1993 AIME 真题

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1.

4000400070007000 之间,有多少个四位数字互不相同的偶数?

How many even integers between 40004000 and 70007000 have four different digits?

答案:728
知识点:基本计数分类讨论数字
难度评级:1920
小提示:

按千位数字是偶数还是奇数分类

Separate the cases according to whether the thousands digit is even or odd

大提示:

选定千位和个位数字后,依次计算两个中间数位的选择数

After choosing the thousands and units digits, count the choices for the two middle digits in order

解答:

千位数字是 445566。若千位数字是 4466,则个位数字有 44 种选择,即从 0022446688 中排除已经用过的千位数字;随后百位和十位数字分别有 88 种和 77 种选择。这两种情况共得到 2487=4482\cdot4\cdot8\cdot7=448 个数。若千位数字是 55,则 55 个偶数都可作为个位数字,共得到 587=2805\cdot8\cdot7=280 个数。因此总数为 448+280=728448+280=728

The thousands digit is 4,4, 5,5, or 6.6. If it is 44 or 6,6, the units digit has 44 choices among 0,0, 2,2, 4,4, 6,6, and 8,8, after which the hundreds and tens digits have 88 and 77 choices. These two cases contribute 2487=448.2\cdot4\cdot8\cdot7=448. If the thousands digit is 5,5, all 55 even units digits are available, contributing 587=280.5\cdot8\cdot7=280. Thus the total is 448+280=728.448+280=728.

2.

在最近的一次竞选活动中,一名候选人在一个假定为平面的国家中巡回旅行。第一天他向东走,第二天向北走,第三天向西走,第四天向南走,第五天又向东走,如此循环。若他每天行进 n22\frac{n^2}{2} 英里,其中 nn 是当天的编号,那么第 4040 天结束时,他与出发点相距多少英里?

During a recent campaign for office, a candidate made a tour of a country which we assume lies in a plane. On the first day of the tour he went east, on the second day he went north, on the third day west, on the fourth day south, on the fifth day east, etc. If the candidate went n22\frac{n^2}{2} miles on the nnth day of this tour, how many miles was he from his starting point at the end of the 4040th day?

答案:580
难度评级:2070
小提示:

4040 天分成十个四天周期,分别求水平位移与竖直位移之和

Group the 4040 days into ten four-day cycles and sum horizontal and vertical displacements separately

大提示:

对周期编号 kk,比较 (4k+1)2(4k+1)^2(4k+3)2(4k+3)^2,并用同样的方法比较另一对

For cycle index k,k, compare (4k+1)2(4k+1)^2 with (4k+3)2(4k+3)^2, and similarly compare the other pair

解答:

k=0,1,,9k=0,1,\ldots,9 给十个周期编号。水平位移为 12k=09((4k+1)2(4k+3)2)=k=09(8k4)=400\begin{aligned}&\frac12\sum_{k=0}^9\left((4k+1)^2-(4k+3)^2\right)\\&\quad=\sum_{k=0}^9(-8k-4)\\&\quad=-400\end{aligned}\text{。}同理,竖直位移为 12k=09((4k+2)2(4k+4)2)=k=09(8k6)=420\begin{aligned}&\frac12\sum_{k=0}^9\left((4k+2)^2-(4k+4)^2\right)\\&\quad=\sum_{k=0}^9(-8k-6)\\&\quad=-420\end{aligned}\text{。}因此,他与出发点的距离为 4002+4202=580\sqrt{400^2+420^2}=580

Index the ten cycles by k=0,1,,9.k=0,1,\ldots,9. The horizontal displacement is 12k=09((4k+1)2(4k+3)2)=k=09(8k4)=400.\begin{aligned}&\frac12\sum_{k=0}^9\left((4k+1)^2-(4k+3)^2\right)\\&\quad=\sum_{k=0}^9(-8k-4)\\&\quad=-400.\end{aligned} Similarly, the vertical displacement is 12k=09((4k+2)2(4k+4)2)=k=09(8k6)=420.\begin{aligned}&\frac12\sum_{k=0}^9\left((4k+2)^2-(4k+4)^2\right)\\&\quad=\sum_{k=0}^9(-8k-6)\\&\quad=-420.\end{aligned} Therefore the distance from the start is 4002+4202=580.\sqrt{400^2+420^2}=580.

3.

