have a label. What is the smallest integer that labels the same point as
小提示:
计算每个标号相对于标有 的点的顺时针位移
Measure every label’s clockwise displacement from the point labeled
大提示:
将所得二次同余式分别模 和模 求解
Reduce the resulting quadratic congruence separately modulo and modulo
解答:
标号 相对于标号 沿顺时针方向移动了 个点。因此,它与标号 位于同一点,当且仅当 模 ,等价地,当 。模 时,解为 和 ;模 时,解为 和 。用中国剩余定理合并,得到 最小的正整数解为 。
Label is displaced points clockwise from label Thus it shares the point of label exactly when modulo or equivalently when Modulo the solutions are and and modulo they are and Combining these by the Chinese Remainder Theorem gives The smallest positive possibility is
10.
欧拉公式指出,对于有 个顶点、 条棱和 个面的凸多面体,有 。某个凸多面体有 个面,每个面都是三角形或五边形。在它的 个顶点中的每一个处,都有 个三角形面和 个五边形面相交。求 的值。
Euler’s formula states that for a convex polyhedron with vertices, edges, and faces, A particular convex polyhedron has faces, each of which is either a triangle or a pentagon. At each of its vertices, triangular faces and pentagonal faces meet. What is the value of
小提示:
设 为三角形面的个数,并分别对面与棱、面与顶点的关联数进行计数
Let be the number of triangular faces and count face-edge and face-vertex incidences
大提示:
用欧拉公式将 表示为 的式子,再得到关于 的两个整除条件
Use Euler’s formula to express in terms of , then obtain two divisibility conditions on
解答:
设 为三角形面的个数,则五边形面有 个,并且 由欧拉公式得 。对面与顶点的关联数进行计数,可得 因此 ,且 。又因为 ,所以在这个范围内, 与 唯一的公因数是 。于是 、,从而 。
Let be the number of triangular faces, so there are pentagons and Euler’s formula gives Counting face-vertex incidences yields Hence and Also so the only common divisor of and in that range is Then and giving
11.
阿尔弗雷德和邦妮轮流抛一枚均匀硬币进行游戏,每局最先抛出正面的人获胜。他们连续进行若干局,并规定上一局的失败者在下一局先抛。已知第一局由阿尔弗雷德先抛,且他赢得第六局的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。 的末三位数字是什么?
Alfred and Bonnie play a game in which they take turns tossing a fair coin. The winner of a game is the first person to obtain a head. Alfred and Bonnie play this game several times with the stipulation that the loser of a game goes first in the next game. Suppose that Alfred goes first in the first game, and that the probability that he wins the sixth game is where and are relatively prime positive integers. What are the last three digits of
小提示:
分别计算阿尔弗雷德先抛和邦妮先抛时,阿尔弗雷德赢得一局的概率
Compute Alfred’s chance to win a single game when he goes first and when Bonnie goes first
大提示:
若 是阿尔弗雷德赢得第 局的概率,将 表示成 的式子
If is Alfred’s chance to win game , express in terms of
解答:
阿尔弗雷德先抛时,赢得一局的概率为 ;邦妮先抛时,该概率为 。由于失败者在下一局先抛,因此 。特别地,。所以 ,其末三位数字为 。
Alfred wins a game with probability when he starts and when Bonnie starts. Since the loser starts the next game, Thus In particular, Therefore whose last three digits are
12.
的顶点为 、 和 。一枚骰子的六个面分别标有两个 、两个 和两个 。选取点 ,它位于 内部;然后反复掷骰子并按以下规则生成点 、、、:若骰子掷出的标号为 ,其中 ,且最近得到的点为 ,则 是 的中点。已知 ,求 。
The vertices of are and The six faces of a die are labeled with two ’s, two ’s, and two ’s. Point is chosen in the interior of and points are generated by rolling the die repeatedly and applying the rule: If the die shows label where and is the most recently obtained point, then is the midpoint of Given that what is
小提示:
将关于 的方程乘以 ,逆向处理六次取中点操作
Reverse the six midpoint operations by multiplying the equation for by
大提示:
六次掷出的顶点分别获得权重 、、、、 和 ;先使用 坐标
The six rolled vertices receive the distinct weights and ; use the -coordinate first
解答:
设 和 分别为权重 、、、、 和 中分配给掷出 和 的权重之和。反复应用中点规则可得 因此 。由于 在三角形内部,,这迫使 、。随后,由点在三角形内部的坐标条件得 。又因为 ,所以唯一可能的整数 是 ,从而 。因此 。
Let and be the sums of the weights and assigned to rolls of and respectively. Iterating the midpoint rule gives Hence Because is interior, forcing and The triangle inequality for its coordinates then gives Since the only possible integer is giving Therefore
13.
