1993 AIME 第 7 题

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7.

随机无放回地抽取三个数 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3,它们来自集合 {1,2,3,,1000}\{1,2,3,\ldots,1000\}。再随机无放回地抽取另外三个数 b1b_1b2b_2b3b_3,它们来自剩余的 997997 个数。设 pp 为如下事件的概率:经过适当旋转后,尺寸为 a1×a2×a3a_1\times a_2\times a_3 的长方体砖块可以放入尺寸为 b1×b2×b3b_1\times b_2\times b_3 的盒子中,并且砖块各边与盒子各边平行。若将 pp 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。

Three numbers, a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, are drawn randomly and without replacement from the set {1,2,3,,1000}.\{1,2,3,\ldots,1000\}. Three other numbers, b1,b_1, b2,b_2, b3,b_3, are then drawn randomly and without replacement from the remaining set of 997997 numbers. Let pp be the probability that, after a suitable rotation, a brick of dimensions a1×a2×a3a_1\times a_2\times a_3 can be enclosed in a box of dimensions b1×b2×b3,b_1\times b_2\times b_3, with the sides of the brick parallel to the sides of the box. If pp is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?

答案:5
知识点:基本概率卡塔兰数无放回抽样
难度评级:2410
小提示:

固定选出的六个数并按递增顺序排列,只记录每个数属于砖块还是盒子

Condition on the six selected values and record only whether each belongs to the brick or the box in increasing order

大提示:

当且仅当这个六字母序列的每个前缀中 aa 的个数都不少于 bb 的个数时,砖块才能放入盒子

The brick fits exactly when every prefix of this six-letter word contains at least as many aa’s as bb’s

解答:

固定六个互不相同的数并将它们排序后,把其中三个分给砖块的 (63)=20\binom63=20 种方法等可能。将砖块和盒子的尺寸分别排序后,砖块恰能放入盒子,当且仅当所得的由三个 aa 和三个 bb 组成的序列中,每个前缀里的 aa 数量都不少于 bb 的数量。这样的序列有 C3=5C_3=5 个。因此 p=520=14p=\frac{5}{20}=\frac{1}{4},所求之和为 1+4=51+4=5

After the six distinct values are fixed and sorted, each of the (63)=20\binom63=20 assignments of three values to the brick is equally likely. The sorted brick dimensions fit the sorted box dimensions exactly when, in every prefix of the resulting word of three aa’s and three bb’s, the number of aa’s is at least the number of bb’s. There are C3=5C_3=5 such words. Thus p=520=14,p=\frac{5}{20}=\frac{1}{4}, and the requested sum is 1+4=5.1+4=5.

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