下表列出了去年夏天“霜冻瀑布钓鱼节”的部分比赛结果,显示对于不同的 nn,各有多少名参赛者钓到了 nn 条鱼。

nn 00 11 22 33 \ldots
钓到 nn 条鱼的
参赛者人数
99 55 77 2323 \ldots

nn 1313 1414 1515
钓到 nn 条鱼的
参赛者人数
55 22 11

报纸在报道本次活动时写道:

(a)冠军钓到了 1515 条鱼;
(b)钓到 33 条或更多鱼的人平均每人钓到 66 条;
(c)钓到 1212 条或更少鱼的人平均每人钓到 55 条。

钓鱼节期间一共钓到了多少条鱼?

The table below displays some of the results of last summer’s Frostbite Falls Fishing Festival, showing how many contestants caught nn fish for various values of n.n.

nn 00 11 22 33 \ldots
number of contestants
who caught nn fish
99 55 77 2323 \ldots

nn 1313 1414 1515
number of contestants
who caught nn fish
55 22 11

In the newspaper story covering the event, it was reported that

(a) the winner caught 1515 fish;
(b) those who caught 33 or more fish averaged 66 fish each;
(c) those who caught 1212 or fewer fish averaged 55 fish each.

What was the total number of fish caught during the festival?

答案:943
难度评级:2070
小提示:

NN 为参赛者总人数,TT 为鱼的总数

Let NN be the total number of contestants and TT the total number of fish

大提示:

使用两个平均数时,先分别减去钓到少于 33 条鱼和多于 1212 条鱼的已知群体

Use the two averages by first subtracting the known groups with fewer than 33 fish and with more than 1212 fish

解答:

共有 9+5+7=219+5+7=21 名参赛者钓到少于 33 条鱼,他们共钓到 5+14=195+14=19 条鱼。因此条件(b)给出 T19=6(N21)T-19=6(N-21),即 T=6N107T=6N-107。共有 5+2+1=85+2+1=8 名参赛者钓到多于 1212 条鱼,他们共钓到 65+28+15=10865+28+15=108 条鱼,因此条件(c)给出 T108=5(N8)T-108=5(N-8),即 T=5N+68T=5N+68。所以 N=175N=175,且 T=943T=943

The 9+5+7=219+5+7=21 contestants below 33 fish caught 5+14=195+14=19 fish. Thus condition (b) gives T19=6(N21),T-19=6(N-21), or T=6N107.T=6N-107. The 5+2+1=85+2+1=8 contestants above 1212 fish caught 65+28+15=10865+28+15=108 fish, so condition (c) gives T108=5(N8),T-108=5(N-8), or T=5N+68.T=5N+68. Hence N=175N=175 and T=943.T=943.

4.

有多少个有序整数四元组 (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) 满足 0<a<b<c<d<5000<a<b<c<d<500a+d=b+ca+d=b+cbcad=93bc-ad=93

How many ordered four-tuples of integers (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) with 0<a<b<c<d<5000<a<b<c<d<500 satisfy a+d=b+ca+d=b+c and bcad=93?bc-ad=93?

答案:870
难度评级:2310
小提示:

第一个方程意味着 ba=dcb-a=d-c

The first equation implies that ba=dcb-a=d-c

大提示:

x=ba=dcx=b-a=d-c,并将 bcadbc-adxxcac-a 因式分解

Set x=ba=dcx=b-a=d-c and factor bcadbc-ad in terms of xx and cac-a

解答:

x=ba=dc>0x=b-a=d-c>0,且 y=cay=c-a。于是 bcad=(a+x)ca(c+x)=x(ca)=xy=93\begin{aligned}bc-ad&=(a+x)c-a(c+x)\\&=x(c-a)=xy=93\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 b<cb<c,必须有 x<yx<y。正因数对为 (x,y)=(1,93)(x,y)=(1,93)(3,31)(3,31)。在第一种情况下,d=a+94<500d=a+94<500,所以有 405405aa 的选择。在第二种情况下,d=a+34<500d=a+34<500,所以有 465465 种选择。总数为 405+465=870405+465=870

Let x=ba=dc>0x=b-a=d-c>0 and y=ca.y=c-a. Then bcad=(a+x)ca(c+x)=x(ca)=xy=93.\begin{aligned}bc-ad&=(a+x)c-a(c+x)\\&=x(c-a)=xy=93.\end{aligned} Since b<c,b<c, we need x<y.x<y. The positive factor pairs are (x,y)=(1,93)(x,y)=(1,93) and (3,31).(3,31). For the first, d=a+94<500d=a+94<500 gives 405405 choices for a.a. For the second, d=a+34<500d=a+34<500 gives 465465 choices. The total is 405+465=870.405+465=870.

5.