珍妮和肯尼沿相同方向行走;肯尼的速度为每秒 英尺,珍妮的速度为每秒 英尺。他们所在的两条平行道路相距 英尺。一座直径为 英尺的高大圆形建筑位于两条道路正中间。当建筑首次挡住两人的视线时,他们相距 英尺。设再过 秒后,两人能够重新看见彼此。若将 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。
Jenny and Kenny are walking in the same direction, Kenny at feet per second and Jenny at foot per second, on parallel paths that are feet apart. A tall circular building feet in diameter is centered midway between the paths. At the instant when the building first blocks the line of sight between Jenny and Kenny, they are feet apart. Let be the amount of time, in seconds, before Jenny and Kenny can see each other again. If is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?
小提示:
将圆形建筑的圆心置于原点,并将两条道路置于 和 上
Place the circular building at the origin and the two paths on and
大提示:
首次被遮挡时,两人的横坐标都为 ;令之后两人连线到原点的距离等于
At the first blockage both walkers have ; set the later connecting line’s distance from the origin equal to
解答:
首次被遮挡时,两人在切线 上竖直对齐。经过 秒后,他们的位置可写为 和 。原点到两人连线的距离为 第二次相切时,该距离等于 。平方并化简得 因此 。正的时间为 ,所求之和为 。
At first blockage the walkers are vertically aligned on the tangent After seconds their positions may be written as and The distance from the origin to their connecting line is At the second tangency this equals Squaring and simplifying gives so The positive time is and the requested sum is
14.
若一个矩形内接于较大的矩形(每条边上各有一个顶点),并且这个小矩形可以绕其中心在大矩形内部旋转任意微小的角度,就称它为“可松动”的内接矩形。在所有可松动地内接于 乘 矩形的矩形中,最小周长形如 ,其中 是正整数。求 。
A rectangle that is inscribed in a larger rectangle (with one vertex on each side) is called unstuck if it is possible to rotate (however slightly) the smaller rectangle about its center within the confines of the larger. Of all the rectangles that can be inscribed unstuck in a by rectangle, the smallest perimeter has the form for a positive integer Find
小提示:
将 乘 的外矩形中心置于原点,并参数化位于右边和上边的两个相邻内矩形顶点
Center the -by- rectangle at the origin and parameterize consecutive inner vertices on the right and top sides
大提示:
利用两条半对角线等长建立两个自由坐标之间的关系,再用对角线和面积表示周长的平方
Use equal half-diagonals to relate the two free coordinates, then express the square of the perimeter through the diagonal and area
解答:
相对顶点分别落在外矩形的一对相对边上,因此两个矩形有同一中心。绕中心转过小角度 时,右边的接触点 只有在 时才向内移动,而上边的接触点 只有在 时才向内移动。因此,可松动矩形的两个偏移量异号;适当反射后,可将其连续顶点写成 ,其中 。两条半对角线等长给出 ,所以 。若其边长为 ,则 因此,其周长 满足 当 时等号成立,此时矩形的边不与坐标轴平行,因而可以松动。所以最小周长为 ,且 。
Opposite vertices lie on opposite sides of the outer rectangle, so the two rectangles have the same center. For a small rotation through angle a right-side contact at moves inward only if while a top-side contact at moves inward only if Thus an unstuck rectangle has opposite-signed offsets; after reflection, write its consecutive vertices as with Equal half-diagonals give so If its side lengths are then Therefore its perimeter satisfies Equality occurs at which gives a non-axis-aligned, hence unstuck, rectangle. Thus the minimum perimeter is and
15.
设 是 的一条高。设 和 为两个切点:三角形 和 的内切圆分别在这两点与 相切。若 、、,则 可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质整数。求 。
Let be an altitude of Let and be the points where the circles inscribed in the triangles and are tangent to If and then can be expressed as where and are relatively prime integers. Find
小提示:
利用相应直角三角形的半周长,表示 到各切点的距离
Express the distance from to each tangency point using the semiperimeter of its right triangle
大提示:
不先计算高,直接由边长求出
Find from the side lengths without first computing the altitude
解答:
令 。在直角三角形 中,从 到内切圆切点的切线长为 ;在三角形 中,该长度为 。因此 投影公式给出 由于 ,所以 。
Let In right triangle the tangent length from to its incircle is in triangle it is Hence The projection formula gives Since Thus