P0(x)=x3+313x277x8P_0(x)=x^3+313x^2-77x-8。对整数 n1n\geq1,定义 Pn(x)=Pn1(xn)P_n(x)=P_{n-1}(x-n)。求 xxP20(x)P_{20}(x) 中的系数。

Let P0(x)=x3+313x277x8.P_0(x)=x^3+313x^2-77x-8. For integers n1,n\geq1, define Pn(x)=Pn1(xn).P_n(x)=P_{n-1}(x-n). What is the coefficient of xx in P20(x)?P_{20}(x)?

答案:763
难度评级:1910
小提示:

合并反复进行的平移,将 P20P_{20} 直接用 P0P_0 表示

Collapse the repeated shifts to write P20P_{20} directly in terms of P0P_0

大提示:

代入 x210x-210 后,只收集一次项

Only collect the linear terms after substituting x210x-210

解答:

累计平移量为 1+2++20=2101+2+\cdots+20=210,所以 P20(x)=P0(x210)P_{20}(x)=P_0(x-210)。因此 xx 的系数为 3(210)22(313)(210)77=13230013146077=763\begin{aligned}&3(210)^2-2(313)(210)-77\\&\quad=132300-131460-77\\&\quad=763\end{aligned}\text{。}

The accumulated shift is 1+2++20=210,1+2+\cdots+20=210, so P20(x)=P0(x210).P_{20}(x)=P_0(x-210). The coefficient of xx is therefore 3(210)22(313)(210)77=13230013146077=763.\begin{aligned}&3(210)^2-2(313)(210)-77\\&\quad=132300-131460-77\\&\quad=763.\end{aligned}

6.

能同时表示为九个连续整数之和、十个连续整数之和以及十一个连续整数之和的最小正整数是多少?

What is the smallest positive integer that can be expressed as the sum of nine consecutive integers, the sum of ten consecutive integers, and the sum of eleven consecutive integers?

答案:495
难度评级:1740
小提示:

奇数个连续整数之和能被项数整除

A sum of an odd number of consecutive integers is divisible by the number of terms

大提示:

十个连续整数之和同余于 5(mod10)5\pmod {10}

A sum of ten consecutive integers is congruent to 5(mod10)5\pmod {10}

解答:

99 个和 1111 个连续整数之和分别能被 991111 整除,所以所求数是 9999 的倍数。1010 个连续整数之和形如 10a+4510a+45,因此同余于 5(mod10)5\pmod {10}。在 9999 的倍数中,第一个末位为 55 的数是 599=4955\cdot99=495,并且它确实具有题目要求的三种表示。

The sums of 99 and 1111 consecutive integers are divisible by 99 and 11,11, so the desired number is a multiple of 99.99. A sum of 1010 consecutive integers has the form 10a+45,10a+45, hence is congruent to 5(mod10).5\pmod {10}. The first multiple of 9999 ending in 55 is 599=495,5\cdot99=495, and each of the three required representations then exists.

7.

随机无放回地抽取三个数 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3,它们来自集合 {1,2,3,,1000}\{1,2,3,\ldots,1000\}。再随机无放回地抽取另外三个数 b1b_1b2b_2b3b_3,它们来自剩余的 997997 个数。设 pp 为如下事件的概率:经过适当旋转后,尺寸为 a1×a2×a3a_1\times a_2\times a_3 的长方体砖块可以放入尺寸为 b1×b2×b3b_1\times b_2\times b_3 的盒子中,并且砖块各边与盒子各边平行。若将 pp 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。

Three numbers, a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, are drawn randomly and without replacement from the set {1,2,3,,1000}.\{1,2,3,\ldots,1000\}. Three other numbers, b1,b_1, b2,b_2, b3,b_3, are then drawn randomly and without replacement from the remaining set of 997997 numbers. Let pp be the probability that, after a suitable rotation, a brick of dimensions a1×a2×a3a_1\times a_2\times a_3 can be enclosed in a box of dimensions b1×b2×b3,b_1\times b_2\times b_3, with the sides of the brick parallel to the sides of the box. If pp is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?

答案:5
难度评级:2410
小提示:

固定选出的六个数并按递增顺序排列,只记录每个数属于砖块还是盒子

Condition on the six selected values and record only whether each belongs to the brick or the box in increasing order

大提示:

当且仅当这个六字母序列的每个前缀中 aa 的个数都不少于 bb 的个数时,砖块才能放入盒子

The brick fits exactly when every prefix of this six-letter word contains at least as many aa’s as bb’s

解答:

固定六个互不相同的数并将它们排序后,把其中三个分给砖块的 (63)=20\binom63=20 种方法等可能。将砖块和盒子的尺寸分别排序后,砖块恰能放入盒子,当且仅当所得的由三个 aa 和三个 bb 组成的序列中,每个前缀里的 aa 数量都不少于 bb 的数量。这样的序列有 C3=5C_3=5 个。因此 p=520=14p=\frac{5}{20}=\frac{1}{4},所求之和为 1+4=51+4=5

After the six distinct values are fixed and sorted, each of the (63)=20\binom63=20 assignments of three values to the brick is equally likely. The sorted brick dimensions fit the sorted box dimensions exactly when, in every prefix of the resulting word of three aa’s and three bb’s, the number of aa’s is at least the number of bb’s. There are C3=5C_3=5 such words. Thus p=520=14,p=\frac{5}{20}=\frac{1}{4}, and the requested sum is 1+4=5.1+4=5.

8.

SS 是一个含有六个元素的集合。从 SS 中选取两个不一定互不相同的子集,使它们的并集为 SS,共有多少种不同的选法?选取顺序不计;例如,子集对 {a,c}\{a,c\}{b,c,d,e,f}\{b,c,d,e,f\} 与子集对 {b,c,d,e,f}\{b,c,d,e,f\}{a,c}\{a,c\} 表示同一种选法。

Let SS be a set with six elements. In how many different ways can one select two not necessarily distinct subsets of SS so that the union of the two subsets is S?S? The order of selection does not matter; for example, the pair of subsets {a,c},\{a,c\}, {b,c,d,e,f}\{b,c,d,e,f\} represents the same selection as the pair {b,c,d,e,f},\{b,c,d,e,f\}, {a,c}.\{a,c\}.

答案:365
难度评级:1930
小提示:

对于有序子集对,每个元素可以只属于第一个子集、只属于第二个子集,或同时属于两者

For an ordered pair, each element can lie in the first subset only, the second only, or both

大提示:

交换两个子集时,找出唯一保持不变的有序子集对

When the two subsets are swapped, identify the one ordered pair that remains fixed

解答:

对于有序子集对 (A,B)(A,B),若 AB=SA\cup B=S,则每个元素有三种归属方式:只属于 AA、只属于 BB,或同时属于两者。因此共有 36=7293^6=729 个有序子集对。交换 AABB 时,只有 A=B=SA=B=S 这一对子集保持不变。所以无序子集对的数目为 729+12=365\frac{729+1}{2}=365\text{。}

For an ordered pair (A,B)(A,B) with AB=S,A\cup B=S, each element has three possible memberships: AA only, BB only, or both. This gives 36=7293^6=729 ordered pairs. Swapping AA and BB fixes only the pair A=B=S.A=B=S. Therefore the number of unordered pairs is 729+12=365.\frac{729+1}{2}=365.

9.

圆上有两千个点。任选一点标上 11。从该点起,沿顺时针方向数 22 个点,并将到达的点标上 22。再从标有 22 的点起,沿顺时针方向数 33 个点,并将到达的点标上 33。(见图。)继续这一过程,直到 112233\ldots19931993 这些标号全部用过。圆上有些点会有多个标号,有些点则没有标号。与 19931993 标在同一点上的最小整数是多少?

Two thousand points are given on a circle. Label one of the points 1.1. From this point, count 22 points in the clockwise direction and label this point 2.2. From the point labeled 2,2, count 33 points in the clockwise direction and label this point 3.3. (See figure.) Continue this process until the labels 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 19931993 are all used. Some of the points on the circle will have more than one label and some points will not have a label. What is the smallest integer that labels the same point as 1993?1993?

答案:118
难度评级:2550
小提示:

计算每个标号相对于标有 11 的点的顺时针位移

Measure every label’s clockwise displacement from the point labeled 11

大提示:

将所得二次同余式分别模 3232 和模 125125 求解

Reduce the resulting quadratic congruence separately modulo 3232 and modulo 125125

解答:

标号 jj 相对于标号 11 沿顺时针方向移动了 2+3++j=j(j+1)212+3+\cdots+j=\frac{j(j+1)}2-1 个点。因此,它与标号 19931993 位于同一点,当且仅当 j(j+1)19931994j(j+1)\equiv1993\cdot199440004000,等价地,当 j(j+1)2042(mod4000)j(j+1)\equiv2042\pmod {4000}。模 125125 时,解为 j6j\equiv6j118j\equiv118;模 3232 时,解为 j9j\equiv9j22j\equiv22。用中国剩余定理合并,得到 j118,1993,2006,3881(mod4000)\begin{aligned}j\equiv{}&118,1993,\\&2006,3881\pmod {4000}\end{aligned}\text{。}最小的正整数解为 118118

Label jj is displaced 2+3++j=j(j+1)212+3+\cdots+j=\frac{j(j+1)}2-1 points clockwise from label 1.1. Thus it shares the point of label 19931993 exactly when j(j+1)19931994j(j+1)\equiv1993\cdot1994 modulo 4000,4000, or equivalently when j(j+1)2042(mod4000).j(j+1)\equiv2042\pmod {4000}. Modulo 125,125, the solutions are j6j\equiv6 and j118,j\equiv118, and modulo 32,32, they are j9j\equiv9 and j22.j\equiv22. Combining these by the Chinese Remainder Theorem gives j118,1993,2006,3881(mod4000).\begin{aligned}j\equiv{}&118,1993,\\&2006,3881\pmod {4000}.\end{aligned} The smallest positive possibility is 118.118.

10.

欧拉公式指出,对于有 VV 个顶点、EE 条棱和 FF 个面的凸多面体,有 VE+F=2V-E+F=2。某个凸多面体有 3232 个面,每个面都是三角形或五边形。在它的 VV 个顶点中的每一个处,都有 TT 个三角形面和 PP 个五边形面相交。求 100P+10T+V100P+10T+V 的值。

Euler’s formula states that for a convex polyhedron with VV vertices, EE edges, and FF faces, VE+F=2.V-E+F=2. A particular convex polyhedron has 3232 faces, each of which is either a triangle or a pentagon. At each of its VV vertices, TT triangular faces and PP pentagonal faces meet. What is the value of 100P+10T+V?100P+10T+V?

答案:250
难度评级:2500
小提示:

xx 为三角形面的个数,并分别对面与棱、面与顶点的关联数进行计数

Let xx be the number of triangular faces and count face-edge and face-vertex incidences

大提示:

用欧拉公式将 xx 表示为 VV 的式子,再得到关于 VV 的两个整除条件

Use Euler’s formula to express xx in terms of VV, then obtain two divisibility conditions on VV

解答:

xx 为三角形面的个数,则五边形面有 32x32-x 个,并且 E=3x+5(32x)2=80xE=\frac{3x+5(32-x)}2=80-x\text{。}由欧拉公式得 V+x=50V+x=50。对面与顶点的关联数进行计数,可得 TV=3x=1503V,PV=5(32x)=5V90\begin{aligned}TV&=3x=150-3V,\\PV&=5(32-x)=5V-90\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 V(T+3)=150V(T+3)=150,且 V(5P)=90V(5-P)=90。又因为 18V5018\leq V\leq50,所以在这个范围内,1501509090 唯一的公因数是 V=30V=30。于是 T=2T=2P=2P=2,从而 100P+10T+V=250100P+10T+V=250

Let xx be the number of triangular faces, so there are 32x32-x pentagons and E=3x+5(32x)2=80x.E=\frac{3x+5(32-x)}2=80-x. Euler’s formula gives V+x=50.V+x=50. Counting face-vertex incidences yields TV=3x=1503V,PV=5(32x)=5V90.\begin{aligned}TV&=3x=150-3V,\\PV&=5(32-x)=5V-90.\end{aligned} Hence V(T+3)=150V(T+3)=150 and V(5P)=90.V(5-P)=90. Also 18V50,18\leq V\leq50, so the only common divisor of 150150 and 9090 in that range is V=30.V=30. Then T=2T=2 and P=2,P=2, giving 100P+10T+V=250.100P+10T+V=250.

11.

阿尔弗雷德和邦妮轮流抛一枚均匀硬币进行游戏,每局最先抛出正面的人获胜。他们连续进行若干局,并规定上一局的失败者在下一局先抛。已知第一局由阿尔弗雷德先抛,且他赢得第六局的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。m+nm+n 的末三位数字是什么?

Alfred and Bonnie play a game in which they take turns tossing a fair coin. The winner of a game is the first person to obtain a head. Alfred and Bonnie play this game several times with the stipulation that the loser of a game goes first in the next game. Suppose that Alfred goes first in the first game, and that the probability that he wins the sixth game is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What are the last three digits of m+n?m+n?

答案:93
难度评级:2370
小提示:

分别计算阿尔弗雷德先抛和邦妮先抛时,阿尔弗雷德赢得一局的概率

Compute Alfred’s chance to win a single game when he goes first and when Bonnie goes first

大提示:

prp_r 是阿尔弗雷德赢得第 rr 局的概率,将 pr+1p_{r+1} 表示成 prp_r 的式子

If prp_r is Alfred’s chance to win game rr, express pr+1p_{r+1} in terms of prp_r

解答:

阿尔弗雷德先抛时,赢得一局的概率为 23\frac{2}{3};邦妮先抛时,该概率为 13\frac{1}{3}。由于失败者在下一局先抛,pr+1=23(1pr)+13pr=2313pr,p1=23\begin{aligned}p_{r+1}&=\frac23(1-p_r)+\frac13p_r\\&=\frac23-\frac13p_r,\qquad p_1=\frac23\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 pr12=(13)r16p_r-\frac12=\frac{(-\frac{1}{3})^{r-1}}{6}。特别地,p6=1211458=364729p_6=\frac12-\frac1{1458}=\frac{364}{729}。所以 m+n=1093m+n=1093,其末三位数字为 093093

Alfred wins a game with probability 23\frac{2}{3} when he starts and 13\frac{1}{3} when Bonnie starts. Since the loser starts the next game, pr+1=23(1pr)+13pr=2313pr,p1=23.\begin{aligned}p_{r+1}&=\frac23(1-p_r)+\frac13p_r\\&=\frac23-\frac13p_r,\qquad p_1=\frac23.\end{aligned} Thus pr12=(13)r16.p_r-\frac12=\frac{(-\frac{1}{3})^{r-1}}{6}. In particular, p6=1211458=364729.p_6=\frac12-\frac1{1458}=\frac{364}{729}. Therefore m+n=1093,m+n=1093, whose last three digits are 093.093.

12.

ABC\triangle ABC 的顶点为 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(0,420)B=(0,420)C=(560,0)C=(560,0)。一枚骰子的六个面分别标有两个 AA、两个 BB 和两个 CC。选取点 P1=(k,m)P_1=(k,m),它位于 ABC\triangle ABC 内部;然后反复掷骰子并按以下规则生成点 P2P_2P3P_3P4P_4\ldots:若骰子掷出的标号为 LL,其中 L{A,B,C}L\in\{A,B,C\},且最近得到的点为 PnP_n,则 Pn+1P_{n+1}PnL\overline{P_nL} 的中点。已知 P7=(14,92)P_7=(14,92),求 k+mk+m

The vertices of ABC\triangle ABC are A=(0,0),A=(0,0), B=(0,420),B=(0,420), and C=(560,0).C=(560,0). The six faces of a die are labeled with two AA’s, two BB’s, and two CC’s. Point P1=(k,m)P_1=(k,m) is chosen in the interior of ABC,\triangle ABC, and points P2,P_2, P3,P_3, P4,P_4, \ldots are generated by rolling the die repeatedly and applying the rule: If the die shows label L,L, where L{A,B,C},L\in\{A,B,C\}, and PnP_n is the most recently obtained point, then Pn+1P_{n+1} is the midpoint of PnL.\overline{P_nL}. Given that P7=(14,92),P_7=(14,92), what is k+m?k+m?

答案:344
难度评级:2600
小提示:

将关于 P7P_7 的方程乘以 6464,逆向处理六次取中点操作

Reverse the six midpoint operations by multiplying the equation for P7P_7 by 6464

大提示:

六次掷出的顶点分别获得权重 1122448816163232;先使用 xx 坐标

The six rolled vertices receive the distinct weights 1,1, 2,2, 4,4, 8,8, 16,16, and 3232; use the xx-coordinate first

解答:

XXYY 分别为权重 1122448816163232 中分配给掷出 CCBB 的权重之和。反复应用中点规则可得 64P7=P1+X(560,0)+Y(0,420)\begin{aligned}64P_7&=P_1+X(560,0)\\&\quad+Y(0,420)\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 k=896560Xk=896-560X。由于 P1P_1 在三角形内部,0<k<5600<k<560,这迫使 X=1X=1k=336k=336。随后,由点在三角形内部的坐标条件得 0<m<1680<m<168。又因为 m=5888420Ym=5888-420Y,所以唯一可能的整数 YY1414,从而 m=8m=8。因此 k+m=344k+m=344

Let XX and YY be the sums of the weights 1,1, 2,2, 4,4, 8,8, 16,16, and 3232 assigned to rolls of CC and B,B, respectively. Iterating the midpoint rule gives 64P7=P1+X(560,0)+Y(0,420).\begin{aligned}64P_7&=P_1+X(560,0)\\&\quad+Y(0,420).\end{aligned} Hence k=896560X.k=896-560X. Because P1P_1 is interior, 0<k<560,0<k<560, forcing X=1X=1 and k=336.k=336. The triangle inequality for its coordinates then gives 0<m<168.0<m<168. Since m=5888420Y,m=5888-420Y, the only possible integer YY is 14,14, giving m=8.m=8. Therefore k+m=344.k+m=344.

13.

珍妮和肯尼沿相同方向行走;肯尼的速度为每秒 33 英尺,珍妮的速度为每秒 11 英尺。他们所在的两条平行道路相距 200200 英尺。一座直径为 100100 英尺的高大圆形建筑位于两条道路正中间。当建筑首次挡住两人的视线时,他们相距 200200 英尺。设再过 tt 秒后,两人能够重新看见彼此。若将 tt 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。

Jenny and Kenny are walking in the same direction, Kenny at 33 feet per second and Jenny at 11 foot per second, on parallel paths that are 200200 feet apart. A tall circular building 100100 feet in diameter is centered midway between the paths. At the instant when the building first blocks the line of sight between Jenny and Kenny, they are 200200 feet apart. Let tt be the amount of time, in seconds, before Jenny and Kenny can see each other again. If tt is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?

答案:163
难度评级:2840
小提示:

将圆形建筑的圆心置于原点,并将两条道路置于 y=100y=100y=100y=-100

Place the circular building at the origin and the two paths on y=100y=100 and y=100y=-100

大提示:

首次被遮挡时,两人的横坐标都为 x=50x=-50;令之后两人连线到原点的距离等于 5050

At the first blockage both walkers have x=50x=-50; set the later connecting line’s distance from the origin equal to 5050

解答:

首次被遮挡时,两人在切线 x=50x=-50 上竖直对齐。经过 tt 秒后,他们的位置可写为 (50+t,100)(-50+t,100)(50+3t,100)(-50+3t,-100)。原点到两人连线的距离为 10000400t4t2+40000\frac{|10000-400t|}{\sqrt{4t^2+40000}}\text{。}第二次相切时,该距离等于 5050。平方并化简得 (1004t)2=t2+10000(100-4t)^2=t^2+10000\text{,}因此 t(15t800)=0t(15t-800)=0。正的时间为 t=1603t=\frac{160}{3},所求之和为 160+3=163160+3=163

At first blockage the walkers are vertically aligned on the tangent x=50.x=-50. After tt seconds their positions may be written as (50+t,100)(-50+t,100) and (50+3t,100).(-50+3t,-100). The distance from the origin to their connecting line is 10000400t4t2+40000.\frac{|10000-400t|}{\sqrt{4t^2+40000}}. At the second tangency this equals 50.50. Squaring and simplifying gives (1004t)2=t2+10000,(100-4t)^2=t^2+10000, so t(15t800)=0.t(15t-800)=0. The positive time is t=1603,t=\frac{160}{3}, and the requested sum is 160+3=163.160+3=163.

14.

若一个矩形内接于较大的矩形(每条边上各有一个顶点),并且这个小矩形可以绕其中心在大矩形内部旋转任意微小的角度,就称它为“可松动”的内接矩形。在所有可松动地内接于 6688 矩形的矩形中,最小周长形如 N\sqrt N,其中 NN 是正整数。求 NN

A rectangle that is inscribed in a larger rectangle (with one vertex on each side) is called unstuck if it is possible to rotate (however slightly) the smaller rectangle about its center within the confines of the larger. Of all the rectangles that can be inscribed unstuck in a 66 by 88 rectangle, the smallest perimeter has the form N,\sqrt N, for a positive integer N.N. Find N.N.

答案:448
难度评级:2890
小提示:

6688 的外矩形中心置于原点,并参数化位于右边和上边的两个相邻内矩形顶点

Center the 66-by-88 rectangle at the origin and parameterize consecutive inner vertices on the right and top sides

大提示:

利用两条半对角线等长建立两个自由坐标之间的关系,再用对角线和面积表示周长的平方

Use equal half-diagonals to relate the two free coordinates, then express the square of the perimeter through the diagonal and area

解答:

相对顶点分别落在外矩形的一对相对边上,因此两个矩形有同一中心。绕中心转过小角度 δ\delta 时,右边的接触点 (4,y)(4,y) 只有在 yδ0y\delta\geq0 时才向内移动,而上边的接触点 (u,3)(u,3) 只有在 uδ0u\delta\leq0 时才向内移动。因此,可松动矩形的两个偏移量异号;适当反射后,可将其连续顶点写成 (4,y),(x,3),(4,y),(x,3)(4,y),(-x,3),(-4,-y),(x,-3),其中 x,y0x,y\geq0。两条半对角线等长给出 16+y2=x2+916+y^2=x^2+9,所以 x2y2=7x^2-y^2=7。若其边长为 a,ba,b,则 a2+b2=4(16+y2),ab=24+2xy\begin{aligned}a^2+b^2&=4(16+y^2),\\ab&=24+2xy\end{aligned}\text{。}因此,其周长 Q=2(a+b)Q=2(a+b) 满足 Q2=4(a2+b2+2ab)=448+16y(y+x)448\begin{aligned}Q^2&=4(a^2+b^2+2ab)\\&=448+16y(y+x)\geq448\end{aligned}\text{。}y=0, x=7y=0,\ x=\sqrt7 时等号成立,此时矩形的边不与坐标轴平行,因而可以松动。所以最小周长为 448\sqrt{448},且 N=448N=448

Opposite vertices lie on opposite sides of the outer rectangle, so the two rectangles have the same center. For a small rotation through angle δ,\delta, a right-side contact at (4,y)(4,y) moves inward only if yδ0,y\delta\geq0, while a top-side contact at (u,3)(u,3) moves inward only if uδ0.u\delta\leq0. Thus an unstuck rectangle has opposite-signed offsets; after reflection, write its consecutive vertices as (4,y),(x,3),(4,y),(x,3)(4,y),(-x,3),(-4,-y),(x,-3) with x,y0.x,y\geq0. Equal half-diagonals give 16+y2=x2+9,16+y^2=x^2+9, so x2y2=7.x^2-y^2=7. If its side lengths are a,b,a,b, then a2+b2=4(16+y2),ab=24+2xy.\begin{aligned}a^2+b^2&=4(16+y^2),\\ab&=24+2xy.\end{aligned} Therefore its perimeter Q=2(a+b)Q=2(a+b) satisfies Q2=4(a2+b2+2ab)=448+16y(y+x)448.\begin{aligned}Q^2&=4(a^2+b^2+2ab)\\&=448+16y(y+x)\geq448.\end{aligned} Equality occurs at y=0, x=7,y=0,\ x=\sqrt7, which gives a non-axis-aligned, hence unstuck, rectangle. Thus the minimum perimeter is 448\sqrt{448} and N=448.N=448.

15.

CH\overline{CH}ABC\triangle ABC 的一条高。设 RRSS 为两个切点:三角形 ACHACHBCHBCH 的内切圆分别在这两点与 CH\overline{CH} 相切。若 AB=1995AB=1995AC=1994AC=1994BC=1993BC=1993,则 RSRS 可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质整数。求 m+nm+n

Let CH\overline{CH} be an altitude of ABC.\triangle ABC. Let RR and SS be the points where the circles inscribed in the triangles ACHACH and BCHBCH are tangent to CH.\overline{CH}. If AB=1995,AB=1995, AC=1994,AC=1994, and BC=1993,BC=1993, then RSRS can be expressed as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime integers. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:997
难度评级:2560
小提示:

利用相应直角三角形的半周长,表示 HH 到各切点的距离

Express the distance from HH to each tangency point using the semiperimeter of its right triangle

大提示:

不先计算高,直接由边长求出 AHBHAH-BH

Find AHBHAH-BH from the side lengths without first computing the altitude

解答:

h=CHh=CH。在直角三角形 ACHACH 中,从 HH 到内切圆切点的切线长为 AH+hAC2\frac{AH+h-AC}{2};在三角形 BCHBCH 中,该长度为 BH+hBC2\frac{BH+h-BC}{2}。因此 RS=12AHBHAC+BC\begin{aligned}RS&=\frac12\left|AH-BH\right.\\&\qquad\left.-AC+BC\right|\end{aligned}\text{。}投影公式给出 AHBH=AC2BC2AB=19942199321995=39871995\begin{aligned}AH-BH&=\frac{AC^2-BC^2}{AB}\\&=\frac{1994^2-1993^2}{1995}\\&=\frac{3987}{1995}\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 ACBC=1AC-BC=1RS=12(398719951)=332665RS=\frac12\left(\frac{3987}{1995}-1\right)=\frac{332}{665}\text{。}所以 m+n=332+665=997m+n=332+665=997

Let h=CH.h=CH. In right triangle ACH,ACH, the tangent length from HH to its incircle is AH+hAC2;\frac{AH+h-AC}{2}; in triangle BCH,BCH, it is BH+hBC2.\frac{BH+h-BC}{2}. Hence RS=12AHBHAC+BC.\begin{aligned}RS&=\frac12\left|AH-BH\right.\\&\qquad\left.-AC+BC\right|.\end{aligned} The projection formula gives AHBH=AC2BC2AB=19942199321995=39871995.\begin{aligned}AH-BH&=\frac{AC^2-BC^2}{AB}\\&=\frac{1994^2-1993^2}{1995}\\&=\frac{3987}{1995}.\end{aligned} Since ACBC=1,AC-BC=1, RS=12(398719951)=332665.RS=\frac12\left(\frac{3987}{1995}-1\right)=\frac{332}{665}. Thus m+n=332+665=997.m+n=332+665=997.